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TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET VE NARSİSİZM İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 29 - 35, 26.06.2019

Abstract

Toplumsal cinsiyet, bireylerin nasıl davranmaları
gerektiği konusunda bilgi edinebilmek için gelişimleri sırasında sıklıkla başvurdukları
önemli bir referans kaynağıdır.
Araştırmacılar, uzun yıllardır toplumsal cinsiyet ve kişilik
özellikleri üzerine çalışmaktadırlar. Bu araştırmalardan çok azı ise narsisizm
ve toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkisi hakkında
gerçekleştirilmektedir.
Toplumsal cinsiyet ve narsisizm arasında bir ilişki söz konusudur.
Araştırmalar, narsisizm alanında gözlemlenen cinsiyet farklılıklarının ölçüm
yanlılığı ile açıklanamadığını, gerçekten de toplumsal cinsiyet
farklılıklarının olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu ilişkiye dair literatüre bakıldığında, erkeklerin, kadınlardan, narsisizm
konusunda daha yüksek skorlar elde ettikleri görülmektedir (Foster, Campbell ve
Twenge, 2003; Biddle, 2015;
Newman,
Tay, Donnellan, Harms, Robins ve Yan, 2015). Bunun yanı sıra araştırmalar,
kırılgan narsisizmle kadınlar ve büyüklenmeci narsisizm ile erkekler arasındaki ilişkiye de işaret etmektedir.
Yüksek
seviyede kendine odaklı olmayı ve düşük seviyede diğerlerine odaklı olmayı
içeren büyüklenmeci narsisizm, yüksek öz saygı ve bağımsız bir benlik yorumu
gibi maskülen (erkeksi) toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve normları ile ilişkilidir.
Düşük öz saygı ve diğerlerine bağımlı benlik yorumu ile ilgili olan kırılgan
narsisizm ise feminen(kadınsı) toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve normlarıyla ilişkilidir

References

  • Referans1 Akhtar, S. (1989). Narcissistic personality disorder. Descriptive features and differential diagnıosis. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 12(3), 503-529.
  • Referans2 Atay, S. (2010). Çalışan Narsist: Örgütler, Liderler, Yöneticiler Ve Astlar. İstanbul: Namar Yayınları.
  • Referans3 Biddle, M. (2015). Study: Men tend to be more narcissistic than women, 31 Mayıs 2015 tarihinde https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2015/03/009.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Referans4 Blackstone, A. (2003). Gender roles and society, J.R., Miller, R. M., Lerner ve L.B. Schiamberg (Ed.). Human Ecology: An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, Communities, and Environments içinde (s. 335-338), ABC-CLIO: Santa Barbara.
  • Referans5 Bollough, V., Bollough, B. (2013). Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. Routledge: New York.
  • Referans6 Brewer, M. B. ve Chen. Y.R. (2007). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? toward conceptual clarification of ındividualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114(1), 133-151.
  • Referans7 Brown, L., S. (1986). Gender role Analysis: A neglected component of psychological assessment. Psychotherapy, 23, 243-248.
  • Referans8 Butler, J. (2010). Cinsiyet Belası. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Referans9 Corrado, C. (2009). Sex versus gender categorization. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society içinde (Cilt 1, s. 356). California: Sage Publications.
  • Referans10 Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S. ve Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 593–600.
  • Referans11 Demirci, İ. Ve Ekşi, F. 2017, Büyüklenmeci narsisizmin iki farklı yüzü: narsistik hayranlık ve rekabetin mutlulukla ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 46,37-58.
  • Referans12 Dickinson, K. ve Pincus, A. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 188-207.
  • Referans13 Direk, Z. (2012). Queer kuram ve cinsiyet farklılığı. C. Çakırlar ve S.Delice (Ed.), Cinsellik muamması Türkiye’de Queer kültür ve muhalefet içinde (s. 72-92). İstanbul: Metis Yayınevi.
  • Referans14 Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior. A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
  • Referans15 Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002) Role congruity theory of orejudice towards female leaders. Psychological Review, 109,573-598. Doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573
  • Referans16 Eldoğan, D. (2016). Hangi narsizm? büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin karşılaştırılmasına ilişkin bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19(37), 1-10.
  • Referans17 Foster, J. D., Campbell, J. ve Twenge, M. (2003). Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the World. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 469-486
  • Referans18 Freud, S. (1957). On narcissism: An introduction. J. Strachey (Ed.). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud içinde (Vol. 14, s. 73–102). London: Hogarth Press.
  • Referans19 García-Ael, C., Cuadrado G. I. Ve Molero, F. (2013). Think manager- think male in adolescents and its relation to sexism and emotions in leadership. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 16. 1-11.
  • Referans20 Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, B., M., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W. ve Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261-310. DOI: 10.1037/a0038231
  • Referans21 Guimond, S., Brunot, S., Chatard, A., Garcia, D. M., Martinot, D., Buunk, A. P., Branscombe, N. R., Desert, M., Haque, S. ve Yzebtyt, V. (2007). Culture, gender, and the self: variations and impact of social comparison processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1118-1134.
  • Referans22 Heiserman, A., ve Cook, H. (1998) Narcissism, affect, and gender; An empirical examination of Kernberg’s and Kohut’s theories of narcissism. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 15, 74-92.
  • Referans23 Hippel,C., Sekaquaptewa, D. ve McFarlane, M. (2015). Stereotype threat among women in finance negative effects on ıdentity, workplace well-being, and recruiting. Psychology of Women Quarterl, 39(3), 405-414.
  • Referans24 Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1990). İnsan Aile Kültür. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Referans25 Kernberg, Otto (2012). Sınır Durumlar ve Patolojik Narsisizm (M.Atakay, Çev.), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Referans26 Kimmel, M. (2000). The Gendered Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans27 Konrath, S., Bushman, B. J., ve Grove, T. (2009). Seeing my world in a million little pieces: narcissism, self-construal, and cognitive-perceptual style. Journal of Personality, 77, 1197-1228.
  • Referans28 Köroğlu, E. ve Bayraktar, S. (2007) Kişilik Bozuklukları. HYB: Ankara.
  • Referans29 Kramarsky, A. (2008). Engendering Narcissism: A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Gender in Men and Women with Narcissistic Pathology. ProQuest: Newyork.
  • Referans30 Krizan, Z. ve Johar, O. (2015). Narcissistic rage revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 784-801.
  • Referans31 Kutlu, E. (2012). Normlarla belirlenmiş olmamak: toplumsal cinsiyet permütasyonları. Kaos GL Dergisi, 126.
  • Referans32 Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • Referans33 Mattila, A. S. ve Patterson, P. G. (2004). Service recovery and fairness perceptions in collectivist and ındividualist contexts. Journal of Service Research, 6(4), 336-346.
  • Referans34 Rohmann, E., Neumann, E., Herner, M. J. ve Bierhoff, H. W. (2011). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism self-construal, attachment, and love in romantic relationships. European Psychologist 17, 279-290.
  • Referans35 Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 379-391.
  • Referans36 Rosenthal, S. A. ve Pittinsky, T. L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 617-633.
  • Referans37 Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In Defence of Self: The relationship of Self- Esteem and Narcissim to Aggressive Behavior (Doktora tezi). Long Island University, Long Island.
  • Referans38 Simmons, M. (2018, 22 Kasım). Feminist Gender Theory Summary [Blog yazısı]. Erişim adresi: http://www.aissg.org/PDFs/Gender-Theory-Summary.pdf
  • Referans39 Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590-597.
  • Referans40 Wright, F., O'Leary, J. ve Balkin, J. (1989) Shame, Guilt, Narcissism, and Depression: Correlates and Sex Differences. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 6, 217-230.
  • Referans41 Zemore, S. E., Fiske, S. T. ve Kim, H. J. (2000). Gender stereotypes and the dynamics of social interaction. T. Eckes ve H. M. Trautner (Ed.). The developmental social psychology of gender içinde (s. 207–241). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER AND NARCISSICM

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 29 - 35, 26.06.2019

Abstract

Gender is an important reference source to learn about how individuals should behave during their development. Researchers have been studying on gender and personality traits for many years. But only a few of these studies are about the relationship between gender and narcissism. There is a relationship between gender and narcissism. The results of the researches about narcissism revealed that observed gender differences cannot be explained by measurement bias. Those differences can be interpreted as true gender differences.  When we look at the literature on this relation, it is seen that men have higher scores on narcissism than women (Foster, Campbell and Twenge, 2003, Biddle, 2015, Newman, Tay, Donnellan, Harms, Robins and Yan, 2015). Besides, researches indicate the relationship between women with fragile narcissism and men with grandiose narcissism. Grandiose narcissism which includes, being self-centered at a higher level and being focused on others at a lower level is associated with masculine gender roles and norms such as high self-esteem, and an independent self-interpretation. The fragile narcissism which is associated with low self-esteem and self-interpretation dependent of others is consistent with feminine gender roles and norms.

References

  • Referans1 Akhtar, S. (1989). Narcissistic personality disorder. Descriptive features and differential diagnıosis. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 12(3), 503-529.
  • Referans2 Atay, S. (2010). Çalışan Narsist: Örgütler, Liderler, Yöneticiler Ve Astlar. İstanbul: Namar Yayınları.
  • Referans3 Biddle, M. (2015). Study: Men tend to be more narcissistic than women, 31 Mayıs 2015 tarihinde https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2015/03/009.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Referans4 Blackstone, A. (2003). Gender roles and society, J.R., Miller, R. M., Lerner ve L.B. Schiamberg (Ed.). Human Ecology: An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, Communities, and Environments içinde (s. 335-338), ABC-CLIO: Santa Barbara.
  • Referans5 Bollough, V., Bollough, B. (2013). Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. Routledge: New York.
  • Referans6 Brewer, M. B. ve Chen. Y.R. (2007). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? toward conceptual clarification of ındividualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114(1), 133-151.
  • Referans7 Brown, L., S. (1986). Gender role Analysis: A neglected component of psychological assessment. Psychotherapy, 23, 243-248.
  • Referans8 Butler, J. (2010). Cinsiyet Belası. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Referans9 Corrado, C. (2009). Sex versus gender categorization. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society içinde (Cilt 1, s. 356). California: Sage Publications.
  • Referans10 Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S. ve Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 593–600.
  • Referans11 Demirci, İ. Ve Ekşi, F. 2017, Büyüklenmeci narsisizmin iki farklı yüzü: narsistik hayranlık ve rekabetin mutlulukla ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 46,37-58.
  • Referans12 Dickinson, K. ve Pincus, A. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 188-207.
  • Referans13 Direk, Z. (2012). Queer kuram ve cinsiyet farklılığı. C. Çakırlar ve S.Delice (Ed.), Cinsellik muamması Türkiye’de Queer kültür ve muhalefet içinde (s. 72-92). İstanbul: Metis Yayınevi.
  • Referans14 Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior. A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
  • Referans15 Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002) Role congruity theory of orejudice towards female leaders. Psychological Review, 109,573-598. Doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573
  • Referans16 Eldoğan, D. (2016). Hangi narsizm? büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin karşılaştırılmasına ilişkin bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19(37), 1-10.
  • Referans17 Foster, J. D., Campbell, J. ve Twenge, M. (2003). Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the World. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 469-486
  • Referans18 Freud, S. (1957). On narcissism: An introduction. J. Strachey (Ed.). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud içinde (Vol. 14, s. 73–102). London: Hogarth Press.
  • Referans19 García-Ael, C., Cuadrado G. I. Ve Molero, F. (2013). Think manager- think male in adolescents and its relation to sexism and emotions in leadership. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 16. 1-11.
  • Referans20 Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, B., M., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W. ve Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261-310. DOI: 10.1037/a0038231
  • Referans21 Guimond, S., Brunot, S., Chatard, A., Garcia, D. M., Martinot, D., Buunk, A. P., Branscombe, N. R., Desert, M., Haque, S. ve Yzebtyt, V. (2007). Culture, gender, and the self: variations and impact of social comparison processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1118-1134.
  • Referans22 Heiserman, A., ve Cook, H. (1998) Narcissism, affect, and gender; An empirical examination of Kernberg’s and Kohut’s theories of narcissism. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 15, 74-92.
  • Referans23 Hippel,C., Sekaquaptewa, D. ve McFarlane, M. (2015). Stereotype threat among women in finance negative effects on ıdentity, workplace well-being, and recruiting. Psychology of Women Quarterl, 39(3), 405-414.
  • Referans24 Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1990). İnsan Aile Kültür. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Referans25 Kernberg, Otto (2012). Sınır Durumlar ve Patolojik Narsisizm (M.Atakay, Çev.), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Referans26 Kimmel, M. (2000). The Gendered Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans27 Konrath, S., Bushman, B. J., ve Grove, T. (2009). Seeing my world in a million little pieces: narcissism, self-construal, and cognitive-perceptual style. Journal of Personality, 77, 1197-1228.
  • Referans28 Köroğlu, E. ve Bayraktar, S. (2007) Kişilik Bozuklukları. HYB: Ankara.
  • Referans29 Kramarsky, A. (2008). Engendering Narcissism: A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Gender in Men and Women with Narcissistic Pathology. ProQuest: Newyork.
  • Referans30 Krizan, Z. ve Johar, O. (2015). Narcissistic rage revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 784-801.
  • Referans31 Kutlu, E. (2012). Normlarla belirlenmiş olmamak: toplumsal cinsiyet permütasyonları. Kaos GL Dergisi, 126.
  • Referans32 Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • Referans33 Mattila, A. S. ve Patterson, P. G. (2004). Service recovery and fairness perceptions in collectivist and ındividualist contexts. Journal of Service Research, 6(4), 336-346.
  • Referans34 Rohmann, E., Neumann, E., Herner, M. J. ve Bierhoff, H. W. (2011). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism self-construal, attachment, and love in romantic relationships. European Psychologist 17, 279-290.
  • Referans35 Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 379-391.
  • Referans36 Rosenthal, S. A. ve Pittinsky, T. L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 617-633.
  • Referans37 Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In Defence of Self: The relationship of Self- Esteem and Narcissim to Aggressive Behavior (Doktora tezi). Long Island University, Long Island.
  • Referans38 Simmons, M. (2018, 22 Kasım). Feminist Gender Theory Summary [Blog yazısı]. Erişim adresi: http://www.aissg.org/PDFs/Gender-Theory-Summary.pdf
  • Referans39 Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590-597.
  • Referans40 Wright, F., O'Leary, J. ve Balkin, J. (1989) Shame, Guilt, Narcissism, and Depression: Correlates and Sex Differences. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 6, 217-230.
  • Referans41 Zemore, S. E., Fiske, S. T. ve Kim, H. J. (2000). Gender stereotypes and the dynamics of social interaction. T. Eckes ve H. M. Trautner (Ed.). The developmental social psychology of gender içinde (s. 207–241). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Akgun 0000-0001-7801-3010

Yücel Uysal This is me

Publication Date June 26, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akgun, Z., & Uysal, Y. (2019). TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET VE NARSİSİZM İLİŞKİSİ. Dünya Sağlık Ve Tabiat Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 29-35.