Elektrikli Ağır Hizmet Araçlarında Sodyum-iyon Batarya Paketi Tasarımı: Çöp Kamyonu Özelinde Paket Tasarımı

Öz

Fosil yakıt kullanan içten yanmalı motora sahip araçlar karbon emisyonu artışında ve iklim değişikliğinde etkili olmaktadır. Bu sebeple Dünya genelinde içten yanmalı motora sahip araçlar için çeşitli kısıtlamalar getirilmektedir. Elektrikli araçlarda ise karbon emisyonu yoktur. Bu nedenle ulaşımda karbon emisyonunu azaltmak ve hava kalitesini iyileştirmek için elektrikli araçlara geçiş zarurettir. Ayrıca elektrikli araçlar çok daha sessizdir ve şehirlerdeki gürültü kirliliğinin azaltılmasında büyük rol oynamaktadır. Ağır vasatalar yüksek karbon emisyonuna sahiptir. Çöp kamyonları özelinde bu durum daha da vahimdir. Çöp kamyonları aracın kullanıldığı şehre göre değişmekle beraber, yaklaşık 5 km/h ila 20 km/h arasında ortalama hıza sahiptir. Bu da içten yanmalı motor veriminin %7 ile %15 arasında olduğu bölgede çalışması demektir. Ancak elektrik motorlarında verim en kötü senaryoda bile %60 ların altına düşmemektedir. Elektrikli araçlar durduğu esnada çok düşük enerji tüketmektedir. Böylelikle sık dur kalk yapan, rölantide çalışma süresi uzun ve düşük hızlarda kullanılan çöp kamyonu gibi özel sürüş çevrime sahip araçların elektrifikasyonu ile enerji verimliliği ciddi oranda artış sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada elektrikli bir çöp kamyonu için, batarya paketi tasarımı yapılmaktadır. Tasarlanan bataryanın fiziksel boyutu ve enerji kapasitesi sektörde yer alan lityum-iyon bataryalı araçların teknik verileri dikkate alınarak oluşturulmuştur. Otomotivde geleneksel olarak kullanılan lityum-iyon batarya kimyası yerine sodyum-iyon batarya kimyası tercih edilmiştir. Sodyum-iyon son dönemde üzerinde çok fazla çalışma yapılan ve özellikle maliyet, sürdürülebilirlik, güvenlik, bulunabilirlik, çevreye duyarlılık açısından büyük artıları olan bir kimyadır. Çalışma kapsamında bir kamyon bataryası tasarlanmakta ve enerji, güç, maksimum akım, batarya gerilimi, hücre seçimi, modül topolojisi, kayıp güçler, iletken kesitleri gibi hesaplamalar sodyum kimyasına göre gerçekleştirilmektedir. Yapılan hesaplamalar ağırlık, hacim, enerji ve güç yoğunluğu gibi parametreler açısından sodyum-iyon bataryanın kamyonlara entegrasyonunun mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sodyum-iyon
• elektrikli çöp kamyonu
• elektrikli ağır vasıta
• modüler batarya paketi

Design of Sodium-Ion Battery Packs in Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles: A Case Study for Garbage Truck

Abstract

Electric vehicles do not generate carbon emissions in the same manner as internal combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, transitioning to electric vehicles has become essential to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector and to improve air quality. Additionally, EVs are contributing significantly to the reduction of noise pollution in urban environments. Heavy-duty vehicles are major contributors to high carbon emissions, and the situation is even more concerning in the case of garbage trucks. These vehicles typically operate at average speeds ranging from approximately 5 km/h to 20 km/h. Such low-speed operation results in internal combustion engines functioning within an efficiency range of only 7% to 15%. In contrast, electric motors maintain efficiencies above 60%, even under unfavorable conditions. Furthermore, electric vehicles consume minimal energy while idling. Therefore, the electrification of vehicles with unique driving cycles—such as garbage trucks, which are characterized by frequent stop-and-go patterns, prolonged idling, and low-speed operation—offers substantial improvements in energy efficiency. In this study, a battery pack is designed for an electric garbage truck. Instead of the lithium-ion battery chemistry traditionally used in the automotive industry, sodium-ion battery chemistry is selected. Sodium-ion batteries have recently garnered significant research interest due to their notable advantages in terms of cost, sustainability, safety, resource availability, and environmental impact. As part of this study, a truck battery is designed, and key parameters such as energy, power, maximum current, battery voltage, cell selection, module topology, power losses, and conductor cross-sections are calculated based on sodium-ion chemistry. The results of these calculations demonstrate that the integration of sodium-ion batteries into heavy-duty trucks is feasible with respect to parameters such as weight, volume, energy density, and power density.

Keywords

• Sodium ion battery
• electric heavy duty vehicle
• modular battery pack design
• Electric garbage truck

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