Mikroplastikler ve Çevresel Etkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 864 - 877, 25.04.2021

Murat Arı , Serdal Öğüt

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.757698

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Plastikler malzemeler, 60 yıl kadar geçmişi olan nispeten genç malzemelerdir ve günümüz teknolojisi sayesinde pek çok çeşidi ile hayatımıza girmiştir. Plastik malzemelerin ilk keşfinden günümüze dek yaklaşık 9 milyar ton civarında plastik üretilmiştir. Bu sayının 2050 yılına kadar 38 milyar ton olacağı ve yaklaşık 13 milyar tonu atık olacağı düşünülürse, “Plastik Çağı’nı” yaşadığımızı söylemek çok da abartı olmayacaktır. Plastikler zaman içinde bozunarak ikincil mikroplastikleri oluşturmaktadır. İlaç, kozmetik gibi sektörlerde kullanılmak üzere üretilen mikroplastikler ise birincil mikroplastikler olarak adlandırılır. Plastik kirliliğinin insanoğluna, suda yaşayan canlılara ve aynı zamanda küresel çevreye büyük tehdit oluşturduğu bilinmektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda potansiyel zararlı etkileri nedeniyle küçük plastikler üzerine çalışmalar yoğunlaşmıştır. Aynı zamanda toplumda bir farkındalık oluşturmak ve mikroplastik oluşumunu kontrol altına almak için pek çok girişimde bulunulmuştur. Bu kapsamda ülkemizde 2019 yılında plastik poşet kullanımına sınırlama getirilmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, mikroplastiklerin genel özelliklerinden bahsedilip çevreye ve insan sağlığı üzerine olası potansiyel etkileri incelenmiştir. Mikroplastiklerle ilgili daha fazla çalışma yapılması ve çevre sağlığı açısından gerekli önlemlerin alınması gerektiği vurgulanmak istenmiştir.

Keywords

Mikroplastikler, Çevre, Sağlık, Çevre kirliliği

Microplastics and Environmental Effects

Abstract

Plastic materials are relatively young materials with a history of about 60 years, and many types of microplastics have entered our lives thanks to today's technology. Approximately 9 billion tons of plastic has been produced since the first discovery of plastic materials. Considering that this number will be around 38 billion tons by 2050 and that this number will be about 13 billion tons of waste, it would not be an exaggeration to say that we are living the "Plastic Age". Plastics decompose over time to form secondary microplastics. Microplastics produced for use in sectors such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics are called primary microplastics. It is known that plastic pollution pose a big threat humans, aquatic creatures and also the global environment. Especially in recent years, studies on small size plastics have intensified due to their potential harmful effects. At the same time, many attempts have been made to raise awareness in society and to control formation of microplastics. In this context, restrictions were imposed on the use of plastic bags in our country in 2019.

In this study, the general properties of microplastics were mentioned and their potential effects on the environment and human health were examined. It was emphasized that more studies should be done on microplastics and necessary measures should be taken in terms of environmental health.

Keywords

Microplastics, Environment, Health, Pollution

References

• [1] D. He, Y. Luo, S. Lu, M. Liu, Y. Song, and L. Lei, “Microplastics in soils: Analytical methods, pollution characteristics and ecological risks,” Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 109, pp. 163-172, 2018.
• [2] M. A. Browne, P. Crump, S. J. Niven, E. Teuten, A. Tonkin, T. Galloway, and R. Thompson, “Accumulation of microplastic on shore lines woldwide sources and sinks,” Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 45, no. 21, pp. 9175-9179, 2011.
• [3] J. Wang, Z. Tan, J. Peng, Q. Qiu, and M. Li, “The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment,” Marine Environment Resarch, vol. 113, pp. 7-17, 2016.
• [4] X. Peng, M. Chen, S. Chen, S. Dasgupta, H. Xu, K. Ta, and S. Bai, “Microplastics contaminate the deepest part of the world’s ocean,” Geochemical Perspectives Letters, vol. 9, pp. 1-5, 2016.
• [5] R. Geyer, J. R. Jambeck, and K. L. Law, “Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made,” Sci. Adv, vol. 3, no. 7, 2017, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
• [6] R. Shahabaldin, P. P. Junboum, F. M. D. Mohd, M. T. Shazwin, T. Amirreza, K. Y. Krishna, and K. Hesam, “Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: A review of recent studies,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 133, pp. 191-208, 2018.
• [7] C. J. Moore, “Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat,” Environmental Research, vol. 108, pp. 131-139, 2008.
• [8] Q. Qiu, Z. Tan, J. Wang, J. Peng, M. Li, and Z. Zhan, “Extraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment,” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 176, pp. 102-109, 2016.
• [9] A. A. Koelmans, A. Bakir, G. A. Burton, and C. R. Janssen, “Microplastic as a vector for chemicals in the aquatic environment: Critical review and model-supported reinterpretation of empirical studies,” Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 3315-3326, 2016.
• [10] A. A. Koelmans, T. Gouin, R. Thompson, N. Wallace, C. Arthur, “Plastics in the marine environment,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 5-10, 2014.
• [11] H. Bouwmeester, P. C. Hollman, and R. J. Peters, “Potential health impacts of environmental released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food chain production chain: experiences from nanotoxicity,” Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 49, no. 15, pp. 8932-8947, 2015.
• [12] V. Hidalgo-Ruz, L. Gutow, R. C. Thompson, and M. Thiel, “Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification,” Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 3060–3075, 2012.
• [13] A. A. Horton, A. Walton, D. J. Spurgeon, E. Lahive, and C. Svendsen, “Microplastics in fresh water and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities,” Sci. Total Environ. vol. 586, 2017.
• [14] H. Dafu, L. Yongming, L. Shibo, L. Mengting, S. Yang, and L. Lili, “Microplastics in soils: analytical methods, pollution characteristics and ecological risks,” Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 109, pp. 163-172, 2018.
• [15] S. Dehghani and F. More, R. Akhbarizadeh, “Microplastic pollution in deposited urban dust, Tehran metropolis, Iran,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, vol. 24, no. 25, pp. 20360–20371, 2017.
• [16] C. W. Fowler, “Marine debris and northern fur seals: a case study,” Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol. 18 no. 6, pp. 326–335, 1987.
• [17] R. C. Thompson, Y. Olsen, R.P, Mitchell, A. Davis, S. J Rowland, A. W. John, A. E. Russell, “Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?” Science, vol. 304, no. 5672, pp. 838, 2004.
• [18] M. A Browne, T. S Galloway, and R. C. Thompson, “Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 44, pp. 3404–3409, 2010.
• [19] R. Shabaldin, P. Junboum, D. Mohd Fahdil Md, T. Shazwin Mat, T. Amirreza, Y. Krishna Kumar, K. Hesam, “Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: A review of recent studies,” Marin Polluton Bulletin, vol. 133, pp. 191-208, 2018.
• [20] P. J. Anderson, S. Warrack, V. Langen, J. K Challis, M. L Hanson, M. D. Rennie, “Microplastic contamination in lake winnipeg, Canada,” Environ. Pollut, vol. 225, pp. 223–231, 2017.
• [21] N. Van der Hal, .A. Ariel, and D. L. Angel, “Exceptionally high abundances of microplastics in the oligotrophic Israeli Mediterranean coastal waters,” Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 151–155, 2017.
• [22] J. P.Costa, P. S. Santos, A. C. Duarte, and T. Rocha-Santos, “Nanoplastics in the environment–sources, fates and effects,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 566, no. 1, pp. 15-26, 2016.
• [23] D. K. Barnes, F. Galgani, R. C. Thompson, and M. Barlaz, “Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments,” Phil Trans Biol Sci, vol. 364, no. 1526, pp. 1985-1998, 2009.
• [24] N. Hartmann, T. Hüffer, R. C. Thompson, M. Hassellöv, A. Verschoor, A. E. Daugaard, and M. P. Herrling, “Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization frame work for plastic debris,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1039-1047, 2019.
• [25] I. L. N. Bråte, D. P. Eidsvoll, C. C. Steindal, and K. V. Thomas, “Plastic ingestion by Atlantic cod (Gadusmorhua) from the Norwegian coast,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 112, no. 1-2, pp. 105-110, 2016.
• [26] J. P. G. L. Frias and R. Nash.“Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition,”Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 138, pp. 145-147, 2019.
• [27] V. Hidalgo-Rulz, L. Gutow, R. C. Thompson, and M. Thiel. “Microplastics in the marine environment: A Review of the methods used for identification and quantification,” Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 46, pp. 3060-3075, 2012.
• [28] S. L. Wright, R. C. Thompson, and T. S. Galloway, “The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 178, pp. 483-492, 2013.
• [29] E. Esmeray ve C. Armutçu.“Mikroplastikler, çevre-insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri ve analiz yöntemleri,” Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, c. 8, ss. 839-868, 2020.
• [30] A. H. Abu-Hilal and T. H. Al-Najjar. “Plastic pellets on the beaches of the northern gulf of Aqaba,” Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, vol. 12, pp. 461-470, 2009.
• [31] R. C. Thompson, Y. Olsen, R. P. Mitchell, A. Davis, and S. J. Rowland, A. W. John, D. McGonigle, A. E. Russell, “Lost at Sea: Where is all the plastic?” Science, vol. 304, pp. 838, 2004.
• [32] M. J. Doyle, W. Watson, N. M. Bowlin, and S. B. Sheavly. “Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific ocean,” Marine Environment Resarch, vol. 71, pp. 41-52, 2011.
• [33] A. B. Silva, S. B. Ana, I. J. Celine, J. P. Costa, A. C. Duarte, and T. A. Rocha-Santos, “Microplastics in the environment: Challenges in analytical chemistry,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 1017, pp. 1-19, 2018.
• [34] M. M. Patel, B. R. Goyal, S. V. Bhadada, J. S. Bhatt, and A. F. Amin, “Getting into the brain: Approaches to enhance brain drug delivery,” CNS Drugs, vol. 23, pp. 35–58, 2009.
• [35] J. G. B. Derraik, “The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 44, pp. 842–852, 2002.
• [36] P. G. Ryan, C. J. Moore, J. A. Van Franeker, and C. L. Moloney, “Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 364, pp. 1999–2012, 2009.
• [37] D. Karen and C. Anja. “Microplastics in the aquatic and rerrestrial environment: Sources (with a specificfocus on personal careproducts), fate and effects,” Environmental Sciences Europe, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 2, 2016.
• [38] R. Aslan. “Mikroplastikler: hayatı kuşatan yeni tehlike,” Göller Bölgesi Aylık Hakemli Ekonomi ve Kültür Dergisi, c. 6, ss. 66, 2018.
• [39] M. Cole, P. Lindeque, C. Halsband, and T. S. Galloway, “Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 2588-2597, 2011.
• [40] M. Yurtsever. “Mikroplastikler’e genel bir bakış,” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 17, s. 50, ss. 68-83, 2015.
• [41] K. Duis and A, Coors. “Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects,” Environmental Sciences Europe, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 2, 2016.
• [42] C. M Rochman, E. Hoh, T. Kurobe, and S. J. Teh, “Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress,” Scientific Reports, vol. 3, pp. 3263, 2013.
• [43] D. Brennecke, B. Duarte, F. Paiva, I. Caçador, and J. Canning-Clode, “Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment,” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 178, pp. 189-195, 2016.
• [44] A. A. Koelmans, N. H. M. Nor, E. Hermsen, M. Kooi, and S. M. Mintenig, J. De France, “Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: critical review and assessment of data quality.” Water Research, vol. 155, pp. 410-422, 2019.
• [45] S. E. Nelms, T. S. Galloway, B. J. Godley, D. S. Jarvis, and P. K, Lindeque, “Investigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 238, pp. 999-1007, 2018.
• [46] M. Cole, P. Lindeque, E. Fileman, C. Halsband, R. Goodhead, J. Moger, and T. S. Galloway, “Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 6646-6655, 2013.
• [47] I. V. Kirstein, S. Kirmizi, A. Wichels, A. Garin-Fernandez, R. Erler, M. Löder, and G. Gerdts, “Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic vibrio microplastic particles” Marine Environmental Research, vol. 120, pp. 1-8, 2016.
• [48] M. Carbery, W. O'Connor, T. Palanisami, “Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health,” Environment International, vol. 119, pp. 400-409, 2018.
• [49] M, Yurtsever and U. Yurtsever. “Use of a convolutional neural network for the classification of microbeads in urban wastewater,” Chemosphere, vol. 216, pp. 271-280, 2019.
• [50] E. Guzzetti, A. Sureda, S. Tejada, and C. Faggio, “Microplastic in marine organism: Environmental and toxicological effects,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 64, pp. 164-171, 2018.
• [51] L, Lu, Z. Q. Wan, T. Luo, Z. W. Fu, and Y. X. Jin, “Polystyrene microplastics induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in mice,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 631-632, pp. 449-458, 2018.
• [52] Çevre kanunu ve bazı kanunlarda değişiklik yapılmasına dair kanun, T.C. Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 30621, Kanun No: 7253, 10 Aralık 2018.
• [53] R. Geyer, J. R. Jambeck, and K. L. Law, “Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made,” Science Advances, vol. 3, no 7, pp. 700782, 2017.
• [54] D. He, Y. Luo, S. Lu, M. Liu, Y. Song, and L. Lei, “Microplastics in soils: Analytical methods, pollution characteristics and ecological risks,” Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 109, pp. 163-172, 2018.
• [55] M. C. Rillig, L. Ziersch, and S. Hempel, “Microplastic transport in soil by earth worms,” Scientific Reports, vol.7, pp. 1362, 2017.
• [56] R. R. Hurley and L. Nizzetto, “Fate and occurrence of micro(nano) plastics in soils: Knowledge gaps and possible risks,” Current Opinion in Environmental Science&Health, vol. 1, pp. 6-11, 2018.
• [57] M, Thiel, G. Luna-Jorquera, R. Álvarez-Varas, C. Gallardo, I. A. Hinojosa, N. Luna, D. Miranda-Urbina, N. Morales, N. Ory, A. S. Pacheco, M. Portflitt-Toro, and C. Zavalaga, “Impacts of marine plastic pollution from continental coasts to subtropical gyres-fish, sea birds, and other vertebrates in the SE pacific,” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 5, no. 238, 2018, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00238.
• [58] S. Y. Au, T. F. Bruce, W. C. Bridges, and S. J. Klaine, “Responses of hyalella aztecato acute and chronic microplastic exposures,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry34, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2564-2572, 2015.
• [59] R. Lehner, C. Weder, A. Petri-Fink, and B. Rothen-Rutishauser, “Emergence of nanoplastic in the environment and possible impact on human health,” Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1748- 1765, 2019.
• [60] M. Kosuth, S. A. Mason, and E. V. Wattenberg, “Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt,” PloS one, vol. 13, no. 4, 2018.
• [61] C. M. Rochman, E. Hoh, T. Kurobe, and S. J. Teh, “Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress,” Scientific Reports, vol. 3, pp. 3263, 2013.
• [62] M. Yurtsever, “Microplastic pollution threat in table salt that an abiotic sea product,” Su Ürünleri Dergisi, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 243-249, 2018.
• [63] K. D. Cox, G. A. Covernton, H. L. Davies, J. F. Dower, F. Juanes, and S. E. Dudas, “Human consumption of microplastics,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 7068-7074, 2019.
• [64] L. Lu, T. Luo, Y. Zhao, C. Cai, Z. Fu, and Y. Jin. “Interaction between microplastics and microorganism as well as gut microbiota: A consideration on environmental animal and human health,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 667, pp. 94-100, 2019.
• [65] B. Liebmann, S. Köppel, P. Königshofer, T. Bucsics, T. Reigerber, T. Reiberger, and P. Schwabl, “Assessment of microplastic concentrations in human stool – final results of a prospective study,” presented at International Conference On Emerging Contaminants (EmCon), Oslo, Norway, 2018.
• [66] J. Wang, Z. Tan, J. Peng, Q. Qiu, and M. Li, “The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment,” Marine Environment Research, vol. 113, pp. 7-17, 2016.
• [67] L. Van Cauwenberghe, and C. R. Janssen, “Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 193, pp. 65-70, 2014.
• [68] S. L. Wright and F. J. Kelly, “Plastic and human health: A micro issue?” Environment Science Tecnology, vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 6634-6647, 2017.