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İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 398 - 416, 26.12.2017

Funda Durğun , Burhan Durğun

Abstract

İntihar ve intiharın nedenleri sosyologlar kadar iktisatçılar tarafından da araştırılan bir konudur. İntiharın
literatürde incelenmiş birçok nedeni bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, intiharı sosyolojik etkenlerden ziyade
ekonomik etkenlerin belirleyebileceği hipotezi altında durulmuş olup sosyolojik ve demografik değişkenler ise
analiz dışı tutulmuştur. Gelirin arttıkça yaşamanın intihara göre daha cazip olacağı görüşü ile Durkheim’in
yüksek gelirin intihara yönelteceği görüşü gibi zıt tezler literatürde yer almaktadır. Çalışmada 1975-2015
dönemine ait kişi başına gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla ile kaba intihar hızı serileri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi zaman
serisi analizi yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Serilere öncelikle ADF ve Lumsdaine Papell birim kök testleri
uygulanmış ve düzey değerlerinde birim kök içerdikleri görülmüştür. 1. farkları alındığında durağan olan
serilerin Hatemi-J Eşbütünleşme testi sonuçları serilerin %10 anlamlılık düzeyinde eşbütünleşik olduğunu ortaya
koymuştur. Eşbütünleşik serilere Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeline dayalı Granger nedensellik testi uygulanarak
kişi başına gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıladan kaba intihar hızına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu
sonuç artan gelirin intihara sebep olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

İntihar Eşbütünleşme Nedensellik

References

  • Altinanahtar, A., & Halicioglu, F. (2009) A dynamic econometric model of suicides in Turkey. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(6), s.903-907.
  • Andrés, A. R., Halicioglu, F. (2010) Determinants of suicides in Denmark: Evidence from time series data. Health Policy, 98(2), s.263-269.
  • Antonakakis, N.,Collins, A. (2016) “A suicidalKuznetscurve?”, MPRA Papers, No.71108. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71108/1/MPRA_paper_71108.pdf
  • Arkun, N. (1978) İntiharın Psikodinamikleri, Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Bussu, A., Detotto, C., & Sterzi, V. (2013) "Social Conformity and Suicide", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 42(Supplement C), s.67-78.
  • Breuer, C. (2015) "Unemployment and Suicide Mortality: Evidence From Regional Panel Data in Europe", Health Economics, 24 (8), 936-950.
  • Chang, S. - S. Gunnell, D. - Sterne, J.A.C. - Lu, T.H. - Cheng, A.T.A. (2009) "Was The Economic Crisis 1997–1998 Responsible For Rising Suicide Rates İn East/Southeast Asia? A Time-Trend Analysis For Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore And Thailand", Social Science and Medicine, 68(7), s.1322–1331.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F.,Sonuvar B. (1993) Adolesan İntiharları ve Kendilik İmgesi, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 4(1), s. 29-38.
  • Dickey, David A. and Wayne A. Fuller (1979) “Distribution Of The Estimators For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Journal of American Statistical Association,74, s.427-431.
  • Durkheim, E., (1992) İntihar, (Çev. Özer Ozankaya), 2. Baskı, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C.W.J. (1987) “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, s.251-276
  • Fırat, R. (2001) "Ölüm ve İntiharın Psikodinamiği", Köprü Dergisi, 76 (Güz).
  • http://www.koprudergisi.com/index.asp?Bolum=EskiSayilar&Goster=Yazi&YaziNo=11 (Erişişm Tarihi: 05.10.2017)
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1969) "Investigating Causal Relations By Econometric Models AndcrossSpectral Methods", Econometrica, 37(3), s.424-438.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2012) Temel Ekonometri (Ü. Şenesen & G. G. Şenesen, Trans. 5 ed.), İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Harmancı, P., (2015) "Dünya’daki ve Türkiye’deki İntihar Vakalarinin Sosyodemografik Özellikler Açısından İncelenmesi", Hacettpe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 1(1).
  • Hatemi-J, A (2008) “Tests For Cointegration With Two Unknown Regime Shifts With an Application to Financial Market Integration”, Empirical Economics, 35, s.497-505.
  • Henry, A. F. - Short, J. F. (1954) Suicide and Homicide – Some Economic, Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Aggression, New York, FreePress.
  • Jalles, J. T., & Andresen, M. A. (2015) "The social and economic determinants of suicide in Canadian Provinces", Health Economics Review, 5(1).
  • Lee, S.-U., Oh, I.-H., Jeon, H. J., & Roh, S. (2017) "Suicide Rates Across İncome Levels: Retrospective Cohort Data On 1 Million Participants Collected Between 2003 And 2013 İn South Korea", Journal of Epidemiology, 27(6), s.258-264.
  • Jungeilges, J., & Kirchgässner, G. (2002) "Economic Welfare, Civil Liberty, And Suicide: An Empirical İnvestigation", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 31(3), s.215-231.
  • Lıbanıo, G.A. (2005) "Unit Roots in Macroeconomic Time Series: Theory, Implications, and Evidence", Nova Economia, 15(3), s.145-176.
  • Lumsdaıne, R.L., PAPELL, D.H. (1997) "Multiple Trend Breaks and The Unit Root Hypothesis", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), s.212-218.
  • Moscicki, E. K., (1995) Epidemiology of Suicide, North American Perspectives, International Psychogeriatrics, 7(2), s. 137-148
  • Neumayer, E. (2003) "Are Socioeconomic Factors Valid Determinants Of Suicide? Controlling For National Cultures Of Suicide With Fixed-Effects Estimation", Cross-Cultural Research, 37(3), s.307-329.
  • Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2013) "A study on the socio-economic determinants of suicide: Evidence from 13 European OECD countries", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 45(Supplement C), s.78-85.
  • Perron, P. (1989) "The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis", Econometrica, 57(6), s.1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990) “Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processe,,” Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), s.99-125.
  • Pridmore, S.,&Walter, G. (2013). ThePredicaments of People WhoseSuicidewasCaptured on Film. TheMalaysianJournal of MedicalSciences : MJMS, 20(4), 64–70.
  • Rhyne, C. E.,Templer D. I., Brown, L. G. (1995) "Dimensions of Suicide: Perceptions of Lethality, Time And Agony, Suicideand Life Threatening Behavior", 25(3), s.373-80.
  • Seyidoğlu, H. (2006) İktisat Biliminin Temelleri, Güzem Can Yayınları, İstanbul
  • Sher, L. (2006) "Per Capita İncome İs Related To Suicide Rates İn Men But Not İn Women", The Journal of Men's Health & Gender, 3(1), s.39-42.
  • Topbaş, F. (2007) "İşsizlik ve İntihar İlişkisi: 1975-2005 VAR Analizi", Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (2), s.161-172.
  • Tunalı, H., Özkaya, S., (2016) "Türkiye’de Işsizlik - Intihar Ilişkisinin Analizi", Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), s.56-70
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2015) "İntihar İstatistikleri", www.tuik.gov.tr/PdfGetir.do?id=21516 (Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2017).
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2016) "Ölüm İstatistikleri", www.tuik.gov.tr/PdfGetir.do?id=24649 (Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2017).
  • Weyerer, S. - Wiedenmann, A. (1995) "Economic Factors and The Rates of Suicide in Germany Between 1881 and 1989", Psychological Reports, 76 , s.1331-41.
  • Wiener, N. (1956) "The Theory Of Prediction", içinde, (Ed.) E.F. Beckenbach, Modern Mathematics for Engineers, (165-190). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Yang, B. - D. Lester, D. (1990) Time-Series Analyses of the American Suiciderate, The Lancet, 25, 274–275.
  • Weis, M.A., (1974) Suicide. A Handbook Of Psychiatry, (Ed.) S Arieti, New York. Basic books Inc. Publishers, s.743-65.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (1999) "Figures and Facts About Suicide", Geneva, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/66097/1/WHO_MNH_MBD_99.1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2017)
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) "Preventıng Suıcıde: A Resource For Media Professionals", http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/426.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2017).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) "Preventıng Suicide In Jails And Prisons", Geneva, http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_jails_prisons.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.10.2017).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Mental Health,
  • (http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/en/(Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2017).
  • Zhang, J., Ma, J., Jia, C., Sun, J., Guo, X., Xu, A., Li, W. (2010) "Economic Growth And Suicide Rate Changes: A Case İn China From 1982 To 2005", European Psychiatry, 25(3), s.159-163.

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 398 - 416, 26.12.2017

Funda Durğun , Burhan Durğun

Abstract

References

  • Altinanahtar, A., & Halicioglu, F. (2009) A dynamic econometric model of suicides in Turkey. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(6), s.903-907.
  • Andrés, A. R., Halicioglu, F. (2010) Determinants of suicides in Denmark: Evidence from time series data. Health Policy, 98(2), s.263-269.
  • Antonakakis, N.,Collins, A. (2016) “A suicidalKuznetscurve?”, MPRA Papers, No.71108. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71108/1/MPRA_paper_71108.pdf
  • Arkun, N. (1978) İntiharın Psikodinamikleri, Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Bussu, A., Detotto, C., & Sterzi, V. (2013) "Social Conformity and Suicide", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 42(Supplement C), s.67-78.
  • Breuer, C. (2015) "Unemployment and Suicide Mortality: Evidence From Regional Panel Data in Europe", Health Economics, 24 (8), 936-950.
  • Chang, S. - S. Gunnell, D. - Sterne, J.A.C. - Lu, T.H. - Cheng, A.T.A. (2009) "Was The Economic Crisis 1997–1998 Responsible For Rising Suicide Rates İn East/Southeast Asia? A Time-Trend Analysis For Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore And Thailand", Social Science and Medicine, 68(7), s.1322–1331.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F.,Sonuvar B. (1993) Adolesan İntiharları ve Kendilik İmgesi, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 4(1), s. 29-38.
  • Dickey, David A. and Wayne A. Fuller (1979) “Distribution Of The Estimators For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Journal of American Statistical Association,74, s.427-431.
  • Durkheim, E., (1992) İntihar, (Çev. Özer Ozankaya), 2. Baskı, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C.W.J. (1987) “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, s.251-276
  • Fırat, R. (2001) "Ölüm ve İntiharın Psikodinamiği", Köprü Dergisi, 76 (Güz).
  • http://www.koprudergisi.com/index.asp?Bolum=EskiSayilar&Goster=Yazi&YaziNo=11 (Erişişm Tarihi: 05.10.2017)
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1969) "Investigating Causal Relations By Econometric Models AndcrossSpectral Methods", Econometrica, 37(3), s.424-438.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2012) Temel Ekonometri (Ü. Şenesen & G. G. Şenesen, Trans. 5 ed.), İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Harmancı, P., (2015) "Dünya’daki ve Türkiye’deki İntihar Vakalarinin Sosyodemografik Özellikler Açısından İncelenmesi", Hacettpe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 1(1).
  • Hatemi-J, A (2008) “Tests For Cointegration With Two Unknown Regime Shifts With an Application to Financial Market Integration”, Empirical Economics, 35, s.497-505.
  • Henry, A. F. - Short, J. F. (1954) Suicide and Homicide – Some Economic, Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Aggression, New York, FreePress.
  • Jalles, J. T., & Andresen, M. A. (2015) "The social and economic determinants of suicide in Canadian Provinces", Health Economics Review, 5(1).
  • Lee, S.-U., Oh, I.-H., Jeon, H. J., & Roh, S. (2017) "Suicide Rates Across İncome Levels: Retrospective Cohort Data On 1 Million Participants Collected Between 2003 And 2013 İn South Korea", Journal of Epidemiology, 27(6), s.258-264.
  • Jungeilges, J., & Kirchgässner, G. (2002) "Economic Welfare, Civil Liberty, And Suicide: An Empirical İnvestigation", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 31(3), s.215-231.
  • Lıbanıo, G.A. (2005) "Unit Roots in Macroeconomic Time Series: Theory, Implications, and Evidence", Nova Economia, 15(3), s.145-176.
  • Lumsdaıne, R.L., PAPELL, D.H. (1997) "Multiple Trend Breaks and The Unit Root Hypothesis", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), s.212-218.
  • Moscicki, E. K., (1995) Epidemiology of Suicide, North American Perspectives, International Psychogeriatrics, 7(2), s. 137-148
  • Neumayer, E. (2003) "Are Socioeconomic Factors Valid Determinants Of Suicide? Controlling For National Cultures Of Suicide With Fixed-Effects Estimation", Cross-Cultural Research, 37(3), s.307-329.
  • Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2013) "A study on the socio-economic determinants of suicide: Evidence from 13 European OECD countries", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 45(Supplement C), s.78-85.
  • Perron, P. (1989) "The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis", Econometrica, 57(6), s.1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990) “Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processe,,” Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), s.99-125.
  • Pridmore, S.,&Walter, G. (2013). ThePredicaments of People WhoseSuicidewasCaptured on Film. TheMalaysianJournal of MedicalSciences : MJMS, 20(4), 64–70.
  • Rhyne, C. E.,Templer D. I., Brown, L. G. (1995) "Dimensions of Suicide: Perceptions of Lethality, Time And Agony, Suicideand Life Threatening Behavior", 25(3), s.373-80.
  • Seyidoğlu, H. (2006) İktisat Biliminin Temelleri, Güzem Can Yayınları, İstanbul
  • Sher, L. (2006) "Per Capita İncome İs Related To Suicide Rates İn Men But Not İn Women", The Journal of Men's Health & Gender, 3(1), s.39-42.
  • Topbaş, F. (2007) "İşsizlik ve İntihar İlişkisi: 1975-2005 VAR Analizi", Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (2), s.161-172.
  • Tunalı, H., Özkaya, S., (2016) "Türkiye’de Işsizlik - Intihar Ilişkisinin Analizi", Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), s.56-70
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2015) "İntihar İstatistikleri", www.tuik.gov.tr/PdfGetir.do?id=21516 (Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2017).
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2016) "Ölüm İstatistikleri", www.tuik.gov.tr/PdfGetir.do?id=24649 (Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2017).
  • Weyerer, S. - Wiedenmann, A. (1995) "Economic Factors and The Rates of Suicide in Germany Between 1881 and 1989", Psychological Reports, 76 , s.1331-41.
  • Wiener, N. (1956) "The Theory Of Prediction", içinde, (Ed.) E.F. Beckenbach, Modern Mathematics for Engineers, (165-190). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Yang, B. - D. Lester, D. (1990) Time-Series Analyses of the American Suiciderate, The Lancet, 25, 274–275.
  • Weis, M.A., (1974) Suicide. A Handbook Of Psychiatry, (Ed.) S Arieti, New York. Basic books Inc. Publishers, s.743-65.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (1999) "Figures and Facts About Suicide", Geneva, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/66097/1/WHO_MNH_MBD_99.1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2017)
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) "Preventıng Suıcıde: A Resource For Media Professionals", http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/426.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2017).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) "Preventıng Suicide In Jails And Prisons", Geneva, http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_jails_prisons.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.10.2017).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Mental Health,
  • (http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/en/(Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2017).
  • Zhang, J., Ma, J., Jia, C., Sun, J., Guo, X., Xu, A., Li, W. (2010) "Economic Growth And Suicide Rate Changes: A Case İn China From 1982 To 2005", European Psychiatry, 25(3), s.159-163.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Funda Durğun

Burhan Durğun

Publication Date December 26, 2017
Submission Date June 1, 2017
Acceptance Date July 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 7 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Durğun, F., & Durğun, B. (2017). İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(14), 398-416.
AMA Durğun F, Durğun B. İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. November 2017;7(14):398-416.
Chicago Durğun, Funda, and Burhan Durğun. “İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 7, no. 14 (November 2017): 398-416.
EndNote Durğun F, Durğun B (November 1, 2017) İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 7 14 398–416.
IEEE F. Durğun and B. Durğun, “İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”, Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 398–416, 2017.
ISNAD Durğun, Funda - Durğun, Burhan. “İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 7/14 (November 2017), 398-416.
JAMA Durğun F, Durğun B. İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;7:398–416.
MLA Durğun, Funda and Burhan Durğun. “İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 14, 2017, pp. 398-16.
Vancouver Durğun F, Durğun B. İNTİHAR- GELİR İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;7(14):398-416.

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