Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics

Musa Doğruer

doi:10.29130/dubited.1782087

TR EN

Bi-2223 seramiklerinin süperiletkenlik ve sertlik özelliklerine CoFe2O4 ilavesinin etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Bi-2223'ün mekanik, yapısal ve süperiletken özellikleri üzerinde CoFe2O4 (CFO) içerik değişiminin (x = 0,000 ila 0,010) etkisini araştırmaktadır. Vickers mikrosertlik ölçümleri, tane sınırı zayıflaması, yapısal kusurlar ve safsızlık fazlarıyla bağlantılı olarak CFO içeriğinin artmasıyla sertlikte belirgin bir azalma göstermektedir. Girinti boyutu etkisini (ISE) analiz etmek için çoklu sertlik modelleri uygulanmış ve Hays-Kendall modeli plato bölgesine en yakın uyumu sağlamıştır. SEM analizi, daha yüksek CFO katkısının artan tane parçalanmasına, düzensiz tane şekillerine ve azalan tane bağlantısına yol açtığını ortaya koymaktadır. Artan yapısal bozukluk ve artan manyetik saçılma nedeniyle kritik başlangıç sıcaklığının (Tc) 109,8 K'den (CFO-0) 93,4 K'ye (CFO-5) düşmesiyle mıknatıslanma-sıcaklık (M–T) ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Özetle, çalışma CFO eklenmesinin Bi-2223 numunelerinin hem mekanik hem de süperiletken performansında düşüşe yol açtığını, bunun temel nedeninin ise tane sınırı kusurlarının ve manyetik saçılmanın artması olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Bi-2223, CoFe2O4, ISE, SEM, Mıknatıslanma.

Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of CoFe2O4 (CFO) content variation (x = 0.000 to 0.010) on the mechanical, structural and superconducting properties of Bi-2223. Vickers microhardness measurements show a clear decrease in hardness with increasing CFO content. This decrease is linked to grain boundary weakening, structural defects, and impurity phases. Multiple hardness models are applied to analyze the indentation size effect (ISE). The Hays-Kendall model provided the closest fit to plateau region. SEM analysis reveals that higher CFO doping leads to increased grain fragmentation, irregular grain shapes, and reduced grain connectivity. Magnetization versus temperature (M–T) measurements are performed. The critical onset temperature (Tc) decreasing from 109.8 K (CFO-0) to 93.4 K (CFO-5) due to enhanced structural disorder and increased magnetic scattering. In summary, the study reveals that adding CFO leads to a decline in both mechanical and superconducting performance of the Bi-2223 samples. This is mainly because of increased grain boundary defects and magnetic scattering.

Keywords

Bi-2223, CoFe2O4, ISE, SEM, Magnetization

Supporting Institution

This research received no external funding.

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures followed scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced studies are appropriately cited.

Thanks

The author expresses gratitude to Dr. D. Hai Tran of the University of Hanoi, Vietnam, for providing the CFO-doped Bi-2223 samples.

References

Bilgili, O., Selamet, Y., & Kocabas, K. (2008). Effects of Li substitution in Bi-2223 superconductors. Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 21, 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-008-0374-4
Cao, H., Zhang, S., Cui, Y., Zhi, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Liu, J., Li, C., & Zhang, P. (2024). Development of a novel fabrication technique for high-quality Bi-2223 bulks with high superconducting performance. Ceramics International, 50(7), 12212–12221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.01.125
Dogruer, M. (2022). Influence of Fe/Ca substitute on fundamental properties of Bi1.8Pb0.35Sr1.9Ca2.2−xFexCu3Oy materials. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 900, Article 163445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163445
Dogruer, M., Aksoy, C., Yildirim, G., Ozturk, O., & Terzioglu, C. (2021). Influence of Sr/Nd partial replacement on fundamental properties of Bi-2223 superconducting system. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32, 7073–7089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05417-4
Dogruer, M., Motoki, T., Semba, M., Nakamura, S., & Shimoyama, J. (2024). Mechanical properties of Ag-added DyBa2Cu3Oy superconducting melt-textured bulks prepared by the single-direction melt growth method. Materials Today Communications, 39, Article 108605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108605
Dogruer, M., Terzioglu, C., Yildirim, G., Pakdil, M., & Zalaoglu, Y. (2015). Decrement of crack propagation in bulk Bi-2223 superconducting ceramics with Sn-diffusion annealing temperature. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 26, 6013–6019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3177-y
Hassan, M. S., Mohamed, I. E., Matar, M., Abou-Aly, A. I., Awad, R., & Anas, M. (2023). Effect of hard magnetic ferrite (Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19) nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of the (Bi, Pb)-2223 phase. Applied Physics A, 129, Article 333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-06557-6
Hays, C., & Kendall, E. G. (1973). An analysis of Knoop microhardness. Metallography, 6, 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(73)90053-0
Houshiar, M., Zebhi, F., Razi, Z. J., Alidoust, A., & Askari, Z. (2014). Synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles using combustion, coprecipitation, and precipitation methods: A comparison study of size, structural, and magnetic properties. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 371, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.06.059
Matar, M., Najem, A., Habanjar, K., Anas, M., & Awad, R. (2025). Mechanical properties of (Ba0.4Sr0.4Ca0.2Fe12O19)x/(Bi1.6, Pb0.4)-2223 composite impacted in seawater. Applied Physics A, 131, Article 110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-08196-x

Onnes, H. K. (1911). Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electrical resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury. KNAW Proceedings, 14, 113–115. https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00013124.pdf
Ozturk, O., Asikuzun, E., Tascı, A. T., Gokcen, T., Ada, H., Koralay, H., & Cavdar, S. (2018). Comparison of Vickers microhardness of undoped and Ru doped BSCCO glass ceramic materials. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 29, 3957–3966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-8336-x
Pham, A. T., Le, T., Hong, V. T. A., Lee, H., Park, T., Thien, N. D., Anh, D. T. K., Nam, N. H., Binh, N. T., Man, N. K., Thao, P. N., Hop, D. T. B., Miyanaga, T., Pham, Q. N., & Tran, D. H. (2024). Vortex phase diagram and transition in (Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10-δ )1-x(SnO2)x superconductors. Results in Physics, 63, Article 107887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2024.107887
Saghafi, M., Shams, G., & Soltani, Z. (2024). Paraconductivity in Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ superconductors doped with Sm2O3 nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 678, Article 415754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2024.415754
Sakashita, T., Ito, S., & Hashizume, H. (2010). Improvement of joint structure for mechanical butt joint of stacked BSCCO 2223 cable. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20(3), 1751–1754. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2010.2043660
Salem, M. K. B., Slimani, Y., Hannachi, E., Azzouz, F. B., & Salem, M. B. (2018). Bi-based superconductors prepared with addition of CoFe2O4 for the design of a magnetic probe. Cryogenics, 89, 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2017.11.005
Sedky, A., & Salah, A. (2022). Comparative study of the effects of La-substituted Ca in (Bi, Pb):2212 and (Bi, Pb):2223 superconductors. Journal of Electronic Materials, 51, 3042–3058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09476-z
Tran, D. H., Le, T. M., Do, T. H., Dinh, Q. T., Duong, N. T. T., Anh, D. T. K., Man, N. K., Pham, D., & Kang, W. N. (2018). Enhancements of critical current density in the Bi–Pb–Sr–Ca–Cu–O superconductor by Na substitution. Materials Transactions, 59(7), 1071–1074. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MD201715
Tran, D. H., Pham, A. T., Binh, N. T., Anh, D. T. K., Nam, N. H., Hong, N. T. M., Cuong, L. V., Pham, P. V., Huy, N. Q., Huong, T. T., Man, N. K., Lim, K. P., Kechik, M. M. A., Chen, S. K., & Le, T. (2025b). Superconductivity in Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ ceramics with cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticle addition. Ceramics International, 51(12), 16134–16142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.01.451
Tran, D. H., Pham A. T., Nam, N. H., Thuy, K. X., Truong, A. D., Le, T., Le, V. C., Hong, N. T. M., Hai, P., Hop, D. T. B., & Dogruer, M. (2025a). Effect of ZnFe2O4 addition on the phase stability, hardness and superconducting properties of Bi-2223 phase. Ceramics International, 51(20), 30974–30983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.04.289
Tran, D. T., Pham, A. T., Pham, H. H., Nguyen, N. T., Nam, N. H., Man, N. K., Kang, W. N., Hsu, I. J., Klysubun, W., & Tran, D. H. (2021). Local structure and superconductivity in (Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ)1-x(Fe3O4)x compounds. Ceramics International, 47(12), 16950–16955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.02.267
Turkoz, M. B., Zalaoglu, Y., Turgay, T., Ozturk, O., Akkurt, B., & Yildirim, G. (2019). Evaluation of key mechanical design properties and mechanical characteristic features of advanced Bi-2212 ceramic materials with homovalent Bi/Ga partial replacement: Combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Ceramics International, 45(17), 21183–21192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.098
Ulgen, A. T., Okur, S., Erdem, U., Terzioglu, C., Turgay, T., Turkoz, M. B., & Yildirim, G. (2023). Development of modulation, pairing mechanism, and slip system with optimum vanadium substitution at Bi-sites in Bi-2212 ceramic structure. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 307, Article 128171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128171
Vu, L.H., Pham, A.T., Thien, N.D., Nam, N.H., Riviere, E., Pham, Q.N., Man, N.K., Binh, N.T., Hong, N.T.M., Cuong, L.V., Nguyen, T.L., & Tran, D.H. (2023). Enhancements of critical current density in Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ superconductors by additions of SnO2 nanoparticles. Ceramics International, 49(16), 27614–27621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.06.047

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Classical Physics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Musa Doğruer ^*
0000-0002-4214-9159
Türkiye

Publication Date

January 21, 2026

Submission Date

September 11, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 1, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 14 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1782087

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA57DG82LF

APA

Doğruer, M. (2026). Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 14(1), 130-142. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1782087

AMA

1.Doğruer M. Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics. DUBİTED. 2026;14(1):130-142. doi:10.29130/dubited.1782087

Chicago

Doğruer, Musa. 2026. “Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14 (1): 130-42. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1782087.

EndNote

Doğruer M (January 1, 2026) Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14 1 130–142.

IEEE

[1]M. Doğruer, “Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics”, DUBİTED, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 130–142, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.29130/dubited.1782087.

ISNAD

Doğruer, Musa. “Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14/1 (January 1, 2026): 130-142. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1782087.

JAMA

1.Doğruer M. Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics. DUBİTED. 2026;14:130–142.

MLA

Doğruer, Musa. “Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 2026, pp. 130-42, doi:10.29130/dubited.1782087.

Vancouver

1.Musa Doğruer. Effect of CoFe2O4 Addition in the Superconducting and Hardness Characteristics of Bi-2223 Ceramics. DUBİTED. 2026 Jan. 1;14(1):130-42. doi:10.29130/dubited.1782087

Cited By

Impact of SnO2 addition on the superconducting properties of (Bi, Pb)-2223 ceramics: XPS and EXAFS analysis

Vacuum

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115258