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Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 70 - 77, 30.06.2019

Emre Bahçivan Halis Oğuz

Abstract

İntravenöz lipit emülsiyon (ILE) tedavisi,
dolaşımdaki zehirli maddelerin biyoyararlanım ve toksisitesini azaltmak için
lipit emülsiyonlarının intravenöz infüzyon yoluyla kullanılmasını tanımlar.
Lipit emülsiyonu yağ, emülsifier, tonisite değiştirici madde ve sudan oluşurken
ve bileşiminde yaklaşık %80 su, %20 soya fasulyesi yağı, %2 gliserin ve %1
yumurta sarısı fosfolipidi bulunmaktadır. ILE’nin üretilme amacı öncelikli
olarak yetişkinler, çocuklar ve yeni doğanlar için parenteral beslemedir. Bunun
dışında ILE propofol ve amfoterisin B’de olduğu gibi ilaç taşıyıcısı olarak da
kullanılmaktadır. ILE, lipofilik toksinleri absorbe etme yeteneklerine bağlı
olarak veteriner hekimlikte ve insan hekimliğinde lokal anesteziklerin sistemik
toksisitesinin tedavisinde de antidot olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Lipofilik
ilaçlarla zehirlenmelerin tedavisinde belirgin klinik düzelme, uygulamasının
nispeten kolay olması, düşük maliyet, söz konusu lipit emülsiyonlarının etiket
dışı kullanımının artmasına neden olmuş ve zehirlenmelerin tedavisinde
kullanılabilmesinin yolunu açmıştır. Bu makalede ILE’nin etki mekanizmaları,
endikasyonları, mevcut ticari formülasyonları, dozaj rejimi önerisi ile yan
etkileri hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

İntravenöz lipid emülsiyonu lipofilik ilaçlar zehirlenme

References

  • 1. Weinberg G, Hertz P. (2007). Lipid Emulsions in the Treatment of Systemic Poisoning. Google Patents.
  • 2. Cave G, Harvey MG. (2014). Should We Consider the Infusion of Lipid Emulsion in the Resuscitation of Poisoned Patients. Crit Care. 18(5):457.
  • 3. Fernandez AL, Lee JA, Rahilly L, Hovda L, Brutlag AG, Engebretsen K. (2011). The Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion as an Antidote in Veterinary Toxicology. Vet Emerg Crit Care. 21(4):309-20.
  • 4. Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik MJ. (1998). Pretreatment or Resuscitation with a Lipid Infusion Shifts the Dose-Response to Bupivacaine-Induced Asystole in Rats. Anesthesiology. 88(4):1071-5.
  • 5. Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W. (2003). Lipid Emulsion Infusion Rescues Dogs from Bupivacaine‐Induced Cardiac Toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 28(3):198-202.
  • 6. Waring WS. (2012). Intravenous Lipid Administration for Drug-Induced Toxicity: A Critical Review of the Existing Data. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 5(4):437-44.
  • 7. Turner-Lawrence DE, Kerns W. (2008). Intravenous Fat Emulsion: A Potential Novel Antidote. J Med Toxicol. 4(2):109-14.
  • 8. Felice KL, Schumann HM. (2008). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Local Anesthetic Toxicity: A Review of the Literature. J Med Toxicol. 4(3):184-191.
  • 9. Cave G, Harvey M. (2009). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion as Antidote Beyond Local Anesthetic Toxicity: A Systematic Review. Acad Emerg Med. 16(9):815-824.
  • 10. Robben JH, Dijkman MA. (2016). Lipid Therapy for Intoxications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 47(2):435-440.
  • 11. Fettiplace MR, Weinberg G. (2015). Past, Present, and Future of, Lipid Resuscitation Therapy. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 39(1):72-83.
  • 12. Mirtallo JM, Dasta JF, Kleinschmidt KC, Varon J. (2010). State of the Art Review: Intravenous Fat Emulsions: Current Applications, Safety Profile, and Clinical Implications. Ann Pharmacother. 44(4):688-700.
  • 13. Corman SL, Skledar SJ. (2007). Use of Lipid Emulsion to Reverse Local Anesthetic–Induced Toxicity. Ann Pharmacother. 41(11):1873-1877.
  • 14. Neal JM1, Bernards CM, Butterworth JF 4th, et al. (2010). ASRA Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 35(2):152-161.
  • 15. Rothschild L, Bern S, Oswald S, Weinberg G. (2010). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in Clinical Toxicology. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 18(1):51.
  • 16. Zausig YA, Zink W, Graf BM. (2012). Lipophilicity of Local Anesthetics and Success of Lipid Emulsion Therapy. Crit Care Med. 40(1):359-360.
  • 17. Kaplan A, Whelan M. (2012). The Use of IV Lipid Emulsion for Lipophilic Drug Toxicities. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 48(4):221-227.
  • 18. Crandell DE, Weinberg GL. (2009). Moxidectin Toxicosis in a Puppy Successfully Treated with Intravenous Lipids. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 19(2):181-186.
  • 19. Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, Notebaert E, Sanogo K, Chauny J-M. (2010). Lipid Emulsions in the Treatment of Acute Poisoning: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies. Clin Toxicol. 48(1):1-27.
  • 20. Sirianni AJ, Osterhoudt KC, Calello DP, et al. (2008). Use of Lipid Emulsion in the Resuscitation of a Patient with Prolonged Cardiovascular Collapse After Overdose of Bupropion and Lamotrigine. Ann Emerg Med. 51(4):412-415.
  • 21. Harvey M, Cave G. (2007). Intralipid Outperforms Sodium Bicarbonate in a Rabbit Model of Clomipramine Toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 49(2):178-185.
  • 22. Khorzad R, Lee JA, Whelan M, et al. (2012). Baclofen Toxicosis in Dogs and Cats: 145 Cases (2004–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 241(8):1059-1064.
  • 23. Dean P, Ruddy J, Marshall S. (2010). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in Propanolol Overdose. Anaesthesia. 65(11):1148-50.
  • 24. Stellpflug SJ, Harris CR, Engebretsen KM, Cole JB, Holger JS. (2010). Intentional Overdose with Cardiac Arrest Treated with Intravenous Fat Emulsion and High-Dose Insulin. Clin Toxicol. 48(3):227-9.
  • 25. Peterson ME, Talcott PA. (2013). Small Animal Toxicology: Elsevier Health Sciences, United Satates of America.
  • 26. DeGroot WD. (2014). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Treating Permethrin Toxicosis in a Cat. Can Vet J. 55(1):1253.
  • 27. Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga M, Martínez M. (2009). Use and Abuse of Pyrethrins and Synthetic Pyrethroids in Veterinary Medicine. Vet J. 182(1):7-20.
  • 28. Sutton NM, Bates N, Campbell A. (2007). Clinical Effects and Outcome of Feline Permethrin Spot-on Poisonings Reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS). J Feline Med Surg. 9(4):335-9.
  • 29. Boland LA, Angles JM. (2010). Feline Permethrin Toxicity: Retrospective Study of 42 Cases. J Feline Med Surg. 12(2):61-71.
  • 30. Malik R, Ward MP, Seavers A, et al. (2010). Permethrin Spot-on Intoxication of Cats Literature Review and Survey of Veterinary Practitioners in Australia. J Feline Med Surg. 12(1):5-14.
  • 31. Bucklin MH, Gorodetsky RM, Wiegand TJ. (2013). Prolonged Lipemia and Pancreatitis Due to Extended Infusion of Lipid Emulsion in Bupropion Overdose. Clin Toxicol. 51(9):896-898.
  • 32. Güneysel Ö. (2016). İlaç Zehirlenmelerinde İntravenöz Lipid Tedavisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Turk J Emerg Med. 2(1):26-29.
  • 33. Dunn C, Bird SB, Gaspari R. (2012). Intralipid Fat Emulsion Decreases Respiratory Failure in a Rat Model of Parathion Exposure. Acad Emerg Med. 19(5):504-509.
  • 34. Harvey M, Cave G, Shaw T. (2013). Effect of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion and Octreotide on Enteric Thiopentone Absorption; a Pilot Study. Clin Toxicol. 51(2):117-8.
  • 35. Perichon D, Turfus S, Gerostamoulos D, Graudins A. (2013). An Assessment of the In Vivo Effects of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion on Blood Drug Concentration and Haemodynamics Following Oro-gastric Amitriptyline Overdose. Clin Toxicol. 51(4):208-215.
  • 36. Fettiplace MR, Akpa BS, Ripper R, et al. (2014). Resuscitation with Lipid Emulsion Dose - Dependent Recovery from Cardiac Pharmacotoxicity Requires a Cardiotonic Effect. Anesthesiology. 120(4):915-25.
  • 37. Fettiplace MR, Akpa BS, Rubinstein I, Weinberg G. (2015). Confusion About Infusion: Rational Volume Limits for Intravenous Lipid Emulsion During Treatment of Oral Overdoses. Ann Emerg Med. 66(2):185.
  • 38. Leskiw U, Weinberg GL. (2009). Lipid Resuscitation for Local Anesthetic Toxicity: is it Really Lifesaving. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 22(5):667-671.
  • 39. Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR. (2009). Recurrence of Cardiotoxicity After Lipid Rescue from Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiac Arrest. Anesth Analg. 108(4):1344-1346.
  • 40. Redline RW, Redline SS, Boxerbaum B, Dahms BB. (1985). Systemic Malassezia Furfur Infections in Patients Receiving Intralipid Therapy. Hum Pathol. 16(8):815-822.
  • 41. Weiss S, Schoch P, Cunha B. (1991). Malassezia Furfur Fungemia Associated with Central Venous Catheter Lipid Emulsion Infusion. Heart Lung. 20(1):87-90.
  • 42. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, et al. (2009). Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 33(3):277-316.
  • 43. Driscoll DF. (2006). Lipid İnjectable Emulsions: Pharmacopeial and Safety Issues. Pharm Res. 23(9):1959.
  • 44. Lekka ME, Liokatis S, Nathanail C, Galani V, Nakos G. (2004). The İmpact of İntravenous Fat Emulsion Administration in Acute Lung İnjury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 169(5):638-644.
  • 45. Takifuji K, Tanimura H. (1998). Adverse Effects of Intravenous Fat Emulsion Administration. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 99(3):171-175.
  • 46. MacLaren R, Wachsman BA, Swift DK, Kuhl DA. (1997). Warfarin Resistance Associated with İntravenous Lipid Administration: Discussion of Propofol and Review of the Literature. Pharmacotherapy. 17(6):1331-1337.
  • 47. Heijboer AC, Bouman AA, Blankenstein MA, Roelandse-Koop EA. (2010). Intralipid Causes Falsely İncreased Glucose Concentrations with the Hemocue Glucose Analyzer. Clin Chem Lab Med. 48(5):737-738.
  • 48. Ng D. (2001). Heparin in Hypertriglyceridemia: Friend or Foe. J Lab Clin Med. 138(6):356-358.
  • 49. Gwaltney-Brant S, Meadows I. (2012). Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions for Treating Certain Poisoning Cases in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 42(2):251-262.
  • 50. Niiya T, Litonius E, Petäjä L, Neuvonen PJ, Rosenberg PH. (2010). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Sequesters Amiodarone in Plasma and Eliminates its Hypotensive Action in Pigs. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 56(4):402-408.
  • 51. Winchell WW, Hardy J, Levine DM, Parker TS, Gordon BR, Saal SD. (2002). Effect of Administration of a Phospholipid Emulsion on the Initial Response of Horses Administered Endotoxin. Am J Vet Res. 63(10):1370-1378.
  • 52. Moore J, Norton N, Barton M, et al. (2007). Rapid Infusion of a Phospholipid Emulsion Attenuates the Effects of Endotoxaemia in Horses. Equine Vet J. 39(3):243-248.
  • 53. Bates N, Chatterton J, Robbins C, et al. (2013). Lipid Infusion in the Management of Poisoning: A Report of 6 Canine Cases. Vet Rec Case Rep. 1(1): e101036.

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 70 - 77, 30.06.2019

Emre Bahçivan Halis Oğuz

Abstract

References

  • 1. Weinberg G, Hertz P. (2007). Lipid Emulsions in the Treatment of Systemic Poisoning. Google Patents.
  • 2. Cave G, Harvey MG. (2014). Should We Consider the Infusion of Lipid Emulsion in the Resuscitation of Poisoned Patients. Crit Care. 18(5):457.
  • 3. Fernandez AL, Lee JA, Rahilly L, Hovda L, Brutlag AG, Engebretsen K. (2011). The Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion as an Antidote in Veterinary Toxicology. Vet Emerg Crit Care. 21(4):309-20.
  • 4. Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik MJ. (1998). Pretreatment or Resuscitation with a Lipid Infusion Shifts the Dose-Response to Bupivacaine-Induced Asystole in Rats. Anesthesiology. 88(4):1071-5.
  • 5. Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W. (2003). Lipid Emulsion Infusion Rescues Dogs from Bupivacaine‐Induced Cardiac Toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 28(3):198-202.
  • 6. Waring WS. (2012). Intravenous Lipid Administration for Drug-Induced Toxicity: A Critical Review of the Existing Data. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 5(4):437-44.
  • 7. Turner-Lawrence DE, Kerns W. (2008). Intravenous Fat Emulsion: A Potential Novel Antidote. J Med Toxicol. 4(2):109-14.
  • 8. Felice KL, Schumann HM. (2008). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Local Anesthetic Toxicity: A Review of the Literature. J Med Toxicol. 4(3):184-191.
  • 9. Cave G, Harvey M. (2009). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion as Antidote Beyond Local Anesthetic Toxicity: A Systematic Review. Acad Emerg Med. 16(9):815-824.
  • 10. Robben JH, Dijkman MA. (2016). Lipid Therapy for Intoxications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 47(2):435-440.
  • 11. Fettiplace MR, Weinberg G. (2015). Past, Present, and Future of, Lipid Resuscitation Therapy. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 39(1):72-83.
  • 12. Mirtallo JM, Dasta JF, Kleinschmidt KC, Varon J. (2010). State of the Art Review: Intravenous Fat Emulsions: Current Applications, Safety Profile, and Clinical Implications. Ann Pharmacother. 44(4):688-700.
  • 13. Corman SL, Skledar SJ. (2007). Use of Lipid Emulsion to Reverse Local Anesthetic–Induced Toxicity. Ann Pharmacother. 41(11):1873-1877.
  • 14. Neal JM1, Bernards CM, Butterworth JF 4th, et al. (2010). ASRA Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 35(2):152-161.
  • 15. Rothschild L, Bern S, Oswald S, Weinberg G. (2010). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in Clinical Toxicology. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 18(1):51.
  • 16. Zausig YA, Zink W, Graf BM. (2012). Lipophilicity of Local Anesthetics and Success of Lipid Emulsion Therapy. Crit Care Med. 40(1):359-360.
  • 17. Kaplan A, Whelan M. (2012). The Use of IV Lipid Emulsion for Lipophilic Drug Toxicities. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 48(4):221-227.
  • 18. Crandell DE, Weinberg GL. (2009). Moxidectin Toxicosis in a Puppy Successfully Treated with Intravenous Lipids. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 19(2):181-186.
  • 19. Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, Notebaert E, Sanogo K, Chauny J-M. (2010). Lipid Emulsions in the Treatment of Acute Poisoning: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies. Clin Toxicol. 48(1):1-27.
  • 20. Sirianni AJ, Osterhoudt KC, Calello DP, et al. (2008). Use of Lipid Emulsion in the Resuscitation of a Patient with Prolonged Cardiovascular Collapse After Overdose of Bupropion and Lamotrigine. Ann Emerg Med. 51(4):412-415.
  • 21. Harvey M, Cave G. (2007). Intralipid Outperforms Sodium Bicarbonate in a Rabbit Model of Clomipramine Toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 49(2):178-185.
  • 22. Khorzad R, Lee JA, Whelan M, et al. (2012). Baclofen Toxicosis in Dogs and Cats: 145 Cases (2004–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 241(8):1059-1064.
  • 23. Dean P, Ruddy J, Marshall S. (2010). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in Propanolol Overdose. Anaesthesia. 65(11):1148-50.
  • 24. Stellpflug SJ, Harris CR, Engebretsen KM, Cole JB, Holger JS. (2010). Intentional Overdose with Cardiac Arrest Treated with Intravenous Fat Emulsion and High-Dose Insulin. Clin Toxicol. 48(3):227-9.
  • 25. Peterson ME, Talcott PA. (2013). Small Animal Toxicology: Elsevier Health Sciences, United Satates of America.
  • 26. DeGroot WD. (2014). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Treating Permethrin Toxicosis in a Cat. Can Vet J. 55(1):1253.
  • 27. Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga M, Martínez M. (2009). Use and Abuse of Pyrethrins and Synthetic Pyrethroids in Veterinary Medicine. Vet J. 182(1):7-20.
  • 28. Sutton NM, Bates N, Campbell A. (2007). Clinical Effects and Outcome of Feline Permethrin Spot-on Poisonings Reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS). J Feline Med Surg. 9(4):335-9.
  • 29. Boland LA, Angles JM. (2010). Feline Permethrin Toxicity: Retrospective Study of 42 Cases. J Feline Med Surg. 12(2):61-71.
  • 30. Malik R, Ward MP, Seavers A, et al. (2010). Permethrin Spot-on Intoxication of Cats Literature Review and Survey of Veterinary Practitioners in Australia. J Feline Med Surg. 12(1):5-14.
  • 31. Bucklin MH, Gorodetsky RM, Wiegand TJ. (2013). Prolonged Lipemia and Pancreatitis Due to Extended Infusion of Lipid Emulsion in Bupropion Overdose. Clin Toxicol. 51(9):896-898.
  • 32. Güneysel Ö. (2016). İlaç Zehirlenmelerinde İntravenöz Lipid Tedavisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Turk J Emerg Med. 2(1):26-29.
  • 33. Dunn C, Bird SB, Gaspari R. (2012). Intralipid Fat Emulsion Decreases Respiratory Failure in a Rat Model of Parathion Exposure. Acad Emerg Med. 19(5):504-509.
  • 34. Harvey M, Cave G, Shaw T. (2013). Effect of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion and Octreotide on Enteric Thiopentone Absorption; a Pilot Study. Clin Toxicol. 51(2):117-8.
  • 35. Perichon D, Turfus S, Gerostamoulos D, Graudins A. (2013). An Assessment of the In Vivo Effects of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion on Blood Drug Concentration and Haemodynamics Following Oro-gastric Amitriptyline Overdose. Clin Toxicol. 51(4):208-215.
  • 36. Fettiplace MR, Akpa BS, Ripper R, et al. (2014). Resuscitation with Lipid Emulsion Dose - Dependent Recovery from Cardiac Pharmacotoxicity Requires a Cardiotonic Effect. Anesthesiology. 120(4):915-25.
  • 37. Fettiplace MR, Akpa BS, Rubinstein I, Weinberg G. (2015). Confusion About Infusion: Rational Volume Limits for Intravenous Lipid Emulsion During Treatment of Oral Overdoses. Ann Emerg Med. 66(2):185.
  • 38. Leskiw U, Weinberg GL. (2009). Lipid Resuscitation for Local Anesthetic Toxicity: is it Really Lifesaving. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 22(5):667-671.
  • 39. Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR. (2009). Recurrence of Cardiotoxicity After Lipid Rescue from Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiac Arrest. Anesth Analg. 108(4):1344-1346.
  • 40. Redline RW, Redline SS, Boxerbaum B, Dahms BB. (1985). Systemic Malassezia Furfur Infections in Patients Receiving Intralipid Therapy. Hum Pathol. 16(8):815-822.
  • 41. Weiss S, Schoch P, Cunha B. (1991). Malassezia Furfur Fungemia Associated with Central Venous Catheter Lipid Emulsion Infusion. Heart Lung. 20(1):87-90.
  • 42. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, et al. (2009). Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 33(3):277-316.
  • 43. Driscoll DF. (2006). Lipid İnjectable Emulsions: Pharmacopeial and Safety Issues. Pharm Res. 23(9):1959.
  • 44. Lekka ME, Liokatis S, Nathanail C, Galani V, Nakos G. (2004). The İmpact of İntravenous Fat Emulsion Administration in Acute Lung İnjury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 169(5):638-644.
  • 45. Takifuji K, Tanimura H. (1998). Adverse Effects of Intravenous Fat Emulsion Administration. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 99(3):171-175.
  • 46. MacLaren R, Wachsman BA, Swift DK, Kuhl DA. (1997). Warfarin Resistance Associated with İntravenous Lipid Administration: Discussion of Propofol and Review of the Literature. Pharmacotherapy. 17(6):1331-1337.
  • 47. Heijboer AC, Bouman AA, Blankenstein MA, Roelandse-Koop EA. (2010). Intralipid Causes Falsely İncreased Glucose Concentrations with the Hemocue Glucose Analyzer. Clin Chem Lab Med. 48(5):737-738.
  • 48. Ng D. (2001). Heparin in Hypertriglyceridemia: Friend or Foe. J Lab Clin Med. 138(6):356-358.
  • 49. Gwaltney-Brant S, Meadows I. (2012). Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions for Treating Certain Poisoning Cases in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 42(2):251-262.
  • 50. Niiya T, Litonius E, Petäjä L, Neuvonen PJ, Rosenberg PH. (2010). Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Sequesters Amiodarone in Plasma and Eliminates its Hypotensive Action in Pigs. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 56(4):402-408.
  • 51. Winchell WW, Hardy J, Levine DM, Parker TS, Gordon BR, Saal SD. (2002). Effect of Administration of a Phospholipid Emulsion on the Initial Response of Horses Administered Endotoxin. Am J Vet Res. 63(10):1370-1378.
  • 52. Moore J, Norton N, Barton M, et al. (2007). Rapid Infusion of a Phospholipid Emulsion Attenuates the Effects of Endotoxaemia in Horses. Equine Vet J. 39(3):243-248.
  • 53. Bates N, Chatterton J, Robbins C, et al. (2013). Lipid Infusion in the Management of Poisoning: A Report of 6 Canine Cases. Vet Rec Case Rep. 1(1): e101036.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Emre Bahçivan This is me

Halis Oğuz

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Acceptance Date January 24, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bahçivan, E., & Oğuz, H. (2019). Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 70-77.
AMA Bahçivan E, Oğuz H. Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. June 2019;12(1):70-77.
Chicago Bahçivan, Emre, and Halis Oğuz. “Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi”. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 12, no. 1 (June 2019): 70-77.
EndNote Bahçivan E, Oğuz H (June 1, 2019) Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 12 1 70–77.
IEEE E. Bahçivan and H. Oğuz, “Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi”, Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 70–77, 2019.
ISNAD Bahçivan, Emre - Oğuz, Halis. “Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi”. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 12/1 (June 2019), 70-77.
JAMA Bahçivan E, Oğuz H. Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2019;12:70–77.
MLA Bahçivan, Emre and Halis Oğuz. “Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi”. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, 2019, pp. 70-77.
Vancouver Bahçivan E, Oğuz H. Zehirlenmelerde İntravenöz Lipit Emülsiyonu Tedavisi. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2019;12(1):70-7.