Research Article

Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification

Volume: 17 Number: 1 March 26, 2026
TR EN

Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification

Abstract

Accurate treatment of regional site effects is essential for partially non-ergodic Ground-Motion Models (GMMs). This study compares a Bayesian hierarchical regression implemented with brms to a frequentist mixed-effects formulation using lmer for estimating period-dependent site amplification. Both models adopt the same functional form with a global linear term, a nonlinear term, and region-specific random slope deviations. The analysis uses residuals from the updated Türkiye strong-motion database (SMD-TR), spanning four regions and wide ranges of VS30, magnitude, and distance. Results indicate strong agreement in global behavior: linear and nonlinear terms show similar period trends in both frameworks, and the combined regional slopes are essentially identical at all periods. The overall residual standard deviation is also nearly the same, implying comparable fit quality. Differences primarily concern decomposition and uncertainty representation. The Bayesian model resolves sharper period-dependent regional features—most notably a peak near T ≈ 0.8 s consistent with basin/edge effects—while lmer yields smoother, more conservative deviations. For median predictions, either framework is suitable because the combined coefficients and overall standard deviation coincide. For interpretation and uncertainty propagation—especially when period-dependent regional structure matters—the Bayesian approach is preferable. In addition, brms permits weakly informative priors that encode physical expectations, which stabilizes estimates in data-sparse regimes and helps prevent overfitting. Taken together, these results clarify when each framework is most appropriate: brms for physically constrained inference and robust uncertainty quantification, lmer for speed and simplicity when median predictions are the primary goal

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

124M595

Ethical Statement

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for the article prepared.

Thanks

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under grant 124M595.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Earthquake Engineering, Civil Geotechnical Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 26, 2026

Submission Date

November 20, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 14, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 17 Number: 1

APA
İçen, A. (2026). Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1827304
AMA
1.İçen A. Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification. DUJE. 2026;17(1). doi:10.24012/dumf.1827304
Chicago
İçen, Abdullah. 2026. “Bayesian Vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification”. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1827304.
EndNote
İçen A (March 1, 2026) Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi 17 1
IEEE
[1]A. İçen, “Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification”, DUJE, vol. 17, no. 1, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.24012/dumf.1827304.
ISNAD
İçen, Abdullah. “Bayesian Vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification”. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi 17/1 (March 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1827304.
JAMA
1.İçen A. Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification. DUJE. 2026;17. doi:10.24012/dumf.1827304.
MLA
İçen, Abdullah. “Bayesian Vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification”. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, vol. 17, no. 1, Mar. 2026, doi:10.24012/dumf.1827304.
Vancouver
1.Abdullah İçen. Bayesian vs. Frequentist Mixed-Effects for Regional Site Amplification. DUJE. 2026 Mar. 1;17(1). doi:10.24012/dumf.1827304