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Hayvan Çalışmalarında Kaynak Eşitlik Yaklaşımı ile Örneklem Büyüklüğünün Belirlenmesi

Year 2024, , 1 - 7, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.47027/duvetfd.1308466

Abstract

Kaynak eşitlik yöntemi, hayvan çalışmalarında, örneklem büyüklüğünün hesaplanmasında, güç analiz yöntemine alternatif olarak geliştirilen bir yöntemdir. Bu yaklaşım ile örneklem büyüklüğü varyans analizi modelinde yer alan hata serbestlik dereceleri üzerinden hesaplanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, hayvan çalışmalarında oldukça sık kullanılan tek ve iki faktörlü varyans analizi modelleri ele alınmıştır. Bu modeller için gerekli olan minimum ve maksimum örneklem büyüklükleri hesaplatılarak tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. 2 bağımsız grupta (Design 1) toplam minimum 12, maksimum 21 hayvan yeterli iken grup sayısı arttıkça toplam hayvan sayıları bir miktar artmaktadır. Tek faktörlü ve tekrarlı ölçüm deneme tasarımlarında (Design 2), tekrar sayısı arttıkça çalışmaya dahil edilecek hayvan sayısının büyük oranda azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Tüm faktöriyel tasarımlar için (Design 3 ve 4), her bir alt grupta bulunan hayvan sayılarının 2 veya 3 ile yeterli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Deney hayvanı sayısını artırmadan tekrarlanan ölçümlü deneme düzenleri seçilerek çalışmanın gücü artırılabilir. Bunun yanısıra, Design 1’deki grup sayılarına göre minimum ve maksimum örneklem büyüklükleri için Cohen’in uygun etki büyüklüklerine göre istatistiksel güç değerleri hesaplanmış ve gücün 0.80’nin çok altında olduğu gözlenmiştir. Gücün 0.80 ve üzeri bir değere sahip olması ancak etki büyüklüklerinin çok büyük olması durumunda söz konusudur. Dolayısıyla araştırmacı, bağımsız grup karşılaştırmalarında, örneklem büyüklükleri ile %80 güç düzeyine ulaşabilmek için hipotezlerini daha yüksek etki büyüklükleri ile test edebilir. Hayvan çalışmaları için belirlenmiş bir etki büyüklüğü değerine literatürde rastlanılamamıştır. Çalışmamızda elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 2 grup için 1.2, 1.5 ve 2.0, 3 ve daha fazla grup için ise 0.5, 0.7 ve 0.9 sırasıyla küçük, orta ve büyük etki büyüklükleri olarak alınması önerilebilir.

References

  • Ankaralı H, Ankaralı S. (2019). Experimental Designs and Sample Sizes for Increased Efficiency in Animal Experimentation. Anatol Clin. 24(3): 248-258.
  • Balkan A, Balkan M. (2013). Legal Requirements Involving Ethics in Animal Research, Laboratory Standardization, and Animal Care. Turk Toraks Derg. 14 (Suplement 2): 6-9.
  • Kilkenny C, Parsons N, Kadyszewski E, et al. (2009). Survey of The Quality of Experimental Design, Statistical Analysis and Reporting of Research Using Animals. PLos One. 4(11): e7824.
  • Aske KC, Waugh CA. (2017). Expanding The 3R Principles: More Rigor and Transparency in Research Using Animals. EMBO Reports. 18(9): 1490-1492.
  • Flecknell P. (2002). Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. Altex.19:73-78.
  • Bolarinwa OA. (2020). Sample Size Estimation for Health and Social Science Researchers: The Principles and Considerations for Different Study Designs. Niger Postgrad Med J. 27: 67-75.
  • Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S. (1991). Sample Size Determination in Health Studies: A Practical Manual. World Health Organization; Geneva.
  • Serdar CC, Cihan M, Yücel D, Serdar MA. (2021). Sample Size, Power and Effect Size Revisited: Simplified and Practical Approaches in Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Laboratory Studies. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 31(1): 27-53.
  • Stevenson MA. (2021). Sample Size Estimation in Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. Front Vet Sci. 7: 539573.
  • Charan J, Kantharia ND. (2013). How to Calculate Sample Size in Animal Studies? J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 4(4): 303-306.
  • Altman DG. (1982). How large a sample? In: Gore SM AD (editor). Statistics in Practice I. UK: British Medical Association, London.
  • Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences. 2 nd Ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York.
  • Festing MFW. (2018). On Determining Sample Size in Experiments Involving Laboratory Animals. Lab Anim. 52(4): 341-350.
  • Cangür Ş, Ankaralı H, Ankaralı S. (2013). Special Experimental Designs Using Laboratory Animals and Sample Size: Review. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 5(2): 75-88.
  • Doğan I, Doğan N. (2020). Estimation of Sample Size with Resource Equation Method in Experimental Animal Studies. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 12(2): 211-217.
  • Ilyas MN, Adzim MKR, Simbak NB, Atif AB. (2017). Sample Size Calculation for Animal Studies Using Degree of Freedom (E); An Easy and Statistically Defined Approach for Metabolomics and Genetic Research. Curr Trends Biomedical Eng&Biosci. 10(2): 555785.
  • Akbulut Ö. (2023). Hayvan Deneylerinde Örneklem Büyüklüğünün Kaynak Eşitlik Yöntemi ile Belirlenmesi ve Güç Analizi. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. 18(2): 117-125.
  • Mead R, Gilmour SG, Mead A. (2012). Statistical Principles for The Design of Experiments: Applications to Real Experiments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Arifin WN, Zahruddin WM. (2017). Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach. Malays J Med Sci. 24(5): 101-105.
  • Festing MFW. (2010). The UFAW Handbook On the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals. In: The Design of Animal Experiments. Kirkwood J, Hubrecht RC (eds). pp.23-36. A John Wiley& Sons Ltd, United Kingdom.
  • Festing MFW, Altman DG. (2002). Guidelines for The Design and Statistical Analysis of Experiments Using Laboratory Animals. ILAR J. 43(4): 244-58.
  • Hau JH, Schapiro SJ. (2014). Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science. Volume: III, Animal Models. CRC press. New York.
  • Gürbüz F, Başpınar E, Çamdeviren H, Keskin S. (2003). Tekrarlanan Ölçümlü Deneme Düzenlerinin Analizi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Matbaası. Van.

Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies

Year 2024, , 1 - 7, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.47027/duvetfd.1308466

Abstract

The Resource Equation Method is a method developed as an alternative to power analysis for the calculation of sample size in animal studies. With this approach, the sample size is calculated based on the error degrees of freedom (DF) in the variance analysis model. In this study, one and two-factor variance analysis models, which are commonly used in animal studies, are discussed. The minimum and maximum sample size required for these models were calculating and presented in tables. While a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 21 animals in total are sufficient for two independent groups (Design 1), and the total number of animals goes up as the number of groups increases. In one factor, repeated-measures experiment design (Design 2), it was observed that the number of animals to be included in the study decreases significantly as the number of repetitions increases. For all factorial designs (Designs 3 and 4), 2 or 3 animals per subgroup were found to be sufficient. Repeat measure experimental designs can be chosen to increase the power of the study without increasing the number of animal/subjects. Statistical power was calculated for different numbers of groups in Design 1, based on their respective minimum and maximum samples sizes and Cohen's effect sizes, and for most cases, power was found to be much lower than 0.80. Statistical power exceeded 0.80 only in the case of very large effect sizes. Therefore, the researcher can test her hypotheses with larger effect sizes to reach 80% power with sample sizes in independent group comparisons. A determined effect size value for animal studies is not available in the literature. According to the results obtained in our study, the effect sizes for the 2 groups are 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0 for 3 or more groups 0.5; 0.7 and 0.9 can be recommended to take as small, medium and large effect sizes, respectively.

References

  • Ankaralı H, Ankaralı S. (2019). Experimental Designs and Sample Sizes for Increased Efficiency in Animal Experimentation. Anatol Clin. 24(3): 248-258.
  • Balkan A, Balkan M. (2013). Legal Requirements Involving Ethics in Animal Research, Laboratory Standardization, and Animal Care. Turk Toraks Derg. 14 (Suplement 2): 6-9.
  • Kilkenny C, Parsons N, Kadyszewski E, et al. (2009). Survey of The Quality of Experimental Design, Statistical Analysis and Reporting of Research Using Animals. PLos One. 4(11): e7824.
  • Aske KC, Waugh CA. (2017). Expanding The 3R Principles: More Rigor and Transparency in Research Using Animals. EMBO Reports. 18(9): 1490-1492.
  • Flecknell P. (2002). Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. Altex.19:73-78.
  • Bolarinwa OA. (2020). Sample Size Estimation for Health and Social Science Researchers: The Principles and Considerations for Different Study Designs. Niger Postgrad Med J. 27: 67-75.
  • Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S. (1991). Sample Size Determination in Health Studies: A Practical Manual. World Health Organization; Geneva.
  • Serdar CC, Cihan M, Yücel D, Serdar MA. (2021). Sample Size, Power and Effect Size Revisited: Simplified and Practical Approaches in Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Laboratory Studies. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 31(1): 27-53.
  • Stevenson MA. (2021). Sample Size Estimation in Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. Front Vet Sci. 7: 539573.
  • Charan J, Kantharia ND. (2013). How to Calculate Sample Size in Animal Studies? J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 4(4): 303-306.
  • Altman DG. (1982). How large a sample? In: Gore SM AD (editor). Statistics in Practice I. UK: British Medical Association, London.
  • Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences. 2 nd Ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York.
  • Festing MFW. (2018). On Determining Sample Size in Experiments Involving Laboratory Animals. Lab Anim. 52(4): 341-350.
  • Cangür Ş, Ankaralı H, Ankaralı S. (2013). Special Experimental Designs Using Laboratory Animals and Sample Size: Review. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 5(2): 75-88.
  • Doğan I, Doğan N. (2020). Estimation of Sample Size with Resource Equation Method in Experimental Animal Studies. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 12(2): 211-217.
  • Ilyas MN, Adzim MKR, Simbak NB, Atif AB. (2017). Sample Size Calculation for Animal Studies Using Degree of Freedom (E); An Easy and Statistically Defined Approach for Metabolomics and Genetic Research. Curr Trends Biomedical Eng&Biosci. 10(2): 555785.
  • Akbulut Ö. (2023). Hayvan Deneylerinde Örneklem Büyüklüğünün Kaynak Eşitlik Yöntemi ile Belirlenmesi ve Güç Analizi. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. 18(2): 117-125.
  • Mead R, Gilmour SG, Mead A. (2012). Statistical Principles for The Design of Experiments: Applications to Real Experiments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Arifin WN, Zahruddin WM. (2017). Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach. Malays J Med Sci. 24(5): 101-105.
  • Festing MFW. (2010). The UFAW Handbook On the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals. In: The Design of Animal Experiments. Kirkwood J, Hubrecht RC (eds). pp.23-36. A John Wiley& Sons Ltd, United Kingdom.
  • Festing MFW, Altman DG. (2002). Guidelines for The Design and Statistical Analysis of Experiments Using Laboratory Animals. ILAR J. 43(4): 244-58.
  • Hau JH, Schapiro SJ. (2014). Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science. Volume: III, Animal Models. CRC press. New York.
  • Gürbüz F, Başpınar E, Çamdeviren H, Keskin S. (2003). Tekrarlanan Ölçümlü Deneme Düzenlerinin Analizi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Matbaası. Van.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Research
Authors

Semra Erdoğan 0000-0003-2935-0760

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Acceptance Date December 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Erdoğan, S. (2024). Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.47027/duvetfd.1308466
AMA Erdoğan S. Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. June 2024;17(1):1-7. doi:10.47027/duvetfd.1308466
Chicago Erdoğan, Semra. “Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies”. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 17, no. 1 (June 2024): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.47027/duvetfd.1308466.
EndNote Erdoğan S (June 1, 2024) Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 17 1 1–7.
IEEE S. Erdoğan, “Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies”, Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2024, doi: 10.47027/duvetfd.1308466.
ISNAD Erdoğan, Semra. “Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies”. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 17/1 (June 2024), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.47027/duvetfd.1308466.
JAMA Erdoğan S. Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2024;17:1–7.
MLA Erdoğan, Semra. “Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies”. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 17, no. 1, 2024, pp. 1-7, doi:10.47027/duvetfd.1308466.
Vancouver Erdoğan S. Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2024;17(1):1-7.