Research Article
The Investigation of Physiological, Cytogenetic and Anatomical Changes Induced By Mercury (Hg) Heavy Metal Ion In Allium cepa L. (Onion)
Abstract
In the present research, toxic effects of different doses of mercury (Hg) heavy metal ion were investigated on Allium cepa L (onion). For this aim, the germination percentage, root length, weight gain, frequency of micronucleus (MN), chromosomal aberrations, and mitotic index (MI) were used as indicators of toxicity. Also, the changes in the root tip meristematic cells of A. cepa L. treated with mercury (Hg) were examined. The seeds were divided into total four groups as one control and three mercury (Hg) treatment groups. The seeds in the control group were treated with only tap water for 72 hours at room temperature. The seeds in the treatment groups were treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/L doses of mercury (Hg) for 72 hours at room temperature. The results showed that there were statistically significant alterations in the germination percentage, root length, weight gain, MN, chromosomal aberrations, and MI frequency in a dose dependent manner in the seeds exposed to mercury (Hg) when compared with control (p<0.05). Mercury (Hg) caused significantly reduction in the germination percentage, root length, weight gain and MI in all the treatment groups. But, it caused an increase in the frequency of MN and chromosomal aberrations. Moreover, light micrographs showed some anatomical damages such as flattened cell nucleus, unclear vascular tissue, necrosis, thickening of the cortex cell wall, cell deformation and accumulation of certain substances in cortex cells. It was found in this study that A. cepa L. was very sensitive to mercury, suggesting usage as indicator for monitor of pollution induced by this metal.
Keywords
References
- L. Jarup, “Hazards of Heavy Metal Contamination,” British Medical Bulletin, c. 68, s. 1, ss. 167–182, 2003. [2] M. Jaishankar, T. Tseten, N. Anbalagan, B.B. Mathew and K.N. Beeregowda, “Toxicity, Mechanism and Health Effects of Some Heavy Metals,” Interdisciplinary Toxicology, c. 7, s. 2, ss. 60–72, 2014. [3] P. Govind and S. Madhuri, “Heavy Metals Causing Toxicity in Animals and Fishes,” Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, c. 2, s. 2, ss. 17-23, 2014. [4] T. Matsuo, “Japanese Experiences of Environmental Management,” Water Science and Technology, c. 47, ss. 7–14, 2003. [5] J. Baby, J.S. Raj, E.T. Biby, P. Sankarganesh, M.V. Jeevitha, S.U. Ajisha and S.S. Rajan, “Toxic Effect of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Environment,” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, c. 4, s. 4, ss. 939–952, 2010. [6] M. Praveena, V. Sandeep, N. Kavitha and K. Jayantha Rao, “Impact of Tannery Effluent, Chromium on Hematological Parameters in A Fresh Water Fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton),” Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, c. 1, s. 6, ss. 1–5, 2013. [7] S. Morais, F.G. Costa and M.L. Pereira, Heavy Metals and Human Health, In: Oosthuizen J, Editor. Environmental Health – Emerging issues and Practice, 2012, ss. 227–246. [8] M. Lambert, B.A. Leven and R.M. Green, New Methods of Cleaning Up Heavy Metal in Soils and Water, Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens, Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, 2000. [9] L. Patrick, “Mercury Toxicity and Antioxidants: Part 1: Role of Glutathione and Alpha-Lipoic Acid in the Treatment of Mercury Toxicity,” Alternative Medicine Review, c. 7, s. 6, ss. 456–471, 2002. [10] Q.X. Wei, “Mutagenic Effects of Chromium Trioxide on Root Tip Cells of Vicia faba,”. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, c. 12, s. 5, ss. 1570–1576, 2004. [11] M. Atik, O. Karagüzel ve S. Ersoy, “Sıcaklığın Dalbergia sissoo Tohumlarının Çimlenme Özelliklerine Etkisi,”.Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 20, ss. 203–208, 2007. [12] T.A. Staykova, E.N. Ivanova and I.G. Velcheva, “Cytogenetic Effect of Heavy Metal and Cyanide in Contamined Waters from the Region of Southwest Bulgaria,” Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, c. 4, ss. 41–46, 2005. [13] M. Fenech, W.P. Chang, M. Kirsch-Volders, N. Holland, S. Bonassi and E. Zeiger, “HUMN Project: Detailed Description of the Scoring Criteria for the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Using Isolated Human Lymphocyte Cultures,” Mutation Research, c. 534, s. 1, ss. 65–75, 2003. [14] Z.I. Muhammad, K.S. Maria, A. Mohammad, S. Muhammad, F. Zia-Ur-Rehman and K. Muhammad, “Effect of Mercury on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek),” Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, c. 19, s. 2, ss. 191–199, 2015. [15] M. Gautam, R.S. Sengar, R. Chaudhary, K. Sengar and S. Garg, “Possible Cause of Inhibition of Seed Germination in Two Rice Cultivars by Heavy Metals Pb2+ and Hg2+,”. Toxicological and Environ Chemistry, c. 92, s. 6, ss. 1111–1119, 2010. [16] M.S.A. Ahmad, M. Ashraf, Q. Tabassam, M. Hussain and H. Firdous, “Lead (Pb)-Induced Regulation of Growth, Photosynthesis, and Mineral Nutrition in Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants at Early Growth Stages,” Biological Trace Element Research, c. 144, s.1-3, ss. 1229–1239, 2011. [17] M.S. Ahmad and M. Ashraf, “Essential Roles and Hazardous Effects of Nickel in Plants”. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, c. 214, ss. 125–167, 2011. [18] B. Pourrut, M. Shahid, C. Dumat, P. Winterton and E. Pinelli, “Lead Uptake, Toxicity, and Detoxification in Plants,” Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, c. 213, ss. 113–136, 2011. [19] L.B. Pena, C.E. Azpilicueta and S.M. Gallego, “Sunflower Cotyledons Cope with Copper Stress by Inducing Catalase Subunits Less Sensitive to Oxidation,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, c. 25, ss. 125–129, 2011. [20] S. Rahoui, A. Chaoui and E.J. El Ferjani, “Membrane Damage and Solute Leakage from Germinating Pea Seed under Cadmium Stress,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, c. 178, ss. 1128–1131, 2010. [21] A. Sfaxi-Bousbih, A. Chaoui and E. El Ferjani, “Cadmium Impairs Mineral and Carbohydrate Mobilization During the Germination of Bean Seeds,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, c. 73, ss. 1123–1129, 2010. [22] H.N. Siddiqui and A. Karkun, “Study of the Mitotic Abnormalities Due to Mercuric Chloride on Allium Cepa at Different Concentration and Time Exposure,” International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, c. 7, s. 3, ss. 166–168, 2016. [23] A.K. Patlolla, A. Berry, L. May and P.B. Tchounwou, “Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Vicia Faba: A Pilot Study on The Environmental Monitoring of Nanoparticles,”. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, c. 9, s. 5, ss. 1649–1662, 2012. [24] S. Ünyayar, A. Çelik, F.Ö. Çekiç and A. Gözel, “Cadmium-Induced Genotoxicity, Cytotoxicity and Lipid Peroxidation in Allium sativum and Vicia faba,” Mutagenesis, c. 21, s. 1, ss. 77–81, 2006. [25] K. Çavuşoğlu, E. Yalçın, Z. Türkmen, K. Yapar, K. Çavuşoğlu and F. Çiçek, “Investigation of Toxic Effects of the Glyphosate on Allium cepa,” Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 17, ss. 131–142, 2011. [26] A. Lux, M. Vaculík, M. Martinka, D. Lišková, M.G. Kulkarni, W.A. Stirk and J. Van Staden, “Cadmium Induces Hypodermal Periderm Formation in the Roots of the Monocotyledonous Medicinal Plant Merwilla plumbea,” Annals of Botany, c. 107, s. 2, ss. 285–292, 2011. [27] Z. Türkmen, K. Çavuşoğlu, K. Çavuşoğlu, K. Yapar and E. Yalçın, “Protective Role of Royal Jelly (honeybee) on Genotoxicity and Lipid Peroxidation, Induced by Petroleum Wastewater- in Allium cepa L. Root Tips,” Environmental Technology, c. 30, s. 11, ss. 1205–1214, 2009. [28] A. Acar, K. Çavuşoğlu, Z. Türkmen, K. Çavuşoğlu and E. Yalçın, “The Investigation of Genotoxic, Physiological and Anatomical Effects of Paraquat Herbicide on Allium cepa L.,” Cytologia, c. 80, s. 3, ss. 343-351, 2015.
Cıva (Hg) Ağır Metal İyonunun Allium Cepa L. (Soğan)’da Teşvik Ettiği Fizyolojik, Sitogenetik ve Anatomik Değişimlerin Araştırılması
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Allium cepa L. (Soğan) üzerine Cıva (Hg)
ağır metal iyonunun farklı dozlarının toksik etkileri araştırıldı. Bu amaçla; çimlenme yüzdesi, kök uzunluğu, ağırlık artışı,
mikronukleus (MN) sıklığı, kromozomal anormallikler ve mitotik indeks (MI) toksisitenin
indikatörleri olarak kullanıldı. Ayrıca, Cıva (Hg)’ya maruz kalan A. cepa L. kök ucu meristem
hücrelerindeki değişimlerde araştırıldı. Tohumlar bir (1) kontrol ve üç (3) Cıva
(Hg) uygulama grubu olarak toplam dört (4) gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubundaki
tohumlar, oda sıcaklığında 72 saat süresince çeşme suyu, uygulama grubundaki
tohumlar ise yine oda sıcaklığında 72 saat süresince Cıva
(Hg)’nın 25, 50 ve 100 mg/L dozlarıyla muamele edilmişlerdir. Sonuçlar, kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında, Cıva
(Hg)’ya maruz kalan tohumlarda çimlenme
yüzdesi, kök uzunluğu, ağırlık artışı, mikronukleus (MN), kromozomal
anormallikler ve mitotik indeks (MI) sıklığında doza bağlı istatistiksel olarak
önemli değişimler olduğunu gösterdi (p<0.05). Cıva (Hg), tüm uygulama
gruplarında, çimlenme yüzdesi, kök uzunluğu, ağırlık artışı ve MI’i önemli
oranda azalttı. Fakat MN ve kromozomal anormallik sıklığında ise artışa neden
oldu. Ayrıca, ışık mikrograflar yassılaşmış hücre çekirdeği, belirgin
olmayan iletim doku, nekroz, korteks hücre çeperinde kalınlaşma, hücre deformasyonu ve korteks hücrelerinde bazı maddelerin
birikimi şeklinde bazı anatomik değişmeleri gösterdi. Sonuç olarak, bu
çalışmada, A. cepa L.’nın Cıva
(Hg)’ya karşı çok hassas olduğu ve Cıva (Hg) tarafından teşvik edilen
kirliliğin izlenmesinde indikatör olarak kullanılabileceği gösterildi.
Keywords
References
- L. Jarup, “Hazards of Heavy Metal Contamination,” British Medical Bulletin, c. 68, s. 1, ss. 167–182, 2003. [2] M. Jaishankar, T. Tseten, N. Anbalagan, B.B. Mathew and K.N. Beeregowda, “Toxicity, Mechanism and Health Effects of Some Heavy Metals,” Interdisciplinary Toxicology, c. 7, s. 2, ss. 60–72, 2014. [3] P. Govind and S. Madhuri, “Heavy Metals Causing Toxicity in Animals and Fishes,” Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, c. 2, s. 2, ss. 17-23, 2014. [4] T. Matsuo, “Japanese Experiences of Environmental Management,” Water Science and Technology, c. 47, ss. 7–14, 2003. [5] J. Baby, J.S. Raj, E.T. Biby, P. Sankarganesh, M.V. Jeevitha, S.U. Ajisha and S.S. Rajan, “Toxic Effect of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Environment,” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, c. 4, s. 4, ss. 939–952, 2010. [6] M. Praveena, V. Sandeep, N. Kavitha and K. Jayantha Rao, “Impact of Tannery Effluent, Chromium on Hematological Parameters in A Fresh Water Fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton),” Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, c. 1, s. 6, ss. 1–5, 2013. [7] S. Morais, F.G. Costa and M.L. Pereira, Heavy Metals and Human Health, In: Oosthuizen J, Editor. Environmental Health – Emerging issues and Practice, 2012, ss. 227–246. [8] M. Lambert, B.A. Leven and R.M. Green, New Methods of Cleaning Up Heavy Metal in Soils and Water, Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens, Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, 2000. [9] L. Patrick, “Mercury Toxicity and Antioxidants: Part 1: Role of Glutathione and Alpha-Lipoic Acid in the Treatment of Mercury Toxicity,” Alternative Medicine Review, c. 7, s. 6, ss. 456–471, 2002. [10] Q.X. Wei, “Mutagenic Effects of Chromium Trioxide on Root Tip Cells of Vicia faba,”. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, c. 12, s. 5, ss. 1570–1576, 2004. [11] M. Atik, O. Karagüzel ve S. Ersoy, “Sıcaklığın Dalbergia sissoo Tohumlarının Çimlenme Özelliklerine Etkisi,”.Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 20, ss. 203–208, 2007. [12] T.A. Staykova, E.N. Ivanova and I.G. Velcheva, “Cytogenetic Effect of Heavy Metal and Cyanide in Contamined Waters from the Region of Southwest Bulgaria,” Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, c. 4, ss. 41–46, 2005. [13] M. Fenech, W.P. Chang, M. Kirsch-Volders, N. Holland, S. Bonassi and E. Zeiger, “HUMN Project: Detailed Description of the Scoring Criteria for the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Using Isolated Human Lymphocyte Cultures,” Mutation Research, c. 534, s. 1, ss. 65–75, 2003. [14] Z.I. Muhammad, K.S. Maria, A. Mohammad, S. Muhammad, F. Zia-Ur-Rehman and K. Muhammad, “Effect of Mercury on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek),” Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, c. 19, s. 2, ss. 191–199, 2015. [15] M. Gautam, R.S. Sengar, R. Chaudhary, K. Sengar and S. Garg, “Possible Cause of Inhibition of Seed Germination in Two Rice Cultivars by Heavy Metals Pb2+ and Hg2+,”. Toxicological and Environ Chemistry, c. 92, s. 6, ss. 1111–1119, 2010. [16] M.S.A. Ahmad, M. Ashraf, Q. Tabassam, M. Hussain and H. Firdous, “Lead (Pb)-Induced Regulation of Growth, Photosynthesis, and Mineral Nutrition in Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants at Early Growth Stages,” Biological Trace Element Research, c. 144, s.1-3, ss. 1229–1239, 2011. [17] M.S. Ahmad and M. Ashraf, “Essential Roles and Hazardous Effects of Nickel in Plants”. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, c. 214, ss. 125–167, 2011. [18] B. Pourrut, M. Shahid, C. Dumat, P. Winterton and E. Pinelli, “Lead Uptake, Toxicity, and Detoxification in Plants,” Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, c. 213, ss. 113–136, 2011. [19] L.B. Pena, C.E. Azpilicueta and S.M. Gallego, “Sunflower Cotyledons Cope with Copper Stress by Inducing Catalase Subunits Less Sensitive to Oxidation,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, c. 25, ss. 125–129, 2011. [20] S. Rahoui, A. Chaoui and E.J. El Ferjani, “Membrane Damage and Solute Leakage from Germinating Pea Seed under Cadmium Stress,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, c. 178, ss. 1128–1131, 2010. [21] A. Sfaxi-Bousbih, A. Chaoui and E. El Ferjani, “Cadmium Impairs Mineral and Carbohydrate Mobilization During the Germination of Bean Seeds,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, c. 73, ss. 1123–1129, 2010. [22] H.N. Siddiqui and A. Karkun, “Study of the Mitotic Abnormalities Due to Mercuric Chloride on Allium Cepa at Different Concentration and Time Exposure,” International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, c. 7, s. 3, ss. 166–168, 2016. [23] A.K. Patlolla, A. Berry, L. May and P.B. Tchounwou, “Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Vicia Faba: A Pilot Study on The Environmental Monitoring of Nanoparticles,”. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, c. 9, s. 5, ss. 1649–1662, 2012. [24] S. Ünyayar, A. Çelik, F.Ö. Çekiç and A. Gözel, “Cadmium-Induced Genotoxicity, Cytotoxicity and Lipid Peroxidation in Allium sativum and Vicia faba,” Mutagenesis, c. 21, s. 1, ss. 77–81, 2006. [25] K. Çavuşoğlu, E. Yalçın, Z. Türkmen, K. Yapar, K. Çavuşoğlu and F. Çiçek, “Investigation of Toxic Effects of the Glyphosate on Allium cepa,” Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 17, ss. 131–142, 2011. [26] A. Lux, M. Vaculík, M. Martinka, D. Lišková, M.G. Kulkarni, W.A. Stirk and J. Van Staden, “Cadmium Induces Hypodermal Periderm Formation in the Roots of the Monocotyledonous Medicinal Plant Merwilla plumbea,” Annals of Botany, c. 107, s. 2, ss. 285–292, 2011. [27] Z. Türkmen, K. Çavuşoğlu, K. Çavuşoğlu, K. Yapar and E. Yalçın, “Protective Role of Royal Jelly (honeybee) on Genotoxicity and Lipid Peroxidation, Induced by Petroleum Wastewater- in Allium cepa L. Root Tips,” Environmental Technology, c. 30, s. 11, ss. 1205–1214, 2009. [28] A. Acar, K. Çavuşoğlu, Z. Türkmen, K. Çavuşoğlu and E. Yalçın, “The Investigation of Genotoxic, Physiological and Anatomical Effects of Paraquat Herbicide on Allium cepa L.,” Cytologia, c. 80, s. 3, ss. 343-351, 2015.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | August 1, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 |