Bilişsel Radyo Uygulamaları için Uzun Süreli Spektrum Doluluk Ölçümleri: Samsun Şehir Merkezi Örneği

Year 2020, , 1840 - 1851, 31.07.2020

Zafer Albayrak , Çetin Kurnaz , Serap Karagöl

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.671789

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Samsun şehir merkezinde 470 MHz - 790 MHz frekans aralığında, spektrumun en yoğun olduğu bölgede, 7 farklı günde ve 14 farklı zamanda spektrum doluluk ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ölçümlerde RTL2832U-R820T spektrum analizörü kullanılmıştır. Spektrum doluluk değerlendirmelerinde referans olarak -40 dB ve -45 dB sinyal gücü seçilmiştir. Ölçüm sonuçlarından spektrum doluluk oranlarının zamana bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterdiği bazı kanalların gün içerisinde kullanılmadığı veya sinyal kalitesinin kullanılmayacak kadar düştüğü görülmüştür. -40 dB referans sinyal seviyesi için 320 MHz’lik spektrumun en fazla % 60’ı kullanılırken, -45 dB için bu oran %55’dir. Dolayısıyla seçilen ölçüm noktası için gün içinde 144 MHz’e yakın bir spektrum kullanılmamaktadır. Bu değer analog TV frekans bandında (470 MHz - 790 MHz) bilişsel radyo uygulamalarından olan IEEE 802.11af ve IEEE 802.22 kablosuz sistemlerinin rahatlıkla kullanılabilir olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Spektrum doluluk ölçümleri, TV beyaz boşluk, Bilişsel radyo

Long Term Spectrum Occupancy Measurements for Cognitive Radio Applications: Samsun City Center Example

Abstract

In this study, spectrum occupancy measurements were performed in seven different days and 14 different times between 470 MHz and 790 MHz frequency band in the most dense spectrum part of Samsun city center. RTL2832U-R820T spectrum analyzer was used for measurements. In the spectrum occupancy evaluations, -40 dB and -45 dB signal strength levels was selected as reference. It was seen from the measurement results that some channels where spectrum occupancy rates vary according to time are not used during the day or signal quality is reduced to not use. Up to 60 % of the 320 MHz spectrum is used for the -40 dB reference signal level, while for -45 dB this rate is 55 %. Therefore, a spectrum close to 144 MHz per day is not used for the selected measurement location. This value shows that the cognitive radio applications such as IEEE 802.11af and IEEE 802.22 wireless systems in analog TV frequency band (470 MHz-790 MHz) can be used easily.

Keywords

Spectrum occupancy measurement, TV white space, Cognitive radio

References

• [1] FCC, In the matter of unlicensed operation in the TV broadcast bands, additional spectrum for unlicensed devices below 900 MHz and in the 3 GHz band, Report ET docket no. 08-260, 2008.
• [2] S. Haykin, “Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-220, 2005.
• [3] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Lee, M. C. Vuran, S. Mohanty, “Next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey,” Computer Network, vol. 50, no. 13, pp. 2127-2159, 2006.
• [4] S. M. Mishra, “Maximizing available spectrum for cognitive radios” Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, USA, 2010.
• [5] J. Mitola, G. Q. Maguire, “Cognitive radio: Making software radios more personal,” IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 3-18, 1999.
• [6] W. Zhang, Y. Sun, L. Deng, C. K. Yeo and L. Yang, “Dynamic Spectrum Allocation for Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks With Multiple Channels,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 53-64, 2019.
• [7] Z. Gu, T. Shen, Y. Wang and F. C. M. Lau, “Efficient Rendezvous for Heterogeneous Interference in Cognitive Radio Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 91-105, 2020.
• [8] Z. Qin, X. Zhou, L. Zhang, Y. Gao, Y. Liang and G. Y. Li, “20 Years of Evolution From Cognitive to Intelligent Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 6-20, 2020.
• [9] Y. Arjoune, N. Kaabouch, “A Comprehensive Survey on Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Recent Advances, New Challenges, and Future Research Directions,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 19, no.126, pp. 1-32, 2019.
• [10] M. E. Bayrakdar, A. Çalhan, “Kablosuz Bilişsel Radyo Ağlarında İkincil Kullanıcılar için Ortam Erişim Kontrol Protokolleri,” Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol.23, no.2, pp.149-164, 2017.
• [11] M. E. Bayrakdar, A. Çalhan, “Performance Analysis of Slotted Aloha Protocol in Wireless Cognitive Radio Networks,” Balkan Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering, vol.3, no.4, pp.248-251, 2015.
• [12] M. E. Bayrakdar, A. Çalhan, “Decision System for Rule based Spectrum Handoff Process of Secondary Users,” Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, vol.3, no.1, pp. 27-30, 2017.
• [13] M. E. Bayrakdar, A. Çalhan, “Kablosuz Bilişsel Radyo Ağlarında Spektrum El Değiştirme için Öncelik Kuyrukları ve Yapay Zeka Teknikleri,” Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol.6, no.2, pp.303-315, 2017.
• [14] D. C. Hieu, P. V. Tien, “Assessment of TV White Space in Vietnam,” International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications, Vietnam, Oct. 15-17, 2014.
• [15] N. Wang, T. Gao, Y. Chen, E. Bodanese, L. Cuthbert, “Performance Evaluation of Power Control Algorithm for TV White Space Resource in UK,” presented at 7th International ICST Conference on Communications and Network in China, Kunming, China. 2012.
• [16] T. Shimomura, T. Oyama, H. Seki, “Analysis of TV White Space in Japan,” presented at IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall), Quebec, Canada. 2012.
• [17] J. V. Beek, J. Riihija, A. Achtzehn, M. Petri, “IEEE TV white space in Europe,” IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 178-188, 2012.
• [18] M. Nekovee, “Cognitive radio access to TV white spaces: spectrum opportunities, commercial applications and remaining technology challenges,” presented at IEEE Symposium on New Frontier in Dynamic Spectrum, Singapore, Singapore. 2010.
• [19] R. Jantti, J. Kerttula, K. Koufos, K. Ruttik, “Aggregate interference with FCC and ECC white space usage rules: case study in Finland,” presented at IEEE Symposium on New Frontier in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Aachen, Germany. 2011.
• [20] P. Flynn, “White space potentials and realities,” White paper, Texas instruments, Texas, USA, Jan. 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/article-images/47921/spry227.pdf
• [21] G. Naik, S. Singbal, A. Kumar, A. Karandikar, “Quantitive assessment of TV white space in India,” presented at 20th National Conference on Communications, Kanpur, India. 2014.
• [22] Ç. Kurnaz, Z. E. Albayrak, “Measuring and evaluating TV white spaces in Samsun, Turkey,” Journal of New Results in Science, vol. 12, pp. 139-148, 2016.
• [23] Ç. Kurnaz, B. K. Engiz, Z. E. Albayrak, “Determination of TV white space spectrum availability in Samsun Turkey,” presented at 24th Telecommunications Forum TELFOR, Belgrade, Serbia. 2016.
• [24] H. Maloku, Z. L. Fazliu, M. Ibrani, A. Mekuli, E. Sela, M. Rajarajan, “Measurement of Frequency Occupancy Levels in TV Bands in Urban Environment in Kosovo,” presented at 18th Mediterranean Microwave Symposium (MMS), Istanbul, Turkey, 2018.
• [25] R. T. Loquias, C. A. G. Hilario, M. F. D. d. Guzman, J. J. S. Marciano, “Quantitative Assessment of TV White Space in the Western Philippine Nautical Highway,” presented at IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Newark, NJ, USA, 2019.
• [26] S. W. Oh, Y. Ma, M.H. Tao, E. Peh, “TV White Space: The First Step Towards Better Utilization of Frequency Spectrum,” Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.
• [27] A. K. Mishra, D. L. Johnson, “White Space Communication Advances, Developments and Engineering Challenges,” Springer International Publishing, 2015.
• [28] J. H. Martin, L.S. Dooley, K.C.P. Wong, “Cognitive Radio and TV White Space (TVWS) Applications. In: W. Zhang (eds) Handbook of Cognitive Radio”. Springer, 2019.
• [29] Z. Zhao, M. C. Vuran, D. Batur, E. Ekici, “Shades of White: Impacts of Population Dynamics and TV Viewership on Available TV Spectrum,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 2427-2442, 2019.
• [30] L. S. Aji, F. H. Juwono, G. Wibisono, D. Gunawan, “Proposal for Improving White-Space Channel Availability,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 59528-59539, 2018.
• [31] W. Zhang, J. Yang, G. Zhang, L. Yang, C. Kiat Yeo, “TV white space and its applications in future wireless networks and communications: a survey,” IET Communications, vol. 12, no. 20, pp. 2521-2532, 2018.
• [32] D. Lekomtcev, , R. Maršálek, “Comparison of 802.11af and 802.22 standards – physical layer and cognitive functionality,” Elektrorevue, vol.3, no.2, pp.12-18, 2012.