Öğütülmüş Atık Cam Katkısının Farklı Kil Zeminlerin Fiziksel, Mekanik ve Parametrik İlişkilerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, öğütülmüş atık cam (WG) katkısı ile üç farklı kil türünün (bentonit- BC, zeolit-ZC ve kırmızı kil-RC) fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri üzerinde etkileri deneysel ve istatistiksel olarak incelenmiştir. Killer ve atık cam %0, %10, %20 ve %30 oranlarında karıştırılarak özgül ağırlık, kıvam limitleri, kompaksiyon ve kesme kutusu deneyleri yapılmıştır. Atık cam içeriğinin artmasıyla tüm killerde özgül ağırlık, maksimum kuru birim hacim ağırlık (MDD) ve içsel sürtünme açısı değerlerinde artış, likit limit, optimum su içeriği ve kohezyon değerlerinde ise azalma gözlenmiştir. En belirgin iyileşme, düşük başlangıç yoğunluğuna sahip ZC kili karışımlarında elde edilmiştir (WG30’da MDD’de %15 artış). Regresyon analizleri, parametreler arasındaki ilişkilerin kil türüne bağlı olarak değiştiğini ve en güçlü modellerin BC kili karışımlarda (R2>%93, p<0,05) oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, öğütülmüş atık camın özellikle yüksek plastisiteli killerde sürdürülebilir ve ekonomik bir zemin stabilizasyon malzemesi olarak değerlendirilebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Atık cam
• kil
• zemin stabilizasyonu
• kompaksiyon
• makaslama dayanımı
• regresyon analizi

The Effect of Ground Waste Glass Additive on the Physical, Mechanical and Parametric Relationships of Different Clay Soils

Abstract

In this study, the effects of ground waste glass additive on the physical and mechanical properties of three different clay types (bentonite, BC; zeolite, ZC; and red clay-RC) were investigated experimentally and statistically. The clays and waste glass were mixed at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% concentrations, and specific gravity, consistency limits, compaction, and shear box tests were conducted. Increasing the waste glass content resulted in increases in the specific gravity, maximum dry bulk density, and internal friction angle in all clays, while decreases in the liquid limit, optimum water content, and cohesion values were observed. The most significant improvement was obtained in the ZC clay mixtures with a low initial density (15% increase in maximum dry bulk density in WG30). Regression analyses showed that the relationships between parameters varied depending on the clay type, and the strongest models were observed in BC clay mixtures (R2>93%, p<0.05). The results show that ground waste glass can be considered a sustainable and economical ground-stabilization material, especially in high-plasticity clays.

Keywords

• Waste glass
• soil stabilization
• compaction
• shear strength
• regression analysis

References

1. [1] Ferdous, W., Manalo, A., Siddique, R., Mendis, P., Zhuge, Y., Wong, H. S., ... & Schubel, P. (2021). Recycling of landfill wastes (tyres, plastics and glass) in construction–A review on global waste generation, performance, application and future opportunities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 173, 105745.
2. [2] Ouslimane, N., Barebita, H., Dimane, F., & Belfaquir, M. (2025). Optimization of glass and concrete waste recycling processes for road construction applications. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 1-13.
3. [3] Ouslimane, N., Barebita, H., & Belfaquir, M. (2023). Recovery and valorization of crushed concrete and glass waste in road construction in Morocco. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8(9), 239.
4. [4] Ouslimane, N., Bensalah, J., Barebita, H., Okla, M. K., Ibenmoussa, S., Younous, Y. A., ... & Belfaquir, M. (2025). Optimization of glass debris in the treatment of swelling clay soils using recycled materials for sustainable road engineering. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 24135.
5. [5] Ouslimane, N., Bensalah, J., Barebita, H., Ebntouhami, M., Z. Gaafar, A. R., Nafidi, H. A., ... & Belfaquir, M. (2024). Optimization of glass scrap recovery and reuse in road construction for promising physicochemical stabilization. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 12925.
6. [6] Omer, B., Mawlood, Y., Kalpakcı, V., A. Blayi, R., & Pirot, O. (2025). Improving the geotechnical properties of medium expansive clay using various gradations and percentages of glass. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 84(1), 51.
7. [7] Al-Soud, M. S., Fartosy, S. H., Jabur, A. R., Majeed, M. W., Madhloom, H. M., & Al-Ansari, N. (2022). Sustainable improvement of bentonite clay characteristics by adding pulverized waste glass. GEOMATE Journal, 23(95), 10-19.
8. [8] Niyomukiza, J. B., Eisazadeh, A., Akamumpa, J., Kiwanuka, M., Lukwago, A., & Tiboti, P. (2023). Use of waste glass powder in improving the properties of expansive clay soils. Glob. NEST Int. J. Glob. NEST J, 25, 139-145.

9. [9] Baldovino, J. A., Nuñez de la Rosa, Y. E., & Namdar, A. (2024). Sustainable cement stabilization of plastic clay using ground municipal solid waste: Enhancing soil properties for geotechnical applications. Sustainability, 16(12), 5195.
10. [10] Cabalar, A. F., Akbulut, N., Demir, S., & Yildiz, O. (2023). Use of a biopolymer for road pavement subgrade. Sustainability, 15(10), 8231.
11. [11] Bensalah, J., Habsaoui, A., Abbou, B., Kadiri, L., Lebkiri, I., Lebkiri, A., & Rifi, E. H. (2019). Adsorption of the anionic dye methyl orange on used artificial zeolites: kinetic study and modeling of experimental data. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 9(4), 311-316.
12. [12] Cabalar, A. F., & Demir, S. (2022). Geotechnical properties of a bentonite treated with waste glass grains. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(9), 880.
13. [13] Al-Taie, A., Yaghoubi, E., Wasantha, P. L. P., Van Staden, R., Guerrieri, M., & Fragomeni, S. (2023). Mechanical and physical properties and cyclic swell-shrink behaviour of expansive clay improved by recycled glass. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(1), 2204436.
14. [14] Ilman, B., & Balkis, A. P. (2023). Mechanical properties of clays stabilized with glass powder and silica fume. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 9(4), 50.
15. [15] Al-Taie, A., Yaghoubi, E., Wasantha, P. L. P., Van Staden, R., Guerrieri, M., & Fragomeni, S. (2023-a). Mechanical and physical properties and cyclic swell-shrink behaviour of expansive clay improved by recycled glass. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(1), 2204436.
16. [16] Khan, M. S., Tufail, M., & Mateeullah, M. (2018). Effects of waste glass powder on the geotechnical properties of loose subsoils. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(9), 2044-2051.
17. [17] ASTM D422 (1998), Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soil. Annual book of American Society for Testing and Material standards, West Conshohocken, United States.
18. [18] ASTM D854; Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2014.
19. [19] ASTM 4318; Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2010.
20. [20] ASTM D2487; Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2011; pp. 1–16.
21. [21] ASTM D698, 2003. Standard practice for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))., Book of Standards Volume: 04.08
22. [22] ASTM D3080-04. Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2004.
23. [23] Al-Taie, A., Yaghoubi, E., Wasantha, P. L. P., Van Staden, R., Guerrieri, M., & Fragomeni, S. (2023-b). Swelling and collapse behavior of unsaturated expansive subgrades stabilized with recycled glass. Transportation Geotechnics, 41, 101039.
24. [24] Bilgen, G. (2022). Long-term compressive strength and microstructural appraisal of seawater, lime, and waste glass powder–treated clay soils. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(9), 895.
25. [25] Helmy, S. H., Tahwia, A. M., Mahdy, M. G., Abd Elrahman, M., Abed, M. A., & Youssf, O. (2023). The use of recycled tire rubber, crushed glass, and crushed clay brick in lightweight concrete production: a review. Sustainability, 15(13), 10060.
26. [26] Mohamad, A. Y., Yusoff, N. I., Raihan, M., & Jamil, M. (2020). Physical properties of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) used as aggregate for road pavement application. J. Kejuruteraan,, 3, 1-5.
27. [27] Qaidi, S., Najm, H. M., Abed, S. M., Özkılıç, Y. O., Al Dughaishi, H., Alosta, M., ... & Milad, A. (2022). Concrete containing waste glass as an environmentally friendly aggregate: A review on fresh and mechanical characteristics. Materials, 15(18), 6222.
28. [28] Al-Soud, M. S., Fartosy, S. H., Jabur, A. R., Majeed, M. W., Madhloom, H. M., & Al-Ansari, N. (2022). Sustainable improvement of bentonite clay characteristics by adding pulverized waste glass. GEOMATE Journal, 23(95), 10-19.
29. [29] Umu, S. U. (2023). Assessment of sustainable expanded glass granules for enhancing shallow soil stabilization and dynamic behaviour of clay through resonant column tests. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 42, 101415.
30. [30] Benny, J. R., Jolly, J., Sebastian, J. M., & Thomas, M. (2017). Effect of glass powder on engineering properties of clayey soil. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 6(5), 228-231.
31. [31] Yıldız, Ö., & Ceylan, Ç. (2023). Stabilization of zeolite and bentonite with sewage sludge Ash. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 67(2), 431-443.
32. [32] Yıldız, Ö., & Cabalar, A. F. (2022). Cyclic direct shear testing of a sand with waste tires. Sustainability, 14(24), 16850.
33. [33] Edinçliler, A., & Yildiz, O. (2018). Seismic behavior of tire waste-sand mixtures for transportation infrastructure in cold regions. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 7(5), 626-631.
34. [34] Montgomery, D. C., & Runger, G. C. (2010). Applied statistics and probability for engineers. John wiley & sons.
35. [35] Gatta, G. D., & Lotti, P. (2019). Systematics, crystal structures, and occurrences of zeolites. In Modified clay and zeolite nanocomposite materials (pp. 1-25). Elsevier.
36. [36] Dill, H. G. (2016). Kaolin: Soil, rock and ore: From the mineral to the magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic environments. Earth-Science Reviews, 161, 16-129.
37. [37] Yunusa, A., Hong, H., Salim, A., Amam, T., Liu, C., Xu, Y., ... & Li, Z. (2024). Mineralogical characterization and geochemical signatures of supergene kaolinitic clay deposits: Insight of ropp complex kaolins, Northcentral Nigeria. Minerals, 14(9), 869.