Analysis of Energy Supply, Installed Power and Renewable Capacity in the World, the EU and Turkey

Year 2021, , 500 - 519, 29.05.2021

Ali Naci Celık

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.827250

Cited By: 1

Abstract

In the present study, a review of energy structure of the world, the European Union and Turkey are carried out, by giving a specific emphasis to the development of renewable energy. The global primary energy use reached 13865 Mtoe as of 2018. Today, more than 80% of the energy currently used in the world is still provided from fossil based non-renewable energy resources, the main energy resources being oil, coal and natural gas, with the shares 32%, 27% and 22%, respectively. In the years after 1973 oil crisis, renewable energy emerged as a potential source for contributing to the global energy production. The installed capacity of renewable energy (excluding hydro) reached 1180 GW globally as of 2018 that corresponds to an increase of 8% compared to the previous year. Amongst the renewable resources, wind holds the largest share with 563.7 GW, corresponding to 47.8% of the installed renewable capacity. Wind is closely followed by solar PV with 480.4 GW, constituting 40.7% of the total installed power of renewable energy. The total installed capacity of bioenergy (biomass, biofuels, and biogas) is 103.1 GW, corresponding to 8.7%. The global capacity of hydroelectric power was realized as 1127 GW as of 2018. Total of 1668.1 TWh electricity was generated in the world in 2018 by the renewable resources including wind, solar, geothermal, tide, wave and ocean.

Keywords

Global Energy Supply, Installed power capacity, Renewable capacity

Dünya, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin Enerji Arz, Kurulu Güç ve Yenilenebilir Kapasitelerinin Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada yenilenebilir enerjiye özel bir önem verilmek kaydıyla dünya, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin enerji yapısının bir değerlendirilmesi yapılmaktadır. Tarihsel olarak, 1800 yıllarında küresel birincil enerji arzı 486 Mtoe büyüklündeydi. Bunun 478 Mtoe’sini biyokütle, geri kalanını ise kömür oluşturmaktaydı. 1900 yılları itibarı ile küresel birincil enerji arzı 1100 Mtoe'ye yükseldi ve biyokütle ve kömür bu toplam miktara neredeyse eşit katkıda bulunmaktaydı. Fosil yakıtların hala en büyük oranı teşkil ettiği günümüzde, mevcut birincil enerji arzı 1800'lerden bu yana yaklaşık 30 kat artmıştır. Özellikle 1950'lerde hız kazanan artış ile küresel birincil enerji arzı 2018 yılı itibariyle 13865 Mtoe'ye ulaşmıştır. Bugün dünyada halen kullanılan enerjinin %80'den fazlası fosil bazlı yenilenemeyen konvansiyonel enerji kaynaklarından sağlanmakta olup, temel enerji kaynakları sırasıyla %32 petrol, %27 kömür ve %22 doğalgaz olarak gerçekleşmektedir.

Yenilenebilir enerji, dönemin bir dizi siyasi ve ekonomik nedenlerinden kaynaklanan 1973 petrol krizini izleyen yıllarda küresel enerji üretimine katkı sağlama potansiyeli olan bir kaynak olarak görülmeye başlanmıştır. Krizi izleyen yıllardan bugüne yenilenebilir enerji dönüşüm teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler ve küresel iklim değişimi kaygıları sonucunda dünyada yenilenebilir enerjinin payı yıllar içinde istikrarlı bir şekilde artmıştır. Bu artışın nedeni, yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinin gelişmesine paralel olarak, ülkelerin enerji politikalarını yeniden değerlendirmeleri olarak görülebilir. Hidrolik enerji hariç, yenilenebilir enerji kurulu gücü bir önceki yıla göre % 8'lik bir artış ile 2018 yılı itibarıyla tüm dünyada 1.180 GW'a ulaşmıştır. Yenilenebilir kaynaklar arasında rüzgar, toplam kurulu yenilenebilir kapasitenin % 47,8'ine karşılık gelen 563,7 GW ile en büyük paya sahiptir. 480,4 GW kurulu güç ile rüzgarı takip eden PV, dünya çapında toplam yenilenebilir enerji kurulu gücünün % 40,7'sini oluşturmaktadır. Toplam kurulu biyoenerji kapasitesi (biyokütle, biyoyakıtlar ve biyogaz) 103,1 GW ile toplamda % 8,7 lik bir oranı teşkil etmektedir. Küresel hidroelektrik kurulu gücü 2018 yılı itibarıyla 1.127 GW’a ulaşmıştır. rüzgar, Güneş, jeotermal, gelgit, dalga ve okyanus Dünyada 2018 yılında gibi yenilenebilir kaynaklarla toplam 1.668,1 TWh elektrik üretimi gerçekleşmiştir.

Keywords

Global enerji arzı, Kurulu güç kapasitesi, Yenilenebilir kapasite, Rüzgar enerjisi, Güneş enerjisi, Dünya, Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye

References

• Referans1 [1] V. Smil, “Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects”, Santa Barbara, CA, USA: 1st Ed., Praeger, 2010.
• Referans2 [2] G. Chen, M. Hadjikakou, T. Wiedmann, and L. Shi, “Global warming impact of suburbanization: the case of Sydney,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, pp. 287-301, 2018.
• Referans3 [3] The British Petroleum, “BP Energy Outlook 2019 edition,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/ energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2019.pdf
• Referans4 [4] International energy Agency (IEA), “Key World Energy Statistics 2019,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iea.org/key-world-energy-statistics-2019
• Referans5 [5] The British Petroleum, “BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 | 68th edition,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf
• Referans6 [6] H. Saygın, H.V. Oral and S. Kardaslar, “Environmental assessment of renewable energy scenarios for a sustainable future in Turkey,” Energy & Environment; 31(2), pp. 237–255, 2020
• Referans7 [7] E. Maldonado and S. Yannas, “Passive and Low Energy Architecture,” presented at International Conference On Environmentally Friendly Cities: Proceedings of Plea, Lisbon, Portugal, 1998.
• Referans8 [8] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Green Growth Studies: Energy,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-energy/49157219.pdf
• Referans9 [9] International energy Agency (IEA), “Data and Statistics,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20 supply&indicator=Total%20primary%20energy%20supply%20(TPES)%20by%20source
• Referans10 [10] The British Petroleum, “BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2019,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2019.pdf
• Referans11 [11] International energy Agency (IEA), “Data and Statistics, Installed power generation capacity,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/installed-power-generation-capacity-by-source-in-the-stated-policies-scenario-2000-2040
• Referans12 [12] P. Moriarty and D. Honnery, “Energy Accounting for a Renewable Energy Future,” Energies 12, pp. 1-16, 2019.
• Referans13 [13] The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), “Future of Solar Photovoltaic: Deployment, investment, technology, grid integration and socio-economic aspects,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.irena.org/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/ Nov/IRENA_Future_of_Solar_PV_2019.pdf
• Referans14 [14] J.R.F. Diógenes, J. Claro, J.C. Rodrigues and M.V. Loureiro, “Barriers to onshore wind energy implementation: A systematic review,” Energy Research & Social Science, 60: pp. 1-33, 2020,
• Referans15 [15] Wind Denmark, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://en.winddenmark.dk/wind-in-denmark/current-energy-production
• Referans16 [16] T. Trainer, “Some inconvenient theses,” Energy Policy, 64, pp. 168–174, 2014.
• Referans17 [17] Eurostat, “Energy imports dependency,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_ind_id&lang=en
• Referans18 [18] Eurostat, “Share of fossil fuels in gross available energy,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_ind_ffgae&lang=en
• Referans19 [19] Eurostat, “Share of energy from renewable sources,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_ind_ren&lang=en
• Referans20 [20] Eurostat, “Share of fuels in final energy consumption,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_ind_fecf&lang=en
• Referans21 [21] Eurostat, “Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_ti_oil&lang=en
• Referans22 [22] Eurostat, “Imports of natural gas by partner country,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_ti_gas&lang=en
• Referans23 [23] Eurostat, “Supply, transformation and consumption of solid fossil fuels,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_cb_sff&lang=en
• Referans24 [24] Eurostat, “Supply, transformation and consumption of gas,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_cb_gas&lang=en
• Referans25 [25] Eurostat, “Supply, transformation and consumption of oil and petroleum products,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset= nrg_cb_oil&lang=en
• Referans26 [26] Eurostat, “Supply, transformation and consumption of renewables and wastes,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset= nrg_cb_rw&lang=en
• Referans27 [27] Eurostat, “Electricity production capacities for renewables and wastes,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_inf_epcrw&lang=en
• Referans28 [28] S.Y. Saçık, N. Yokuş, M. Alagöz and T Yokuş, “Optimum Renewable Energy Investment Planning in Terms of Current Deficit: Turkey Model,” Energies; 13, pp. 1-21, 2020.
• Referans29 [29] G. Yılan, M.A.N. Kadirgan and G.A. Çiftçioğlu, “Analysis of electricity generation options for sustainable energy decision making: the case of Turkey,” Renewable Energy,; 146, pp. 519-529, 2020.
• Referans30 [30] Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEİAŞ), “Statistics: Turkey installed power by year,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr/i-kurulu-guc,
• Referans31 [31] Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEİAŞ), “Statistics: Turkey installed power by source,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.teias.gov.tr/sites/default/files/2018-03/kurulu_guc.pdf,
• Referans32 [32] Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEİAŞ), “Statistics: Turkey electricity generation, consumption and loss,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr/iii-elektrik-enerjisi-uretimi-tuketimi-kayiplar
• Referans33 [33] Energy Atlas of Turkey, “Statistics,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.enerjiatlasi.com/
• Referans34 [34] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, General Directorate of Energy Affairs, “Reports,” 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/EIGM-Raporlari
• Referans35 [35] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, General Directorate of Energy Affairs, “Strategic Plan,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fStrategic%20Plan%2fStrategicPlan2015-2019.pdf
• Referans36 [36] N. Tamzok, “Coal in the world and in Turkey, Report: Energy outlook of Turkey 2018,” Turkish Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, Chamber, Report No. 691, pp. 239-260, 2018. Available: https://www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/EnerjiGorunumu2018_1.pdf
• Referans37 [37] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, “Info Bank, Solar,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Solar
• Referans38 [38] E. Özgür, “Solar Energy in Turkey, Energy Outlook of Turkey 2018,” Turkish Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, Chamber Report No. 691, pp. 351-371, 2018. Available: https://www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/EnerjiGorunumu2018_1.pdf
• Referans39 [39] Turkish Wind energy Association, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.tureb.com.tr/files/bilgi_bankasi/turkiye_res_durumu/istatistik_raporu_ocak_2019.pdf