Scientific Diving Approach on Underwater Researches in Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 2555 - 2565, 29.10.2020

Çağatay Topcu , Tuğçe Şensurat Genç

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.776775

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Economic, technological, military and scientific developments have taken the lead in human beings to reach the unknown. The increase in technological possibilities has been directed the human to underwater and discoveries have been started on a scientific basis. In this study, it is aimed to quantitatively examine the studies on fisheries and marine sciences which are the major disciplines used diving as a tool or purpose in Turk universities. This study has carried out between May 2018 - August 2019 via face-to-face and online surveys with academicians and graduate students studying on the related departments. Sixty five researchers who stated that they actively engage in scientific diving have participated to the survey. Only 3 of all respondents have had the scientific diver certificate. In Turkey, there is no obligation having the scientific diving certification to conduct scientific diving. This situation is concordant with the opinion of 62% of the respondents. However, 55% of the participants have considered that a national scientific diving committee should be established in Turkey. Such a scientific committee can be had potential to make scientists' effort to insight into marine life and its values more clear.

Keywords

Scientific diving, scuba, marine sciences, fisheries, Turkey

Türkiye’de Sualtı Araştırmalarında Bilimsel Dalış Yaklaşımı

Abstract

Ekonomik, teknolojik, askeri ve bilimsel gelişmeler, insanoğlunun bilinmeyene ulaşmasına ön ayak olmuştur. Zaman içerisinde yaşanan teknolojik imkânlardaki artış insanoğlunu su altına yöneltmiş ve su altında gerçekleştirilen keşifler bilimsel temelde meydana gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Türk üniversitelerinde dalışı bir araç veya amaç olarak kullanan başlıca disiplinlerden su ürünleri ve deniz bilimlerinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmaların nicel olarak incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma Mayıs 2018 – Ağustos 2019 tarihleri arasında ülkemiz üniversitelerinin su ürünleri ve deniz bilimleri alanlarında görev yapmakta olan akademisyenler ve lisansüstü öğrencilerle yüz yüze ve çevrimiçi anketler vasıtasıyla yürütülmüştür. Aktif olarak bilimsel dalış yaptığını ifade eden 65 araştırmacı ankete katılım sağlamıştır. Katılımcıların yalnızca 3’ü bilimsel dalıcı brövesine sahiptir. Türkiye’de bilimsel dalış yapabilmek için bilimsel dalıcı sertifikasına sahip olma zorunluluğu yoktur. Katılımcıların %62’sinin görüşü bu durumun devam etmesi yönündedir. Ancak katılımcıların %55’i Türkiye’de ulusal bir bilimsel dalış komitesinin oluşturulması gerektiği kanaatindedir. Böyle bir bilimsel komite, bilim insanlarının denizel yaşamı ve sahip olduğu değerleri anlatmak için gösterdiği çabayı daha görünür hale getirme potansiyeline sahiptir.

Keywords

Bilimsel dalış, scuba, deniz bilimleri, su ürünleri, Türkiye

Thanks

Bu çalışma Çağatay TOPCU’nun yüksek lisans tezinden özetlenmiştir. Değerli katkıları için Prof. Dr. Altan Lök, Prof. Dr. Semih Engin, Dr. Öğr. Ü. A. Çağlar Oruç’a ve anketimize katılım sağlayan, çalışmanın var olmasına sebep olan herkese zaman ayırdıkları için teşekkür ederiz.

References

• [1] B. Matsen, Jacques Cousteau: The Sea King, USA: Pantheon Books, 2009.
• [2] J. Kur and M. Mioduchowska, “Scientific diving in natural sciences,” Polish Hyperbaric Research, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 55-62, 2018.
• [3] S. Butler, “Exclusions and exemptions from OSHA’s commercial diving standard,” American Academy of Underwater Sciences 16. Scientific Diving Symposium, Washington, D.C. United States of America, 1996, pp. 39-45.
• [4] Scientific diving as a tool in marine science, World Underwater Federation, 18 Mar. 2016, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1101.5289.
• [5] M.D.J. Sayer, “Scientific diving: A bibliographic analysis of underwater research supported by scuba diving, 1995-2006,” International Journal Of The Society For Underwater Technology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 75-94, 2007.
• [6] P. Guidetti, P. Baiata, E. Ballesteros, A. Di Franco and Hereu. B, “Large-scale assessment of Mediterranean marine protected areas effects on fish assemblages,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 8-11, 2014.
• [7] E. Spanier, “Changes in the ichthyofauna of anartificial reef in the southeastern Mediterranean inone decade,” Scientia Marina, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 279-284, 2000.
• [8] M.N. Santos, C. C. Monteiro and M. B. Gaspar, “Diurnal variations in the fish assemblage at an artificial reef,” ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 32–35, 2002.
• [9] A. Lök, B. Gül, A. Ulaş, F. O. Düzbastılar and C. Metin, “Diel variations on the fish assemblages at artificial reefs in two different environments of the Aegean Sea (Western coast of Turkey),” Turkish Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 79-85, 2008.
• [10] B. Gül, A. Lök, A. Ulaş, F. O. Düzbastılar and C. Metin, “Comparison of fish community structure on artificial reefs deployed at different depths on Turkish Aegean Sea Coast,” Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, vol. 59, no. SPE1, pp. 27-32, 2011.
• [11] D.A. Methven, R.L. Haedrich and G.A. Rose, “The fish assemblage of a Newfoundland estuary: Diel, monthly and annual variation,” Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 669-687, 2011.
• [12] H. Spalding, M.S. Foster and J.N. Heine, “Composition, distribution, and abundance of deepwater (> 30 m) macroalgae in central California,” Journal of Phycology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 273-284, 2003.
• [13] B.M. Feitoza, R.S. Rosa and L.A. Rocha, “Ecology and zoogeography of deepreef fishes in northeastern Brazi,” Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 725-742, 2005.
• [14] R. Riosmena-Rodriguez, G. Hinojosa-Arango, J.M. Lopez-Vivas, K. Leon-Cisneros and E. Holguin-Acosta, “Spatial and biogeographic characterization of macroalgal assemblages from Bahia del Rincon, Baja California Sur, Mexico,” Revista de Biologia Tropical, vol. 53, no. 1-2, pp. 97-109, 2005.
• [15] Y. Bouchon-Navaro, C. Bouchon, M. Louis and P. Legendre, “Biogeographic patterns of coastal fish assemblages in the West Indies,” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 315, no. 1, pp. 31-47, 2005.
• [16] E.J.V. Gillibrand, P. Bagley, A. Jamieson, P.J. Herring, J.C. Partridge, M.A. Collins, R. Milne and I.G. Priede, “Deep seabenthic bioluminescence at artificial food falls, 1000 to 4800 m depth, in the Porcupine Seabight and Abyssal Plain, North East Atlantic Ocean,” Marine Biology, vol. 150, no. 6, pp. 1053–1060, 2007.
• [17] R. Sahyoun, S. Bussotti, A. Di Franco, A. Navone, P. Panzalis and P. Guidetti, “Protection effects on Mediterranean fish assemblages associated with different rocky habitats,” Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 425–435, 2013.
• [18] K. Kanashiro, “Morphology, and changes ofdistribution and food habits with growth, of late lar-vae and juveniles of black-spot tuskfish, Choerodon schoenleinii (Labridae), settled on seagrass beds of Okinawa Island, the Ryukyus,” Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 427-434, 1998.
• [19] H.R. Carlson and C.A. Pfister, “A seventeen year study of the rose star Crossaster papposus populationin a coastal bay in southeast Alaska,” Marine Biology, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 223-230, 1999.
• [20] S. Engin and D. İnnal, “A new species of Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Southern Anatolia”. Zoology in the Middle East, vol. 63, no. 4, pp 316-324, 2017.
• [21] A. Evcen and M.E. Çınar, “Bioeroding sponge species (Porifera) in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean),” Journal of Black Sea and Mediterranean Environment, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 285-306, 2015.
• [22] F. Fiers and T.M. Iliffe, “Nitocrellopsis texana n. spfrom central TX (USA) and N. ahaggarensis n. sp fromthe central Algerian Sahara (Copepoda,Harpacticoida),” Hydrobiologia, vol. 418, no. 1, pp. 81-97, 2000.
• [23] A.C. Mendoza-Gonzalez, L.E. Mateo-Cid and R.B. Searles, “New records of benthic marine algae from Isla Cozumel, Mexico: Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta,” Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 119-130, 2000.
• [24] M.E. Çınar, “A new species of Myrianida (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Autolytinae) from Rhodes (Greece, eastern Mediterranean),” Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1101-1104, 2015.
• [24] G. Panieri, “ The effect of shallow marinehydrothermal vent activity on benthic foraminifera (Aeolian Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea),” Journal of Foraminiferal Research, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 3-14, 2006.
• [26] E.E. DeMartini, F.A. Parrish and D.M. Ellis, “Barotrauma-associated regurgitation of food: Implications for diet studies of Hawaiian pink snap-per, Pristipomoides filamentosus,” Fishery Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 250-256, 1996.
• [27] M. Comeau, G. Robichaud, M. Starr, J.C. Therriault and G.Y. Conan, “Mating of snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (O. Fabricius, 1788) (Decapoda,Majidae) in the fjord of Bonne Bay. Newfoundland,” Crustaceana, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 925-941, 1998.
• [28] T.C. Hughes, C.E. Lowie and J.M. Haynes, “Age, growth, relative abundance, and scuba captureof a new or recovering spawning population of lakesturgeon in the lower Niagara River, New York,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management, vol. 25, no. 4, 2005.
• [29] D. Muller and R. A. Patzner, “Growth and agestructure of the swan mussel Anodonta cygnea (L) at different depths in lake Mattsee (Salzburg, Austria),” Hydrobiologia, vol. 341, pp. 65-70,1996.
• [30] V. Haussermann and G. Forsterra, “Distributionpatterns of Chilean shallow water sea anemones (Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia), with a discussion of the taxonomic and zoogeograph-ic relationships between the actinofauna of the South East Pacific, the South West Atlantic and the Antarctic,” Scientia Marina, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 91-102, 2005.
• [31] M. Hirose, T. Mukai, D. Hwang and K. Iida, “Target strength measurements on tethered live jelly-fish Nemopilema nomurai,” Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 571-577, 2005.
• [32] E. Urbiola-Rangel and O. Chassin-Noria, “Mating and reproductive success associated with male body size in Stegastes acapulcoensis (Teleostei: Pomacentridae),” Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 102, no. 12, pp. 1473-1483, 2019.
• [33] S. Sawatpeera, E.S. Upatham, M. Kruatrachue, V. Ingsrisawang, T. Singhagraiwan, Y.P. Chitramvong and K. Parkpoomkamol, “ Determination of gut contents of Thai abalone Haliotis asinina Linnaeus,” Journal of Shellfish Research, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 765-769, 1998.
• [34] R. Biagi and F.L.M. Mantelatto, “Relative growth and sexual maturity of the hermit crab Paguristes erythrops (Anomura, diogenidae) from South Atlantic,” Hydrobiologia, vol. 559, pp. 247-254, 2006.
• [35] E. Kurtay, A. Lök, A. Kirtik,, A. Küçükdermenci and S. Yiğitkurt, “Spat recruitment of endangered Bival ve Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) at two different depths in Izmir Bay Turkey,” Cahiers De Biologie Marine, vol. 59, pp. 501-507, 2018.
• [36] K. Haya, J.L. Martin, S.M.C. Robinson, J.D. Martin and A. Khots, “Does uptake of Alexandrium fundyense cysts contribute to the levels of PSP toxin found in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus?,” Harmful Alga, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 75-81, 2003.
• [37] M. Özsüer and U. Sunlu, “Temporal Trends of Some Trace Metals in Lithophaga lithophaga (L., 1758) from Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea),” Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 409-414, 2013.
• [38] P.J. Baron, “Embryonic development of the South American long-fin squid Loligo sanpaulensis Brakoniecki, 1984,” Journal of Molluscan Studies, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 2003.
• [39] A.Ç. Oruç and Engin S. “The taxonomic status of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea populations of the Broadnosed Pipefish Syngnathus cf. argentatus Pallas (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) based on morphological and molecular charaters,” Zoology in the Middle East, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 112-123, 2018.
• [40] M.D.J. Sayer and R. Forbes, “The assessment and management of risk in UK diving at work operations,” American Academy of Underwater Sciences 25th Scientific Symposium, Dauphin Island-Alabama, United States of America, 2007, pp. 1-23.
• [41] M.D.J. Sayer, “Scientific Diving in the UK: training and legal requirements,” in 1st International Workshop Research in Shallow Marine and Fresh Water Systems, Freiberg, Germany, 2009, pp.133.
• [42] Ş. Büyüköksüz, “Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı,” 21. baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi, 2015.
• [43] B. Miran, “Temel istatistik,” İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2003.
• [44] O. Çulha ve E. Gönül, “Su altı dalış motivasyonu: Demografik ve deneyimsel özellikler bakımından değerlendirilmesi,” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 21, s. 4, ss. 1271-1304, 2019.
• [45] L. Meyer, B. Thapa and L.P. Gray, “An exploration of motivations among scuba divers in North Central Florida,” The 14th Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Bolton Landing-New York, United States of America, 2002, pp. 2292-295.
• [46] S. Engin, E. Irmak, D. Seyhan, T. Akdemir and A.C. Keskin, “Gobiid fishes of the coastal zone of the Northeastern Aegean Sea,” Marine Biodiversity, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 1073-1084, 2016.
• [47] N.E. Topçu and B. Öztürk, “First insights into the demography of the rare gorgonian Spinimuricea klavereni in the Mediterranean Sea,” Marine Ecology, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1154-1160, 2016.
• [48] H.B. Özalp, M. Alparslan, E.Ş. Okudan-Aslan, A. Orkun and A. Veysel, “A preliminary biodiversity survey in three shipwrecks in the dardanelles (Marmara Sea, Turkey),” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 6986-6991, 2017.
• [49] S.J. Lindfield, E.S. Harvey, J.L. McIlwain and A.R. Halford, “Silent fish surveys: bubble‐free diving highlights inaccuracies associated with SCUBA‐based surveys in heavily fished areas,” Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1061-1069, 2014.
• [50] M.R. Dardeau and C.M. McDonald, “Pressure related incidence rates in scientific diving,” American Academy of Underwater Sciences 26 th Scientific Symposium, Dauphin Island-Alabama, United States of America, 2007, pp. 111.
• [51] M.D.J. Sayer and R. Forbes, “The assessment and management of risk in UK diving at work operations,” American Academy of Underwater Sciences 25th Scientific Symposium, Dauphin Island-Alabama, United States of America, 2007, pp. 1-23.
• [52] Gülşahin, A., H. Cerim and O. Soykan, “Su ürünleri mühendisliği’nde donanımlı dalışın iş sağlığı ve güvenliği açısından değerlendirilmesi,” Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, s. 8, ss. 94-101, 2020.
• [53] M.D.J. Sayer, “Scientific Diving in the UK: training and legal requirements,” in 1st International Workshop Research in Shallow Marine and Fresh Water Systems, Freiberg, Germany, 2009, pp. 133.
• [54] M.A. Lang and R. Robbins, “USAP scientific diving program,” in Proc. International Polar Diving Workshop, M.A. Lang and M.DJ. Sayer, Eds. March, 2007, pp. 133-155.
• [55] E. Keskinen and H. Arponen, “Research diving in marine habitat mapping - Metsähallitus Natural Heritage Services Finland,” International Symposium for Occupational Scientific Diving Bremerhaven, Germany, 2007.