The Production of Hydrochar from Hazelnut Waste and its Use in the Removal of Pb (II) and Cr (III)

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 573 - 587, 30.01.2025

Buğra Dikbasan Sami Dursun

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1584464

Abstract

Heavy metals (HMs) are causing an increasing amount of harm to the environment and living organisms. A variety of studies is being conducted to eliminate or diminish such pollutants. In this study, hydrochar was produced from hazelnut waste (HW), and Pb and Cr ion removal research was conducted with this adsorbent. In this way, both the evaluation of HW was provided and the removal of HMs, which are very harmful for the environment. The structural and morphological properties of the produced hydrochars were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and EDX analyses. The effects of many parameters, such as initial concentration, temperature, adsorbent dosages, contact time, and pH on adsorption were discussed. In the studies executed in different parameter environments, it was determined that hydrochar removed 76% and 67% of Pb and Cr ions, respectively. Also, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, and thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy were investigated in order to gain a better understanding of the adsorption system of the generated hydrochar. Furthermore, the hydrochar's reusability as an adsorbent was investigated, and it was demonstrated that the material continued to function effectively even after four cycles.

Keywords

Adsorption, Hydrochar, Heavy metal, Hazelnut waste

Ethical Statement

All of the authors consented to participate in the drafting of this manuscript. All of the authors consented to publish this manuscript. Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests.

Supporting Institution

The Konya Technical University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Fund provided funding for this study under grant number 241019045.

Fındık Atıklarından Hidrokömür Üretimi ve Pb (II) ve Cr (III) Gideriminde Kullanımı

Abstract

Ağır metaller çevreye ve canlı organizmalara her geçen gün daha çok zarar vermektedir. Bu tür kirleticileri ortadan kaldırmak veya azaltmak için çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır ve yapılmaya da devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada fındık atığından (HW) hidrokömür üretilmiş ve üretilen bu adsorbanla Pb ve Cr iyonlarının giderim çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu şekilde hem HW'nin değerlendirilmesi sağlanmış hem de çevre için çok zararlı olan ağır metallerin giderimi sağlanmıştır. Üretilen hidrokömürlerin yapısal ve morfolojik özellikleri TGA, DSC, FE-SEM, FT-IR ve EDX analizleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Başlangıç konsantrasyonu, sıcaklık, adsorban dozajları, temas süresi ve pH gibi birçok parametrenin adsorpsiyon üzerindeki etkileri tartışılmıştır. Farklı parametre ortamlarında yapılan çalışmalarda hidrokömürün, Pb ve Cr iyonlarının sırasıyla %76'sını ve %67'sini giderdiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, üretilen hidrokömürün adsorpsiyon sistemini daha iyi anlamak için Langmuir ve Freundlich izoterm modelleri, pseudo-birinci mertebe ve pseudo-ikinci mertebe kinetik modelleri ve Gibbs serbest enerjisi gibi termodinamik parametreler araştırıldı. Ayrıca, hidrokömürün bir adsorban olarak yeniden kullanılabilirliği araştırıldı ve malzemenin dört döngüden sonra bile etkili bir şekilde çalışmaya devam ettiği gözlemlendi.

Keywords

Adsorpsiyon, Hidrokarbon, Ağır metal, Fındık atığı

Ethical Statement

All of the authors consented to participate in the drafting of this manuscript. All of the authors consented to publish this manuscript. Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests.

Supporting Institution

Konya Technical University

Thanks

The Konya Technical University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Fund provided funding for this study under grant number 202428078.

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