Rapid Test Kits Used to Identify Antibiotic Residues in Milk and Their Reliability

Year 2018, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 48 - 54, 30.06.2018

Zeynep Özdemir Bünyamin Traş

Abstract

Antibacterial drugs are the
most widely use drug group in the veterinary medicine. These drugs pass to the
milk at various levels. There are many commercial kits available for screening
residue in the milk. These kits can be classified as microbiological, immunochemical
and biosensors according to the working principles.  Commercial test kits can give false-positive
results due to the following reasons; the presence of natural antibacterial
substances in colostrum and mastitic milk, high somatic cell count and pH in
mastitis, presence of high fat, fatty acid and protein in milk, detergent and
disinfectant residues in milk, storage and preservative conditions of milk
samples, duration of incubation in microbiological methods, presence of
antiparasitic drug residues in milk, visual interpretation of test results
instead of device. Chromatographic analyse methods are the most reliable method
for identifying and validating residues of antibacterial. Antibiotics and other
chemicals are screened in animal food by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and
Livestock in Turkey for last 11 years with "Residue Monitoring
Program". 

Keywords

Antibacterial, kit, milk, reliability, residue

Sütte Antibiyotik Kalıntılarının Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Hızlı Test Kitleri ve Güvenilirlikleri

Abstract

Antibakteriyal
ilaçlar, veteriner klinikte en yaygın kullanılan ilaç grubudur.  Bu ilaçlar çeşitli seviyelerde süte geçerler.
Sütte kalıntı taranmasında kullanılan çok sayıda ticari kit mevcuttur. Bu
kitler çalışma prensiplerine göre mikrobiyolojik, immunokimyasal ve biyosensörler
olarak sınıflandırılır. Ticari test kitlerinde kolostrum ve mastitisli sütte
doğal antibakteriyel maddelerin bulunması, mastitisli sütte yüksek somatik
hücre sayısı ve pH, sütün yüksek oranda yağ, yağ asiti ve protein içermesi,
sütteki deterjan ve dezenfektan kalıntıları, süt numunelerinin depolama ve
saklama koşulları, mikrobiyolojik metotlarda inkübasyon süresi, sütte
antiparaziter ilaç kalıntılarının bulunması, test sonuçlarının cihaz yerine
görsel olarak yorumlanması gibi nedenlere bağlı olarak yanlış-pozitif sonuçlar
alınabilmektedir. Antibakteriyellerin tanımlanması ve doğrulanmasında en
güvenilir yöntem kromatografik metotlardır. Türkiye’de hayvansal gıdalarda
antibiyotikler ve diğer kimyasallar “Kalıntı İzleme Programı” ile son 11 yıldır
Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı tarafından sürdürülmektedir.

Keywords

Antibakteriyal, güvenilirlik, kalıntı, kit, süt

References

• 1. Bogialli S, Capitolino V, Curini R et al. (2004). Simple and Rapid Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry Confirmatory Assay for Determining Amoxicillin and Ampicillin in Bovine Tissues and Milk. J Agr Food Chem. 52(11): 3286-3291.
• 2. Grunwald L, Petz M. (2003). Food Processing Effects on Residues: Penicillins in Milk and Yoghurt. Anal Chim Acta. 483(1-2): 73-79.
• 3. Mitchell J, Griffiths M, McEwen S et al. (1998). Anti-microbial Drug Residues in Milk and Meat: Causes, Concerns, Prevalence, Regulations, Tests, and Test Performance. J Food Protect. 61(6): 742-756.
• 4. Bishop J, White C. (1984). Antibiotic Residue Detection in Milk-A Review. J Food Protect. 47(8): 647-652.
• 5. Katz SE, Siewierski M. (1995). Bacillus stearothermop-hilus Disc Assay: A Review. J AOAC Int. 78(6): 1408-1415.
• 6. Harrigan WF, McCance ME. (1976). Laboratory Methods in Food and Dairy Microbiology. Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd., London, UK.
• 7. Carlsson Å, Björck L, Persson K. (1989). Lactoferrin and Lysozyme in Milk during Acute Mastitis and Their Inhibitory Effect in Delvotest P. J Dairy Sci. 72(12): 3166-3175.
• 8. Andrew S. (2001). Effect of Composition of Colostrum and Transition Milk from Holstein Heifers on Specificity Rates of Antibiotic Residue Tests. J Dairy Sci. 84(1): 100-106.
• 9. Kang J, Jin J, Kondo F. (2005). False-Positive Outcome and Drug Residue in Milk Samples over Withdrawal Times. J Dairy Sci. 88(3): 908-913.
• 10. Schiffmann A, Schütz M, Wiesner H-U. (1992). False Negative and Positive Results in Testing for Inhibitory Substances in Milk. II: Factors Influencing the Brilliant Black Reduction Test (BRT). Milchwissenschaft. 47:770-772.
• 11. Kantiani L, Farré M, Barceló D. (2009). Analytical Methodologies for the Detection of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Milk and Feed Samples. Trac-Trend Anal Chem. 28(6):729-744.
• 12. Toldrá F, Reig M. (2006). Methods for Rapid Detection of Chemical and Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal Foods. Trends Food Sci Tech. 17(9):482-489.
• 13. Mungroo NA, Neethirajan S. (2014). Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics in Poultry Industry - A Review. Biosensors. 4(4): 472-493.
• 14. Rueda TR. (2015). Evaluation of False Positive Results in Microbial Inhibitor Tests for Screening Antibiotics in Goat Milk. PhD thesis. Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ciencia Animal – Departament de Ciència Animal, p. 32, Valencia. 15. Wolin A, Kosikowski F. (1958). Formation of Bacterial Inhibitory Zones in Whey Agar by Raw Milk. J Dairy Sci. 41(1): 34-40.
• 16. Kosikowski F, O’Leary M. (1963). Natural Inhibitory Characteristics of Some Irish Manufacturing Milks. J Dairy Sci. 46(2): 89-94.
• 17. Egan J, Meaney W. (1984). The Inhibitory Effect of Mastitic Milk and Colostrum on Test Methods Used for Antibiotic Detection. J Food Sci Tech. 8(2): 115-120.
• 18. Carlsson A, Bjorck L. (1987). The Effect of Some Indigenous Antibacterial Factors in Milk on the Growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis. Milchwis-senschaft. 42(5): 282-285.
• 19. Althaus R, Torres A, Peris C et al. (2003). Accuracy of BRT and Delvotest Microbial Inhibition Tests as Affected by Composition of Ewe's Milk. J Food Protect. 66(3): 473-478.
• 20. Beltrán M, Berruga M, Molina A et al. (2015). Performance of Current Microbial Tests for Screening Antibiotics in Sheep and Goat Milk. Int Dairy J. 41: 13-15.
• 21. Contreras A, Paape M, Di Carlo A et al. (1997). Evaluation of Selected Antibiotic Residue Screening Tests for Milk from Individual Goats. J Dairy Sci. 80(11): 1113-1118.
• 22. Andrew S. (2000). Effect of Fat and Protein Content of Milk from Individual Cows on the Specificity Rates of Antibiotic Residue Screening Tests. J Dairy Sci. 83(12): 2992-2997.
• 23. Comunian R, Paba A, Daga E et al. (2011). Evaluation of a Microbial Indicator Test for Antibiotic Detection in Ewe, Goat and Cow Milk. IDF International Symposium on Sheep, Goat and Other non-Cow Milk, 16-18 May, Athens-Greece.
• 24. Reybroeck W, Ooghe S. (2012). FASFC Acceptance Criteria for Microbiological Inhibitor Tests: Fulfillment by New Tests. Proceedings of the EuroResidue VII Conference, 14-16 May, Egmond aan Zee-The Netherlands.
• 25. Feldlaufer M, Knox D, Lusby W et al. (1993). Antimicrobial Activity of Fatty Acids against Bacillus larvae, the Causative Agent of American Foulbrood. Apidologie. 24(2): 95-99.
• 26. Merin U, Rosenthal I, Bernstein S et al. (1985). The Effect of Residues of Detergents and Detergents-Sanitizers on the Performance of Antibiotic Test and the Organoleptic Quality of Milk. Le Lait. 65(649-650): 163-167.
• 27. Žvirdauskienė R, Šalomskienė J. (2007). An Evaluation of Different Microbial and Rapid Tests for Determining Inhibitors in Milk. Food Control. 18(5): 541-547.
• 28. Salomskiene J, Macioniene I, Zvirdauskiene R et al. (2013). Impact of the Residues of Detergents and Disinfectants Used in Dairy Farms on the Results of Inhibitor Tests for Raw Milk. Adv Biosci Biotechnol. 4: 266-272.
• 29. Beltrán MC, Romero T, Nagel OG et al. (2011). Effect of Detergent Residues in Goat’s Milk on the Response of Screening Methods for Antibiotic Detection. IDF International Symposium on Sheep, Goat and other non-Cow Milk, 16-18 May, Athens-Greece.
• 30. Borras M, Berruga MI, Molina A et al. (2011). Effect of Freezing Sheep’s Milk on Microbiological Methods to Detect Antibiotics. IDF International Symposium on Sheep, Goat and other non-Cow Milk, 16-18 May, Athens-Greece.
• 31. Reybroeck W, De Vleeschouwer M, Marchand S et al. (2014). Cyclic Lipodepsipeptides Produced by Pseudomonas spp. Naturally Present in Raw Milk Induce Inhibitory Effects on Microbiological Inhibitor Assays for Antibiotic Residue Screening. PloS one. 9(5): e98266.
• 32. Molina M, Althaus R, Balasch S et al. (2003). Evaluation of Screening Test for Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Ewe Milk. J Dairy Sci. 86(6): 1947-1952.
• 33. Montero A, Althaus R, Molina A et al. (2005). Detection of Antimicrobial Agents by a Specific Microbiological Method (Eclipse100®) for Ewe Milk. Small Ruminant Res. 57(2-3): 229-237.
• 34. Stead S, Ashwin H, Richmond S et al. (2008). Evaluation and Validation According to International Standards of the Delvotest® SP-NT Screening Assay for Antimicrobial Drugs in Milk. Int Dairy J. 18(1): 3-11.