Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerin Hayvan Beslenmesinde Tuza Toleranslı Yem Bezelyesi Yetiştirmede Karşılaştıkları Zorluklar

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 456 - 470, 30.01.2025

Nilay Kayın , Alev Akpinar Borazan , Ferzat Turan

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1524615

Abstract

Dünya nüfusunun hızla artması sonucu dengeli ve yeterli beslenme sorunu ortaya çıkmış ve bu noktada hayvansal üretimin önemi daha da artmıştır. Bu açıdan mevcut hayvanların yeterli ve dengeli beslenmeleri için meraların doğru yönetimi ve ıslah çalışmalarının yanında yem bitkileri ekim alanlarının artırılmasına da ihtiyaç vardır. Bu nedenle beslenme değeri yüksek ve hayvanlar tarafından tüketimi tercih edilen yem bezelyesi (Pisum sativum L.) bu ihtiyacı gidermek için önemli bir yem bitkisidir. Yem bezelyesi, yüksek düzeyde karbonhidrat ve sindirilebilir maddeler içermesi nedeniyle hayvan yemi olarak tüketime uygundur. Fakat yem bezelyesi için abiyotik stres faktörlerinden tuzluluk, önemli bir problemdir. Tuzluluk, bitkinin gelişimini önemli ölçüde sınırlamakta ve verim kayıplarına yol açmaktadır. İklim değişikliğinin ortaya çıkaracağı sonuçlar dünyanın birçok yerinde farklılık göstermekle birlikte, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde de, iklim değişikliği ile birlikte, yağışların azalacağı, sıcaklıkların artacağı, sel, kuraklık, tuzlu alanların artışı gibi durumların sıklığının ve şiddetinin artacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Ayrıca tuz stresi bitkilerde fotosentetik mekanizmayı da etkileyerek klorofil, karotenoid, fenolik ve antioksidan konsantrasyonunda da değişikliğe sebep olmaktadır. Tuzlu tarım arazilerinin ıslahı pahalı ve zor olduğu için tuzluluğa dayanıklı bitkilerin yetiştirilmesi daha uygundur. Bu nedenle, son yıllarda bitkilerin tuzluluk
toleranslarını geliştirmeye yönelik gen çalışmaları hız kazanmıştır. Bu derlemede, son 20 yıldır yapılan çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Gen aktarılmış bezelyeler ve aktarılmamış bezelyelerin tuz toleransı, bitkilerin tuzlu ortamda gelişimleri prolin, klorofil, toplam fenolik ve antioksidan madde içeriği kıyaslanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Özet olarak, özellikle iklim değişikliği ile birlikte artacağı öngörülen kuraklık, çoraklık ve tuzluluk problemlerini ortaya koyulması amaçlanmaktadır. Böylece, yem bezelyesinin yetiştirilme alanlarının artırılması ve kaba yem ihtiyacı giderilmesi ve marjinal alanların üretimine kazandırılması konusuna ışık tutacaktır.

Keywords

Abiyotik stres, Sekonder metabolit, Tuzluluk, Yem bezelyesi

Developing Countries' Challenges in Cultivating Salt-Tolerant Fodder Peas for Animal Feed

Abstract

As a result of the rapid increase in the world population, the problem of balanced and adequate nutrition has emerged, and the importance of animal production has increased even more. In this respect, to ensure sufficient and balanced nutrition of existing animals, there is a need to increase the cultivation areas of fodder crops and proper management of pastures and breeding studies. For this reason, fodder pea (Pisum sativum L.), which has high nutritional value and is preferred for animal consumption, is a vital fodder plant to meet this need. Fodder peas are suitable for consumption as animal feed because they contain high levels of carbohydrates and digestible substances. However, salinity, one of the abiotic stress factors, is an essential problem for fodder peas. Salinity significantly limits the development of the plant and leads to yield losses. Although the consequences of climate change vary in many parts of the world, it is predicted that the frequency and severity of conditions such as decreased precipitation, increased temperatures, floods, droughts, and increased saline areas will increase with climate change in developing countries. In addition, salt stress also affects the photosynthetic mechanism in plants and causes changes in chlorophyll, carotenoid, phenolic, and antioxidant concentrations. Since the reclamation of saline farmland is expensive and complex, it is more appropriate to grow salinity-resistant plants. Therefore, gene studies to improve the salinity tolerance of plants have gained momentum in recent years. In this review, studies conducted in the last 20 years are discussed. Salt tolerance in gene-transferred and non-transferred peas, as well as plant growth in a saline environment, were assessed by comparing proline, chlorophyll, total phenolic, and antioxidant levels. In summary, this study seeks to highlight the issues of drought, aridity, and salinity, all of which are expected to worsen as climate change progresses.

Keywords

Abiotic stress, Secondary metabolite, Salinity, Fodder pea

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