Eğitim Yapılarında Gün Işığının Doğal Elemanlarla Kontrolü: Balıkesir Örneği
Year 2026,
Volume: 14 Issue: 2
,
426
-
436
,
19.04.2026
Mustafa Serhan Ünlütürk
,
Resul Özlük
Abstract
Öğrenme sürecinin gerçekleştiği ve çok sayıda kullanıcıya hitap eden dersliklerde iç mekan görsel konforu ve enerji verimliliği kullanıcı sağlığı ve akademik başarı açısından önem arz etmektedir. Sınıflarda gün ışığının iç mekanda homojen dağılımının sağlanması eğitim yapılarının tasarımı sırasında başa çıkılması gereken önemli bir problemdir. Bu problemin önüne geçebilmek adına tasarımcılar bina kabuğunda güneş kırıcı elemanlar, panjur gibi yapay elemanlar kullanmaktadır. Bu elemanlar üretilirken çevreye karbon emisyonu gerçekleşmekte, kullanım ömrünü tamamladığında ise doğaya karışmamaktadır. Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları (AB SKA) kapsamında 2050 yılına kadar kentlerin net sıfır emisyonlu olması hedefi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda bu elemanlardan kaynaklanacak emisyonların en aza indirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışma, eğitim yapılarında iç mekana alınacak gün ışığını kontrol altına almak amacıyla peyzaj alanındaki bitkilendirmenin önemine dikkat çekmeyi hedeflemektedir. Çalışma amacı kapsamında Balıkesir Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi’ndeki birbiri ile özdeş iki farklı dersliği alan çalışması olarak ele almıştır. Kuzey doğu yönelimli D1 dersliğinin önünde bir peyzaj alanı bulunmazken güney batı yönelimli D2 dersliğinin önünde bitkilendirmenin olduğu bir peyzaj alanı bulunmaktadır. Çalışma, gün içerisinde bu dersliklerdeki gün ışığı dağılımını incelemek ve peyzajın iç mekan gün ışığı performansına etkilerini değerlendirmek adına 21 Haziran gün dönümünde aydınlık ölçer ile 9.30, 12.30 ve 15.30 saatlerinde yerinde noktasal ölçümler gerçekleştirmiştir. Ölçüm sonuçlarına göre kuzey doğu yönelimli D1 sınıfında sabah saatlerinde pencere yakınlarında oldukça yüksek aydınlık düzeyi seviyeleri tespit edilirken, penceresinin önünde bitkilendirmeye sahip olan D2 sınıfında gün boyunca homojen gün ışığı dağılımı bulunmaktadır. Çalışma, gelecek çalışmalarda eğitim yapılarında bitkilendirme ile iç mekana gün ışığının kontrollü bir şekilde alınması için optimizasyon yöntemlerinin kullanılabileceğine dikkat çekmektedir.
References
-
Atlim, F., Esen, B., & Demirtas, M. (2019). Comparison of efficiency of different two solar energy systems in terms of panel settlement in Balikesir. Balikesir University Journal of Science Institute, 21(2), 679–696. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.636967
-
Bahdad, A. A. S., Fadzil, S. F. S., & Taib, N. (2020). Optimization of daylight performance based on controllable light-shelf parameters using genetic algorithms in the tropical climate of Malaysia. Journal of Daylighting, 7(1), 122–136. https://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2020.10
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Balıkesir site. (2013, February 22). Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fakülteler. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://balkes-web.blogspot.com/2013/02/balkesir-universitesi-fakulteler.html
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Bellia, L., Fragliasso, F., & Stefanizzi, E. (2017). Daylit offices: A comparison between measured parameters assessing light quality and users’ opinions. Building and Environment, 113, 92–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.014
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Ecoyfs, a Navigant Company, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi, & İZODER. (2020). Türkiye bina sektörü enerji verimliliği teknolojisi atlası. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/meslekihizmetler/icerikler/atlas_ocak_small-20210126120540.pdf
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EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH Panel), Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Fejer Justesen, A., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortés, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Stefani, E., Thulke, H.-H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., … & Reignault, P. L. (2022). Pest categorisation of plicosepalus acaciae. EFSA Journal, 20(3), Article e07142. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7142
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Galal, K. S. (2019). The impact of classroom orientation on daylight and heat-gain performance in the Lebanese coastal zone. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(3), 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.07.003
-
General Directorate of Meteorology. (2023, January). The climate of Türkiye according to the Köppen climate classification (PDF). https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/iklim_siniflandirmalari/koppen.pdf
-
Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Berardi, U., Tookey, J., Li, D. H. W., & Kariminia, S. (2016). Exploring the advantages and challenges of double-skin façades (DSFs). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1052–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.130
-
Global Solar Atlas. (2025). Turkey downloads. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://globalsolaratlas.info/downloads/turkey
-
Gutiérrez, R. U., Du, J., Ferreira, N., Ferrero, A., & Sharples, S. (2019). Daylight control and performance in office buildings using a novel ceramic louvre system. Building and Environment, 151, 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.030
-
Ihm, P., Nemri, A., & Krarti, M. (2009). Estimation of lighting energy savings from daylighting. Building and Environment, 44(3), 509–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.04.016
-
International WELL Building Institute. (n. d.). Daylight modeling. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://standard.wellcertified.com/light/daylight-modeling
-
Khidmat, R. P., Fukuda, H., Kustiani, Paramita, B., Qingsong, M., & Hariyadi, A. (2022). Investigation into the daylight performance of expanded-metal shading through parametric design and multi-objective optimisation in Japan. Journal of Building Engineering, 51, Article 104241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104241
-
Krarti, M., Erickson, P. M., & Hillman, T. C. (2005). A simplified method to estimate energy savings of artificial lighting use from daylighting. Building and Environment, 40(6), 747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.007
-
Lim, T., Yim, W. S., & Kim, D. D. (2020). Evaluation of daylight and cooling performance of shading devices in residential buildings in South Korea. Energies, 13(18), Article 4749. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184749
-
Manning, M. A. (2006). An experimental evaluation and comparison of four daylighting strategies for schools in North Carolina. [Master’s tesis, North Carolina State University].
-
Marzouk, M., Eissa, A., & ElSharkawy, M. (2020). Influence of light redirecting control element on daylight performance: A case of Egyptian heritage palace skylight. Journal of Building Engineering, 31, Article 101309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101309
-
Net Zero Cities. (2025). Mission cities. Retrieved July 3, 2025, from https://netzerocities.eu/mission-cities/
-
Noshin, S., Kanwal, H., & Ahmad, A. (2020). A comparative study on daylight performance assessment of light shelves based on inclination. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 39(4), 800–805. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2004.12
-
Shahbazi, Y., Heydari, M., & Haghparast, F. (2019). An early-stage design optimization for office buildings’ façade providing high-energy performance and daylight. Indoor and Built Environment, 28(10), 1350–1367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X19840761
-
Xue, P., Mak, C. M., & Cheung, H. D. (2014). The effects of daylighting and human behavior on luminous comfort in residential buildings: A questionnaire survey. Building and Environment, 81, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.011
-
Yang, H., Guo, B., Shi, Y., Jia, C., Li, X., & Liu, F. (2021). Interior daylight environment of an elderly nursing home in Beijing. Building and Environment, 200, Article 107915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107915
-
Ziaee, N., & Vakilinezhad, R. (2022). Multi-objective optimization of daylight performance and thermal comfort in classrooms with light-shelves: Case studies in Tehran and Sari, Iran. Energy and Buildings, 254, Article 111590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111590
Control of Daylight in Educational Buildings with Natural Elements: The Case of Balikesir
Year 2026,
Volume: 14 Issue: 2
,
426
-
436
,
19.04.2026
Mustafa Serhan Ünlütürk
,
Resul Özlük
Abstract
In classrooms, where the learning process takes place and which cater to many users, indoor visual comfort and energy efficiency are essential for user health and academic success. Ensuring the homogeneous distribution of daylight indoors in classrooms is a significant problem that must be addressed during the design of educational buildings. To address this issue, designers use artificial elements such as shading and louvres in the building envelope. However, producing these elements results in carbon emissions, and they do not decompose naturally once their lifespan is over. Considering the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG) target of achieving net-zero emissions in cities by 2050, it is necessary to minimise emissions from these elements. Within this scope, the study aims to highlight the importance of landscaping in educational buildings to control the amount of natural light entering indoor spaces. Within the scope of the study, two identical classrooms at Balıkesir University Faculty of Architecture were examined. While there is no landscape area in front of the northeast-facing D1 classroom, there is a landscaped area with vegetation in front of the southwest-facing D2 classroom. The study examined the distribution of daylight in these classrooms during the day. It evaluated the effects of the landscape on the daylight performance of the interior spaces by conducting on-site point measurements with a light meter at 9:30, 12:30, and 15:30 on 21 June, the summer solstice. According to the measurement results, the northeast-facing D1 classroom had relatively high illuminance near the windows in the morning. In contrast, the D2 classroom had plants in front of its windows and had a homogeneous daylight distribution throughout the day. The study highlights that optimisation methods can be used in future studies to control the amount of daylight entering the interior of educational buildings through landscaping.
Ethical Statement
This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures followed scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced studies are appropriately cited.
Supporting Institution
This research received no external funding.
Thanks
The authors do not wish to acknowledge any individual or institution.
References
-
Atlim, F., Esen, B., & Demirtas, M. (2019). Comparison of efficiency of different two solar energy systems in terms of panel settlement in Balikesir. Balikesir University Journal of Science Institute, 21(2), 679–696. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.636967
-
Bahdad, A. A. S., Fadzil, S. F. S., & Taib, N. (2020). Optimization of daylight performance based on controllable light-shelf parameters using genetic algorithms in the tropical climate of Malaysia. Journal of Daylighting, 7(1), 122–136. https://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2020.10
-
Balıkesir site. (2013, February 22). Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fakülteler. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://balkes-web.blogspot.com/2013/02/balkesir-universitesi-fakulteler.html
-
Bellia, L., Fragliasso, F., & Stefanizzi, E. (2017). Daylit offices: A comparison between measured parameters assessing light quality and users’ opinions. Building and Environment, 113, 92–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.014
-
Ecoyfs, a Navigant Company, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi, & İZODER. (2020). Türkiye bina sektörü enerji verimliliği teknolojisi atlası. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/meslekihizmetler/icerikler/atlas_ocak_small-20210126120540.pdf
-
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH Panel), Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Fejer Justesen, A., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortés, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Stefani, E., Thulke, H.-H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., … & Reignault, P. L. (2022). Pest categorisation of plicosepalus acaciae. EFSA Journal, 20(3), Article e07142. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7142
-
Galal, K. S. (2019). The impact of classroom orientation on daylight and heat-gain performance in the Lebanese coastal zone. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(3), 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.07.003
-
General Directorate of Meteorology. (2023, January). The climate of Türkiye according to the Köppen climate classification (PDF). https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/iklim_siniflandirmalari/koppen.pdf
-
Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Berardi, U., Tookey, J., Li, D. H. W., & Kariminia, S. (2016). Exploring the advantages and challenges of double-skin façades (DSFs). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1052–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.130
-
Global Solar Atlas. (2025). Turkey downloads. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://globalsolaratlas.info/downloads/turkey
-
Gutiérrez, R. U., Du, J., Ferreira, N., Ferrero, A., & Sharples, S. (2019). Daylight control and performance in office buildings using a novel ceramic louvre system. Building and Environment, 151, 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.030
-
Ihm, P., Nemri, A., & Krarti, M. (2009). Estimation of lighting energy savings from daylighting. Building and Environment, 44(3), 509–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.04.016
-
International WELL Building Institute. (n. d.). Daylight modeling. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://standard.wellcertified.com/light/daylight-modeling
-
Khidmat, R. P., Fukuda, H., Kustiani, Paramita, B., Qingsong, M., & Hariyadi, A. (2022). Investigation into the daylight performance of expanded-metal shading through parametric design and multi-objective optimisation in Japan. Journal of Building Engineering, 51, Article 104241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104241
-
Krarti, M., Erickson, P. M., & Hillman, T. C. (2005). A simplified method to estimate energy savings of artificial lighting use from daylighting. Building and Environment, 40(6), 747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.007
-
Lim, T., Yim, W. S., & Kim, D. D. (2020). Evaluation of daylight and cooling performance of shading devices in residential buildings in South Korea. Energies, 13(18), Article 4749. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184749
-
Manning, M. A. (2006). An experimental evaluation and comparison of four daylighting strategies for schools in North Carolina. [Master’s tesis, North Carolina State University].
-
Marzouk, M., Eissa, A., & ElSharkawy, M. (2020). Influence of light redirecting control element on daylight performance: A case of Egyptian heritage palace skylight. Journal of Building Engineering, 31, Article 101309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101309
-
Net Zero Cities. (2025). Mission cities. Retrieved July 3, 2025, from https://netzerocities.eu/mission-cities/
-
Noshin, S., Kanwal, H., & Ahmad, A. (2020). A comparative study on daylight performance assessment of light shelves based on inclination. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 39(4), 800–805. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2004.12
-
Shahbazi, Y., Heydari, M., & Haghparast, F. (2019). An early-stage design optimization for office buildings’ façade providing high-energy performance and daylight. Indoor and Built Environment, 28(10), 1350–1367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X19840761
-
Xue, P., Mak, C. M., & Cheung, H. D. (2014). The effects of daylighting and human behavior on luminous comfort in residential buildings: A questionnaire survey. Building and Environment, 81, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.011
-
Yang, H., Guo, B., Shi, Y., Jia, C., Li, X., & Liu, F. (2021). Interior daylight environment of an elderly nursing home in Beijing. Building and Environment, 200, Article 107915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107915
-
Ziaee, N., & Vakilinezhad, R. (2022). Multi-objective optimization of daylight performance and thermal comfort in classrooms with light-shelves: Case studies in Tehran and Sari, Iran. Energy and Buildings, 254, Article 111590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111590