Akıllı Şebeke Veri İletimi İçin WiMAX ve ZigBee Bantlarında Yama Anten Tasarımı

Year 2026, Volume: 14 Issue: 2 , 461 - 476 , 19.04.2026

Barış Gürcan Hakanoğlu , Mehmet Güçyetmez , Burak Koç , Semih Korkmaz

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1744260

https://izlik.org/JA94DR97GB

Abstract

Bu çalışmada akıllı şebeke veri haberleşmesi için WiMAX ve ZigBee bantlarında çalışan yeni yama anten tasarımları önerilmiştir. Aynı tasarım prosedürü yama anten yapısında kullanılan farklı dielektrik malzemeler için de tekrarlanmıştır. Böylece hedef frekans bantlarında hangi malzemenin daha verimli yayılma özelliklerine sahip olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Anten üzerinde önerilen dikdörtgen yarıklar sayesinde hem geri dönüş kayıplarında hem de çalışma bant genişliklerinde kazanımlar elde edilmiştir. Yarıkların boyutları her malzeme için dalga boyunun belirli katlarında seçilerek tasarım prosedürünün genelleştirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Simülasyon ortamında tasarlanan antenler baskı devre kazıma yöntemi ile üretilmişlerdir. Vektör network analizör cihazı ile ölçülen antenlerin, sinyal jeneratörü ve spektrum analizör yardımıyla verici ve alıcı olarak tasarlanan frekansta çalıştıkları gösterilmiştir.

Keywords

akıllı şebekeler , veri haberleşmesi , wimax , zigbee , yama anten

Project Number

BAP-23-1004-009

Patch Antenna Design for Smart Grid Data Transmission at WiMAX and ZigBee Bands

https://izlik.org/JA94DR97GB

Abstract

In this study, new patch antenna designs operating in the WiMAX and ZigBee bands are proposed for smart grid data communication. The same design procedure has been repeated for different dielectric materials such as FR4, RO3203, RT6006, used in the patch antenna structure. This way, it has been determined which material exhibits more efficient propagation characteristics at the target frequency bands. Thanks to the proposed rectangular slots on the antenna, improvements have been achieved both in return losses and in operational bandwidths. The slot dimensions have been chosen as specific multiples of the wavelength for each material, enabling the generalization of the design procedure. Moreover, the width and length of the first slot were taken as λ/50 and λ/20, respectively, which resulted in an increase in the antenna’s bandwidth. Then, the dimensions of the second rectangular slot were defined relative to the first slot, with its width set to half of the first slot’s width and its length set to four times the first slot’s length, yielding a further enhancement in the bandwidth. The antennas designed in the simulation environment have been fabricated using the printed circuit board (PCB) etching method. It has been demonstrated that the antennas measured with a vector network analyzer operate at the designed frequency as transmitter and receiver with the help of a signal generator and a spectrum analyzer.

Keywords

Smart grid , Data communication , WiMAX , ZigBee , Patch antenna

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures followed scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced studies are appropriately cited.

Supporting Institution

This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University.

Project Number

BAP-23-1004-009

Thanks

This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University. Project Number: BAP-23-1004-009.

References

• Abdul Salam, R., Ratyal, N. I., Ahmed, U., Aziz, I., Sajid, M., & Mahmood, A. (2024). An overview of recent wireless technologies for IoT-enabled smart grids. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2024, Article 2568751. https://doi.org/10.1155/jece/2568751
• Abrahamsen, F. E., Ai, Y., & Cheffena, M. (2021). Communication technologies for smart grid: A comprehensive survey. Sensors, 21(23), Article 8087. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238087
• Balanis, C. A. (2005). Antenna theory: Analysis and design. John Wiley & Sons.
• Belu, R. (2013). Smart Grid Fundamentals: Energy Generation, Transmission and Distribution. CRC Press.
• Colak, I., Bayindir, R., & Sagiroglu, S. (2020). The effects of the smart grid system on the national grids. In Proceedings of the 2020 8th International Conference on Smart Grid (icSmartGrid) (pp. 122–126). https://doi.org/10.1109/icSmartGrid49881.2020.9144891
• Computer Simulation Technology. (2016). CST Microwave Studio (Version 2016) [Computer software].
• Dassault Systèmes. (n.d.). CST Studio Suite: Electromagnetic simulation software [Computer software]. https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/cst-studio-suite
• Dokmetas, B., Arican, G. O., & Yilmaz, B. A. (2024). A folded pyramid-shaped microstrip antenna with improved bandwidth. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and INC/USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (pp. 1273–1274). IEEE.
• Hasan, M. K., Habib, A. A., Islam, S., Balfaqih, M., Alfawaz, K. M., & Singh, D. (2023). Smart grid communication networks for electric vehicles empowering distributed energy generation: Constraints, challenges, and recommendations. Energies, 16(3), Article 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031140
• Huang, J. (1983). The finite ground plane effect on the microstrip antenna radiation patterns. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 31(4), 649–653. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1983.1143108
• Jadhav, A., Biradar, N., Bhaldar, H., Mathpati, M., Wadekar, R., & Deshmukh, M. (2023). Multiband, circular microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications. Wireless Personal Communications, 128(1), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09948-9
• Kabeyi, M. J. B., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2023). Smart grid technologies and application in the sustainable energy transition: A review. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42(1), 685–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2023.2222298
• Kataray, T., Nitesh, B., Yarram, B., Sinha, S., Cuce, E., Shaik, S., Vigneshwaran, P., & Roy, A. (2023). Integration of smart grid with renewable energy sources: Opportunities and challenges – a comprehensive review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 58, Article 103363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103363
• Kishore, N., & Senapati, A. (2022). 5G smart antenna for IoT application: A review. International Journal of Communication Systems, 35(13), Article e5241. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5241
• Krishna, N. R. P. S., Shirisha, H., Hussain Isfahani, A. M., & Manisha, K. (2023). Design of dual rectangular slotted microstrip patch antenna for S-band. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference for Emerging Technology (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/INCET57972.2023.10170206
• Laminated Plastics Corporation. (2017). FR4 technical datasheet [Technical datasheet].
• Mistry, K. K., Lazaridis, P. I., Zaharis, Z. D., Akinsolu, M., Liu, B., & Loh, T. (2019). Accurate antenna gain estimation using the two-antenna method. In Proceedings of the Antennas and Propagation Conference (APC) (pp. 1–4). https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2019.0717
• Onay, M. Y., & Dokmetas, B. (2025). 3D printed microstrip antenna for symbiotic communication: Wifi backscatter and bit rate evolution for IoT. Internet of Things, 32, Article 101643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2025.101643
• Pandiyan, P., Saravanan, S., Kannadasan, R., Krishnaveni, S., Alsharif, M. H., & Kim, M. K. (2024). A comprehensive review of advancements in green IoT for smart grids: Paving the path to sustainability. Energy Reports, 11, 5504–5531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.05.021
• Paul, L. C., Ankan, S. S. A., & Lee, W. S. (2021). A slotted patch array antenna with a partial ground plane for WiFi/Bluetooth/ZigBee applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propagation (InCAP) (pp. 560–563). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/InCAP52216.2021.9726451
• Paul, L. C., Jim, M. T. R., Rani, T., Ankan, S. S. A., Das, S. C., & Saha, H. K. (2022). A Π-shaped slotted patch antenna with a partial ground structure for lower 5G/WiFi/WiMAX applications. Heliyon, 8(10), Article e10934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10934
• Regina, S., Vasuki, S., Savita, S., Ramya, S., & Kanmani, M. (2025). Design and optimization of different shape slotted patch antenna for IoT applications. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical, Electronics, Ubiquitous Communication, and Computational Intelligence (RAEEUCCI). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAEEUCCI63961.2025.11048356
• Rogers Corporation. (2017). RT/duroid 5880 high frequency laminates datasheet [Technical datasheet].
• Sendin, A., Matanza, J., & Ferrús, R. (2021). Smart grid telecommunications: Fundamentals and technologies in the 5G era. John Wiley & Sons.
• Shanmugasundaram, P. P., R. S, P. V., D, A. J., Banerjee, S., & Sharma, K. (2025). A multiband slotted patch antenna for wireless applications. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Radio Frequency Communication and Networks (RFCoN). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFCoN62306.2025.11085196