Abstract
Artan enerji ihtiyacı ve çevresel kaygılar, enerji verimliliği yüksek ve çevre dostu teknolojilere olan yönelimi artırmıştır. Bu bağlamda, doğal soğutkan R744 (CO₂) kullanan transkritik ısı pompaları öne çıkmaktadır. Ancak bu sistemlerin optimum performansta çalıştırılması ve yönetilmesi için gerçek zamanlı izleme kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, bir transkritik CO₂ ısı pompasının performansını Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) teknolojileri kullanarak izlemek ve analiz etmek amacıyla özgün bir sistem geliştirmeyi hedeflemiştir. Sistem, Raspberry Pi ve Arduino mikrodenetleyicileri, çeşitli sensörler (sıcaklık, basınç, akış, güç), MySQL veritabanı ve çift arayüz (Lazarus tabanlı yerel ve PHP/JavaScript/HTML tabanlı web) üzerine kurulmuştur. Arduino sensör verilerini toplayıp C dili ile işlerken, Raspberry Pi üzerinde Lazarus ile geliştirilen nesne yönelimli yazılım verileri almış, işlemiş, depolamış ve yerel arayüzde sunmuştur. Eş zamanlı olarak web arayüzü, verilere uzaktan erişim ve görselleştirme imkânı sağlamıştır. Geliştirilen sistem, ısı pompasının kritik performans parametrelerinin (sıcaklık, basınç, akış, güç tüketimi, COP hesaplaması için gerekli veriler) başarılı bir şekilde izlenmesini sağlamıştır. Sonuçlar, önerilen IoT tabanlı izleme sisteminin transkritik ısı pompalarının enerji verimliliğini artırma, operasyonel yönetimi kolaylaştırma ve potansiyel arızaları erken tespit etme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Project Number
BAP – 2023-YL1-0210
References
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- Deniz, Ö. (2024). Control of a heat pump compressor with variable frequency device driven by PID. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Research, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.47933/ijeir.1380664
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- Sridharan, M., Devi, R., Dharshini, C. S., & Bhavadarani, M. (2019). IoT based performance monitoring and control in counter flow double pipe heat exchanger. Internet of Things, 5, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2018.11.002
- Syafrudin, M., Alfian, G., Fitriyani, N. L., & Rhee, J. (2018). Performance analysis of IoT-based sensor, big data processing, and machine learning model for real-time monitoring system in automotive manufacturing. Sensors, 18(9), Article 2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092946
- Vieren, E., Demeester, T., Beyne, W., Arteconi, A., De Paepe, M., & Lecompte, S. (2023). The thermodynamic potential of high-temperature transcritical heat pump cycles for industrial processes with large temperature glides. Applied Thermal Engineering, 234, Article 121197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121197
Abstract
The growing energy demand and environmental concerns have increased the orientation towards energy- efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. In this context, transcritical heat pumps using natural refrigerant R744 (CO₂) stand out. However, real-time monitoring is critical for operating and managing these systems at optimum performance. This study aimed to develop a unique system to monitor and analyze the performance of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The system is based on Raspberry Pi and Arduino microcontrollers, various sensors (temperature, pressure, flow, power), a MySQL database, and a dual interface (Lazarus-based local and PHP/JavaScript/HTML-based web). While Arduino collected and processed sensor data using C language, the object-oriented software developed with Lazarus on Raspberry Pi received, processed, stored the data, and presented it on the local interface. Simultaneously, the web interface provided remote access and visualization of the data. The developed system successfully monitored the critical performance parameters of the heat pump (temperature, pressure, flow, power consumption, data required for COP calculation). The results indicate that the proposed IoT-based monitoring system has the potential to increase the energy efficiency of transcritical heat pumps, facilitate operational management, and enable early detection of potential failures.
Ethical Statement
This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures followed scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced studies are appropriately cited.
Supporting Institution
This research was funded by the Research Fund of Isparta University of Applied Sciences (Project Number: BAP – 2023-YL1-0210).
Project Number
BAP – 2023-YL1-0210
Thanks
This work was supported by Research Fund of Isparta University of Applied Sciences. Project Number: BAP – 2023-YL1-0210.
References
- Alam, T. (2021). Cloud-based IoT applications and their roles in smart cities. Smart Cities, 4(3), 1196–1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4030064
- Bhardwaj, V., Joshi, R., & Gaur, A. M. (2022). IoT-based smart health monitoring system for COVID-19. SN Computer Science, 3(1), Article 137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01015-1
- Casi, Á., Aranguren, P., Araiz, M., Sánchez, D., Cabello, R., & Astrain, D. (2022). Performance assessment of an experimental CO₂ transcritical refrigeration plant working with a thermoelectric subcooler in combination with an internal heat exchanger. Energy Conversion and Management, 268, Article 115963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115963
- Chen, S., Yang, W., Wu, H., Deng, R., Li, T., Guo, Y., & Jin, Z. (2023). Experimental study on the heating performance of transcritical CO₂ heat pump for electric buses. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 29(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2022.2133855
- Deniz, Ö. (2024). Control of a heat pump compressor with variable frequency device driven by PID. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Research, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.47933/ijeir.1380664
- Gao, J., Wang, J., & Xie, J. (2022). Application of PLC and HMI in the CO₂ transcritical refrigeration experimental platform. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 15199. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19602-w
- Kim, M. H., Pettersen, J., & Bullard, C. W. (2004). Fundamental process and system design issues in CO₂ vapor compression systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 30(2), 119–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2003.09.002
- Koo, D., Piratla, K., & Matthews, C. J. (2015). Towards sustainable water supply: Schematic development of big data collection using internet of things (IoT). Procedia Engineering, 118, 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.465
- Llopis, R., Cabello, R., Sánchez, D., & Torrella, E. (2015). Energy improvements of CO₂ transcritical refrigeration cycles using dedicated mechanical subcooling. International Journal of Refrigeration, 55, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.03.016
- Lorentzen, G., & Pettersen, J. (1993). A new, efficient and environmentally benign system for car air-conditioning. International Journal of Refrigeration, 16(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(93)90014-Y
- Mostofa, K. Z., & Islam, M. A. (2023). Creation of an Internet of Things (IoT) system for the live and remote monitoring of solar photovoltaic facilities. Energy Reports, 9, 422–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.09.060
- Nekså, P. (2002). CO₂ heat pump systems. International Journal of Refrigeration, 25(4), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007(01)00033-0
- Song, Y., Cui, C., Yin, X., & Cao, F. (2022). Advanced development and application of transcritical CO₂ refrigeration and heat pump technology—A review. Energy Reports, 8, 7840–7869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.05.233
- Sridharan, M., Devi, R., Dharshini, C. S., & Bhavadarani, M. (2019). IoT based performance monitoring and control in counter flow double pipe heat exchanger. Internet of Things, 5, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2018.11.002
- Syafrudin, M., Alfian, G., Fitriyani, N. L., & Rhee, J. (2018). Performance analysis of IoT-based sensor, big data processing, and machine learning model for real-time monitoring system in automotive manufacturing. Sensors, 18(9), Article 2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092946
- Vieren, E., Demeester, T., Beyne, W., Arteconi, A., De Paepe, M., & Lecompte, S. (2023). The thermodynamic potential of high-temperature transcritical heat pump cycles for industrial processes with large temperature glides. Applied Thermal Engineering, 234, Article 121197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121197
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Mechanical Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | BAP – 2023-YL1-0210 |
| Submission Date | May 22, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | March 9, 2026 |
| Publication Date | April 19, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1702319 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA28NH77BM |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 |