The Production of Hydrochar from Hazelnut Waste and its Use in the Removal of Pb (II) and Cr (III)
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) are causing an increasing amount of harm to the environment and living organisms. A variety of studies is being conducted to eliminate or diminish such pollutants. In this study, hydrochar was produced from hazelnut waste (HW), and Pb and Cr ion removal research was conducted with this adsorbent. In this way, both the evaluation of HW was provided and the removal of HMs, which are very harmful for the environment. The structural and morphological properties of the produced hydrochars were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and EDX analyses. The effects of many parameters, such as initial concentration, temperature, adsorbent dosages, contact time, and pH on adsorption were discussed. In the studies executed in different parameter environments, it was determined that hydrochar removed 76% and 67% of Pb and Cr ions, respectively. Also, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, and thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy were investigated in order to gain a better understanding of the adsorption system of the generated hydrochar. Furthermore, the hydrochar's reusability as an adsorbent was investigated, and it was demonstrated that the material continued to function effectively even after four cycles.
Keywords
Adsorption, Hydrochar, Heavy metal, Hazelnut waste
Supporting Institution
The Konya Technical University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Fund provided funding for this study under grant number 241019045.
Ethical Statement
All of the authors consented to participate in the drafting of this manuscript.
All of the authors consented to publish this manuscript.
Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests.
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