Fotovoltaik hücreler, güneşten gelen elektromanyetik enerjiyi elektrik enerjisine dönüştüren enerji dönüşüm sistemleridir. Bu çalışmada 40°42’52.2”K, 31°31’29.8”D koordinatlarında kurulu bulunan 36 hücreli polikristal tür bir güneş paneli, çeşitli sensörler ve veri kaydedici cihazlar kullanılarak hazırlanan deney düzeneği temelinde; i) güneş ışınım şiddetinin fotovoltaik panel üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi, ii) fotovoltaik panelin akım-voltaj (I-V) karakteristiğinin incelenmesi, iii) fotovoltaik panelden elde edilen akım-voltaj eğrilerinin literatürdeki modeller ile karşılaştırılması ve validasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Söz konusu fotovoltaik panel için farklı güneş ışınım şiddetinde ve farklı sıcaklıklarda ölçülen I-V karakteristikleri; 4-değişkenli, 5-değişkenli, geliştirilmiş 4-değişkenli ve 2-diyotlu model olmak üzere toplam 4 farklı analitik model kullanılarak modellenmiş ve doğrulanmıştır. I-V ilişkisini tanımlayan analitik denklemler Visual Basic programlama dili kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Modellerden elde edilen sonuçlar ile ölçülen değerler arasındaki karşılaştırma R² ve RMSE olmak üzere 2 istatistiksel parametre üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların istatistiksel analizi; bu çalışma kapsamında kullanılan 4 farklı model içerisinde, geliştirilmiş 4-değişkenli modelin diğer modellere göre daha başarılı tahmin sonuçlarına yol açtığını göstermektedir.
Bu araştırma “Bağımsız bir fotovoltaik sistemin nümerik modellenmesi, optimizasyonu ve deneysel validasyonu” başlığı [Proje No: 2017.09.05.1262] ile Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi tarafından Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi olarak desteklenmiştir.
References
[1] British Petroleum, “BP statistical review of world energy”, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf
[2] International Energy Agency, “Key World Energy Statistics”, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iea.org/key-world-energy-statistics-2019.
[3] TC Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, “Dünya ve Türkiye Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Görünümü 2017”, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Enerji-ve-Tabii-Kaynaklar-Gorunumleri.
[5] M. A. Green, Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications. New York, NY, USA: Prentice Hall, 1981.
[6] İ. Altaş, “Fotovoltaj güneş pilleri: yapısal özellikleri ve karakteristikleri,”, Enerji, Elektrik, Elektromekanik-3e, vol. 47, pp. 66-71, 1998.
[7] H. S. Rauschenbach, Solar cell array design handbook: the principles and technology of photovoltaic energy conversion. Netherlands, Springer Science, 2012.
[8] C. Waldauf, P. Schilinsky, J. Hauch and C. J. Brabec, “Material and device concepts for organic photovoltaics: towards competitive efficiencies”, Thin Solid Films, vol. 451, pp. 503-507, 2004.
[10] V. J. Chin, Z.Salam and K.Ishaque, “Cell modelling and model parameters estimation techniques for photovoltaic simulator application: A review”, Applied Energy, vol. 154, pp. 500-519, 2015.
[11] V. Khanna, B. Das, D. Bisht and P. Singh, “A three diode model for industrial solar cells and estimation of solar cell parameters using PSO algorithm”, Renewable Energy, vol. 78, pp. 105-113, 2015.
[12] V. L.Brano, A. Orioli, G. Ciulla and A. Di Gangi, “An improved five-parameter model for photovoltaic modules”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 94(8) , pp. 1358-1370, 2010.
[13] N. A. Rahim, H. W. Ping and J. Selvaraj, “Photovoltaic module modeling using Simulink/Matlab”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 17, pp. 537-546, 2013.
[14] B. Marion, S. Rummel and A. Anderberg, “Current–voltage curve translation by bilinear interpolation”, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 12(8): 593-607, 2004.
[15] Y. Hishikawa, Y. Imura, T. Oshiro. “Irradiance-dependence and translation of the IV characteristics of crystalline silicon solar cells”, presented at the 28th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, September 15-20, 2000.
[16] W. De Soto, S. Klein and W. Beckman, “Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance”, Solar Energy, vol. 80(1) , pp. 78-88, 2006.
[17] A. Toprak, H. Ş. Kılıç, A. Toprak and A. Kepçeoğlu, “Güneş Pilinin Tek Diyot Rs Model Parametrelerinin Hesaplanması ve I-V İle PV Karakteristiklerinin İncelenmesi”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi vol. 12, pp. 13-22, 2016.
[18] H. R. Ozcalık, S. Yılmaz and E. Kılıc, “Güneş Pilinin Bir Diyotlu Eşdeğer Devre Yardımıyla Matematiksel Modelinin Çıkartılması ve Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi”, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 16(1) , pp. 1-10, 2013.
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[20] N. N. Ulapane, C. H. Dhanapala, S. M. Wickramasinghe, S. G. Abeyratne, N. Rathnayake and P. J. Binduhewa, “Extraction of parameters for simulating photovoltaic panels,” presented at the 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), Kandy, Sri Lanka, August 16-19, 2011.
[21] R. Chenni, M. Makhlouf, T. Kerbache and A. Bouzid, “A detailed modeling method for photovoltaic cells”, Energy, vol. 32(9) , pp. 1724-1730, 2007.
[22] Q. Kou, S. Klein and W. Beckman, “A method for estimating the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems”, Solar Energy, vol. 64(1-3), pp. 33-40, 1998.
[23] T. Easwarakhanthan, J. Bottin, I. Bouhouch and C. Boutrit, “Nonlinear minimization algorithm for determining the solar cell parameters with microcomputers”, International Journal of Solar Energy, vol. 4(1) , pp. 1-12, 1986.
[24] A. Ortiz-Conde, Y. Ma, J. Thomson, E. Santos, J. Liou, F. G. Sánchez., M. Lei, J. Finol and P. Layman, “Direct extraction of semiconductor device parameters using lateral optimization method”, Solid-State Electronics, vol. 43(4), pp. 845-848, 1999.
[25] P. Saha, S. Kumar, S. K. Nayak and H. S.Sahu, “Parameter estimation of double diode photo-voltaic module,” presented at the 1st Conference on Power, Dielectric and Energy Management at NERIST (ICPDEN 2015), Arunachal Pradesh, India, January 10-11, 2015.
[26] K. El-Naggar, M. Al Rashidi, M. Al Hajri and A. Al-Othman, “Simulated annealing algorithm for photovoltaic parameters identification”, Solar Energy, vol. 86(1), pp. 266-274, 2012.
[27] A.Sellami and M. Bouaïcha, “Application of the genetic algorithms for identifying the electrical parameters of PV solar generators” in Solar cells-silicon wafer-based technologies: InTech, L. A. Kosyachenko, 2011.
[28] N. Moldovan, R. Picos and E. Garcia-Moreno, “Parameter extraction of a solar cell compact model usign genetic algorithms,”presented at the Electron Devices, 2009, Santiago de Compastela, Spain, Feb. 11-13, 2009.
[29] W. T. Da Costa, J. F. Fardin, D. S. Simonetti and L. Neto , “Identification of photovoltaic model parameters by differential evolution”, presented at the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Vina del Mar, Chile, March 14-17, 2010.
[30] W. Gong and Z. Cai, “Parameter extraction of solar cell models using repaired adaptive differential evolution”, Solar Energy, vol. 94, pp. 209-220, 2013.
[31] M. Ye, X. Wang and Y. Xu, “Parameter extraction of solar cells using particle swarm optimization”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 105(9), pp. 094502, 2009.
[32] L. Sandrolini, M. Artioli and U. Reggiani, “Numerical method for the extraction of photovoltaic module double-diode model parameters through cluster analysis”, Applied Energy, vol. 87(2), pp. 442-451, 2010.
[33] J. Ma, T. Ting, K. L. Man, N. Zhang, S-U. Guan and P. W.Wong, “Parameter estimation of photovoltaic models via cuckoo search”, Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol. 2013, pp. 1-8, 2013.
[34] N. Rajasekar, N. K.Kumar and R. Venugopalan, “Bacterial foraging algorithm based solar PV parameter estimation”, Solar Energy, vol. 97, pp. 255-265, 2013.
[35] A. Askarzadeh and A. Rezazadeh, “Parameter identification for solar cell models using harmony search-based algorithms”, Solar Energy, vol. 86(11), pp. 3241-3249, 2012.
[36] M. Al Hajri, K. El-Naggar, M. Al Rashidi and A. Al-Othman, “Optimal extraction of solar cell parameters using pattern search”, Renewable energy, vol. 44, pp. 238-245, 2012.
[37] M. Al Rashidi, M. Al Hajri, K. El-Naggar and A. Al-Othman, “A new estimation approach for determining the I–V characteristics of solar cells”, Solar Energy, vol. 85(7), pp. 1543-1550, 2011.
[38] A. Askarzadeh, A.Rezazadeh, “Artificial bee swarm optimization algorithm for parameters identification of solar cell models”, Applied energy, vol. 102, pp. 943-949, 2013.
[39] A. Askarzadeh and A. Rezazadeh, “Extraction of maximum power point in solar cells using bird mating optimizer-based parameters identification approach”, Solar Energy, vol. 90, pp. 123-133, 2013b.
[40] A. N. Celik and N. Acikgoz, “Modelling and experimental verification of the operating current of mono-crystalline photovoltaic modules using four-and five-parameter models”, Applied energy, vol. 84(1), pp. 1-15, 2007.
[41] M. De Blas, J. Torres, E. Prieto and A. Garcia, “Selecting a suitable model for characterizing photovoltaic devices”, Renewable Energy, vol. 25(3), pp. 371-380, 2002.
[42] R. Khezzar, M. Zereg and A. Khezzar, “Modeling improvement of the four parameter model for photovoltaic modules”, Solar Energy, vol. 110, pp. 452-462, 2014.
[43] W. Zhou, H. Yang and Z.Fang, “A novel model for photovoltaic array performance prediction”, Applied Energy, vol. 84(12), pp.1187-1198, 2007.
[44] K. Ishaque, Z.Salam and H. Taheri, “Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic (PV) system during partial shading based on a two-diode model”, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, vol. 19(7), pp. 1613-1626, 2011.
[45] J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons. 2013.
[46] D. N. Gujarati, D. C. Porter, Ü Şenesen and Günlük-Şenesen G. Temel Ekonometri, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2012.
[47] C. J. Willmott and K. Matsuura, “Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance”, Climate Research, vol. 30, no.1, pp. 79-82, 2005.
[1] British Petroleum, “BP statistical review of world energy”, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf
[2] International Energy Agency, “Key World Energy Statistics”, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iea.org/key-world-energy-statistics-2019.
[3] TC Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, “Dünya ve Türkiye Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Görünümü 2017”, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Enerji-ve-Tabii-Kaynaklar-Gorunumleri.
[5] M. A. Green, Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications. New York, NY, USA: Prentice Hall, 1981.
[6] İ. Altaş, “Fotovoltaj güneş pilleri: yapısal özellikleri ve karakteristikleri,”, Enerji, Elektrik, Elektromekanik-3e, vol. 47, pp. 66-71, 1998.
[7] H. S. Rauschenbach, Solar cell array design handbook: the principles and technology of photovoltaic energy conversion. Netherlands, Springer Science, 2012.
[8] C. Waldauf, P. Schilinsky, J. Hauch and C. J. Brabec, “Material and device concepts for organic photovoltaics: towards competitive efficiencies”, Thin Solid Films, vol. 451, pp. 503-507, 2004.
[10] V. J. Chin, Z.Salam and K.Ishaque, “Cell modelling and model parameters estimation techniques for photovoltaic simulator application: A review”, Applied Energy, vol. 154, pp. 500-519, 2015.
[11] V. Khanna, B. Das, D. Bisht and P. Singh, “A three diode model for industrial solar cells and estimation of solar cell parameters using PSO algorithm”, Renewable Energy, vol. 78, pp. 105-113, 2015.
[12] V. L.Brano, A. Orioli, G. Ciulla and A. Di Gangi, “An improved five-parameter model for photovoltaic modules”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 94(8) , pp. 1358-1370, 2010.
[13] N. A. Rahim, H. W. Ping and J. Selvaraj, “Photovoltaic module modeling using Simulink/Matlab”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 17, pp. 537-546, 2013.
[14] B. Marion, S. Rummel and A. Anderberg, “Current–voltage curve translation by bilinear interpolation”, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 12(8): 593-607, 2004.
[15] Y. Hishikawa, Y. Imura, T. Oshiro. “Irradiance-dependence and translation of the IV characteristics of crystalline silicon solar cells”, presented at the 28th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, September 15-20, 2000.
[16] W. De Soto, S. Klein and W. Beckman, “Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance”, Solar Energy, vol. 80(1) , pp. 78-88, 2006.
[17] A. Toprak, H. Ş. Kılıç, A. Toprak and A. Kepçeoğlu, “Güneş Pilinin Tek Diyot Rs Model Parametrelerinin Hesaplanması ve I-V İle PV Karakteristiklerinin İncelenmesi”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi vol. 12, pp. 13-22, 2016.
[18] H. R. Ozcalık, S. Yılmaz and E. Kılıc, “Güneş Pilinin Bir Diyotlu Eşdeğer Devre Yardımıyla Matematiksel Modelinin Çıkartılması ve Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi”, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 16(1) , pp. 1-10, 2013.
[19] W. Xiao, W. G. Dunford and A. Capel, “A novel modeling method for photovoltaic cells,” presented at the 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Aachen, Germany, June 20-25, 2004.
[20] N. N. Ulapane, C. H. Dhanapala, S. M. Wickramasinghe, S. G. Abeyratne, N. Rathnayake and P. J. Binduhewa, “Extraction of parameters for simulating photovoltaic panels,” presented at the 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), Kandy, Sri Lanka, August 16-19, 2011.
[21] R. Chenni, M. Makhlouf, T. Kerbache and A. Bouzid, “A detailed modeling method for photovoltaic cells”, Energy, vol. 32(9) , pp. 1724-1730, 2007.
[22] Q. Kou, S. Klein and W. Beckman, “A method for estimating the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems”, Solar Energy, vol. 64(1-3), pp. 33-40, 1998.
[23] T. Easwarakhanthan, J. Bottin, I. Bouhouch and C. Boutrit, “Nonlinear minimization algorithm for determining the solar cell parameters with microcomputers”, International Journal of Solar Energy, vol. 4(1) , pp. 1-12, 1986.
[24] A. Ortiz-Conde, Y. Ma, J. Thomson, E. Santos, J. Liou, F. G. Sánchez., M. Lei, J. Finol and P. Layman, “Direct extraction of semiconductor device parameters using lateral optimization method”, Solid-State Electronics, vol. 43(4), pp. 845-848, 1999.
[25] P. Saha, S. Kumar, S. K. Nayak and H. S.Sahu, “Parameter estimation of double diode photo-voltaic module,” presented at the 1st Conference on Power, Dielectric and Energy Management at NERIST (ICPDEN 2015), Arunachal Pradesh, India, January 10-11, 2015.
[26] K. El-Naggar, M. Al Rashidi, M. Al Hajri and A. Al-Othman, “Simulated annealing algorithm for photovoltaic parameters identification”, Solar Energy, vol. 86(1), pp. 266-274, 2012.
[27] A.Sellami and M. Bouaïcha, “Application of the genetic algorithms for identifying the electrical parameters of PV solar generators” in Solar cells-silicon wafer-based technologies: InTech, L. A. Kosyachenko, 2011.
[28] N. Moldovan, R. Picos and E. Garcia-Moreno, “Parameter extraction of a solar cell compact model usign genetic algorithms,”presented at the Electron Devices, 2009, Santiago de Compastela, Spain, Feb. 11-13, 2009.
[29] W. T. Da Costa, J. F. Fardin, D. S. Simonetti and L. Neto , “Identification of photovoltaic model parameters by differential evolution”, presented at the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Vina del Mar, Chile, March 14-17, 2010.
[30] W. Gong and Z. Cai, “Parameter extraction of solar cell models using repaired adaptive differential evolution”, Solar Energy, vol. 94, pp. 209-220, 2013.
[31] M. Ye, X. Wang and Y. Xu, “Parameter extraction of solar cells using particle swarm optimization”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 105(9), pp. 094502, 2009.
[32] L. Sandrolini, M. Artioli and U. Reggiani, “Numerical method for the extraction of photovoltaic module double-diode model parameters through cluster analysis”, Applied Energy, vol. 87(2), pp. 442-451, 2010.
[33] J. Ma, T. Ting, K. L. Man, N. Zhang, S-U. Guan and P. W.Wong, “Parameter estimation of photovoltaic models via cuckoo search”, Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol. 2013, pp. 1-8, 2013.
[34] N. Rajasekar, N. K.Kumar and R. Venugopalan, “Bacterial foraging algorithm based solar PV parameter estimation”, Solar Energy, vol. 97, pp. 255-265, 2013.
[35] A. Askarzadeh and A. Rezazadeh, “Parameter identification for solar cell models using harmony search-based algorithms”, Solar Energy, vol. 86(11), pp. 3241-3249, 2012.
[36] M. Al Hajri, K. El-Naggar, M. Al Rashidi and A. Al-Othman, “Optimal extraction of solar cell parameters using pattern search”, Renewable energy, vol. 44, pp. 238-245, 2012.
[37] M. Al Rashidi, M. Al Hajri, K. El-Naggar and A. Al-Othman, “A new estimation approach for determining the I–V characteristics of solar cells”, Solar Energy, vol. 85(7), pp. 1543-1550, 2011.
[38] A. Askarzadeh, A.Rezazadeh, “Artificial bee swarm optimization algorithm for parameters identification of solar cell models”, Applied energy, vol. 102, pp. 943-949, 2013.
[39] A. Askarzadeh and A. Rezazadeh, “Extraction of maximum power point in solar cells using bird mating optimizer-based parameters identification approach”, Solar Energy, vol. 90, pp. 123-133, 2013b.
[40] A. N. Celik and N. Acikgoz, “Modelling and experimental verification of the operating current of mono-crystalline photovoltaic modules using four-and five-parameter models”, Applied energy, vol. 84(1), pp. 1-15, 2007.
[41] M. De Blas, J. Torres, E. Prieto and A. Garcia, “Selecting a suitable model for characterizing photovoltaic devices”, Renewable Energy, vol. 25(3), pp. 371-380, 2002.
[42] R. Khezzar, M. Zereg and A. Khezzar, “Modeling improvement of the four parameter model for photovoltaic modules”, Solar Energy, vol. 110, pp. 452-462, 2014.
[43] W. Zhou, H. Yang and Z.Fang, “A novel model for photovoltaic array performance prediction”, Applied Energy, vol. 84(12), pp.1187-1198, 2007.
[44] K. Ishaque, Z.Salam and H. Taheri, “Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic (PV) system during partial shading based on a two-diode model”, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, vol. 19(7), pp. 1613-1626, 2011.
[45] J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons. 2013.
[46] D. N. Gujarati, D. C. Porter, Ü Şenesen and Günlük-Şenesen G. Temel Ekonometri, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2012.
[47] C. J. Willmott and K. Matsuura, “Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance”, Climate Research, vol. 30, no.1, pp. 79-82, 2005.
Çelik, A., & Koç, F. (2020). Polikristal Tür bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi ve Deneysel Validasyonu. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 8(4), 2491-2515. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.789691
AMA
Çelik A, Koç F. Polikristal Tür bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi ve Deneysel Validasyonu. DÜBİTED. October 2020;8(4):2491-2515. doi:10.29130/dubited.789691
Chicago
Çelik, Ali, and Fatih Koç. “Polikristal Tür Bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi Ve Deneysel Validasyonu”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (October 2020): 2491-2515. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.789691.
EndNote
Çelik A, Koç F (October 1, 2020) Polikristal Tür bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi ve Deneysel Validasyonu. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 8 4 2491–2515.
IEEE
A. Çelik and F. Koç, “Polikristal Tür bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi ve Deneysel Validasyonu”, DÜBİTED, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2491–2515, 2020, doi: 10.29130/dubited.789691.
ISNAD
Çelik, Ali - Koç, Fatih. “Polikristal Tür Bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi Ve Deneysel Validasyonu”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 8/4 (October 2020), 2491-2515. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.789691.
JAMA
Çelik A, Koç F. Polikristal Tür bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi ve Deneysel Validasyonu. DÜBİTED. 2020;8:2491–2515.
MLA
Çelik, Ali and Fatih Koç. “Polikristal Tür Bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi Ve Deneysel Validasyonu”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 4, 2020, pp. 2491-15, doi:10.29130/dubited.789691.
Vancouver
Çelik A, Koç F. Polikristal Tür bir Fotovoltaik Panelin I-V Karakteristiğinin Analitik Modellenmesi ve Deneysel Validasyonu. DÜBİTED. 2020;8(4):2491-515.