Effect of Solvent and Plant Part on Rhizoctoni solani Fungus of Hypericum Extracts

Abstract

In this study, plant extracts (2% concentration) from different parts (flower, leaf and stem) of Hypericum species (H. heterophyllum, H. scabrum ve H. perforatum), obtained with various organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform) were tested against the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The antifungal activities of the extracts were compared with Captan, a synthetic fungicide used to combat this pathogen. According to the results, the most effective extracts on the R. solani pathogen were found stem parts that dissolve in chloroform for all three Hypericum species. Of all the extracts, the stem extracts with chloroform and acetone of H. scabrum species had the highest inhibition value with 68.5% and 68.1%, respectively. In addition, the effects of these extracts, which were found to be effective, on potato tuber contaminated with the R. solani pathogen in vitro conditions were investigated. Although the micelle formation was observed on the control and Captan fungicide applications, it was not detected on extract application. As a result, it has been determined that the stem parts of the Hypericum species have compound or compounds that have high antifungal activity against R. solani pathogen, and are dissolved in more effective form by acetone and chloroform..

Keywords

• Antifungal
• Rhizoctoni solani
• Hypericum heterophyllum
• hypericum scabrum
• Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum spp. Bitki Ekstraktlarının Rhizoctonia Solani Üzerine Antifungal Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, önemli tıbbi ve aromatik bitki olan Hypericum türlerinin Rhizoctonia solani üzerine antifungal aktivitesi incelenmiştir. Hypericum türlerinin (H. heterophyllum, H. scabrum ve H. perforatum) çiçek, gövde ve yapraklarının bazı çözücülerdeki (metanol, etanol, aseton ve kloroform) ekstraktlarının %2’lik konsantrasyonu Rhizoctonia solani’ye karşı test edilmiştir. Ekstraktların antifungal aktiviteleri bu patojen ile mücadelede kullanılan ve sentetik fungusit olan Captan ile kıyaslanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre; R. solani patojeni üzerine en etkili ekstraktların her üç türünde kloroformda çözünen gövde kısımları olduğu, tüm örnekler içerisinde ise en yüksek engelleme oranı %68.5 ve %68.1 ile H. scabrum türlerinin sırasıyla kloroformlu ve asetonlu gövde ekstraktlarında belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, etkili bulunan bu ektrakların in vitro şartlarda R. solani patojeni ile bulaştırılan patates yumrusunda etkisi araştırılmış, kontrol ve Captan fungisiti uygulamalarında misel oluşumu gözlenirken, ekstrakt uygulanan ortamlarda saptanmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, Hypericum bitkisinin gövde kısımlarında R. solani patojenine karşı etkili olan bileşik veya bileşiklerin olduğu, aseton ve kloroform tarafından daha etkili formda çözündüğü tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Antifungal
• Rhizoctoni solani
• Hypericum heterophyllum
• Hypericum scabrum
• Hypericum perforatum

References

1. [1] J. D. S. Clarkson and R. J. Cook, “Effect of sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cereatis) on yield loss in winter wheat,” Plant Pathology, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 421- 428, 2007.
2. [2] G.C. MacNish and S. M. Neate, “Rhizoctonia Bare Patch of Cereals: An Australian Perspective,” Plant Disease, vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 965–971, 1996.
3. [3] M. I. Trillas, E. Casanova, L. Cotxarrera, J. Ordovás, C. Borrero and M. Avilés, “Composts from agricultural waste and the Trichoderma asperellum Strain T-34 suppress Rhizoctonia solani in Cucumber seedlings,” Biological Control, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 32–38, 2006.
4. [4] M. Mohammadi, M. Banihashemi, G. A. Hedjaroude and H. Rahimian, “Genetic diversity among ıranian isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn anastomosis group 1 subgroups based on isozyme analysis and total soluble protein pattern,” Journal of phytopathology, vol. 15, pp. 162– 170, 2003.
5. [5] A. Cakir, S. Kordali, H. Kilic, E. Kaya, “Antifungal properties of essential oil and crude extracts of Hypericum linarioides Bosse,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 245–256, 2005.
6. [6] K. Tanova and R. Petrova, “Influence of extracts from essential oil plants on the growth of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, agent of the sugar beet root rot,” Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 309-312, 2008.
7. [7] A. A. Al-Askar and Y. M. Rashad, “Efficacy of some plant extracts against Rhizoctonia solani on pea,” Journal of Plant Protection Research, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 239-243, 2010.
8. [8] Y. P. Li, K. Hu, X. W. Yang and G. Xu, “Antibacterial dimeric acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum japonicum,” Journal of natural products, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 1098-1102, 2018.

9. [9] A. Aftab, Y. Yousaf, A. Javaid, N. Riaz, A. Younas, M. Rashid, B. Shamsher and A. Arif, “Antifungal activity of vegetative methanolic extracts of Nigella sativa L. against Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina and its phytochemical profiling by GC-MS analysis,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 20, pp. 569-576, 2018.
10. [10] K. Chakrapani, B. Sinha, W. T. Chanu, Tusi, Chakma and T. Siram, “Assessing in vitro antifungal activity of plant extracts against Rhizoctonia solani causing sheath blight of rice (Oryza sativa L),” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1497-1501, 2020.
11. [11] S. L. Crockett and N. K. Robson, “Taxonomy and chemotaxonomy of the genus Hypericum,” Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. Special Issue 1, pp. 1-13, 2011.
12. [12] F. S. A. Tanemossu, K. Franke, G. Sanna, A. Porzel, E. Bullita, P. La Colla and L.A. Wessjohann, “Isolation and anticancer, anthelminthic, and antiviral (HIV) activity of acylphloroglucinols, and regioselective synthesis of empetrifranzinans from Hypericum roeperianum,” ‎ Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 19, pp. 6327-6334, 2015.
13. [13] A. Cakir, S. Kordali, H. Zengin, S. Izumi and T. Hirata, “Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils isolated from Hypericum hyssopifolium and Hypericum heterophyllum,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 62–68, 2004.
14. [14] F. M. C. Barros, B. Pippi, R. R. Dresch, B. Dauber, S. C. Luciano, M. A. Apel, A. M. Fuentefria and Von GL. Poser, “Antifungal and antichemotactic activities and quantification of phenolic compounds in lipophilic extracts of Hypericum spp. native to South Brazil,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 44, pp. 294–299, 2013.
15. [15] N. Ashokkumar, A. Shanthi, M. Sivakumar and K. Rajamani, “Studies on Antifungal Activity of Different Plant Parts of Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba L.) against Fungal Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 428-433, 2017.
16. [16] G. Dülger and B. Dülger, “Antifungal activity of Hypericum havvae against some medical Candida yeast and Cryptococcus species,” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 405-408, 2014.
17. [17] M. M. Karimkhani, D. Salarbashi, S. Sanjari Sefidy and A. Mohammadzadeh, “Effect of extraction solvents on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Berberis orthobotrys Bienerat ex C.K. Schneider,” Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, vol. 13, pp. 357–367, 2018.
18. [18] R. Akila and M.L. Mini, “Solvent extraction and antifungal assay of Lawsonia inermis Linn. against the brown spot fungus Bipolaris oryzae,” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 5-8, 2020.
19. [19] F. Castillo, D. Hernandez, G. Gallegos, M. Mendez, R. Rodriguez, A. Reyes and C.N. Aguilar, “İn vitro antifungical activity of plant extracts obtained with alternative organic solvents against Rhizoctonia solani Kühn,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 32, pp. 324-328, 2010.
20. [20] L. Bocquet, C. Rivière, C. Dermont, J. Samaillie, J. L. Hilbert, P. Halama, A. Siah, and S. Sahpaz, “Antifungal activity of hop extracts and compounds against the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 122, pp. 290–297, 2018.
21. [21] C. Yaman, O. Tugay and D. Ulukuş, “Endemik Haplophyllum A. Juss. türlerinin antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine lokasyon ve tür farkının etkisi,” Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 10, s. 1, ss. 648 – 657, 2020.
22. [22] N. Tocci, T. Weil, D. Perenzoni, L. Narduzzzi, S. Madriñán, S. Crockett, N.M. Nürk, D. Cavalieri and F. Mattivi, “Phenolic profile, chemical relationship and antifungal activity of Andean Hypericum species,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 112, pp. 32-37, 2018.