Use of Toxic and Allergen Plants in Landscape Arrangements of Urban Historical Areas: The Case of Çeşme Castle (İzmir)

Year 2024, , 454 - 467, 30.06.2024

Necmettin Gür , Özgür Kahraman

https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1449776

Abstract

Urban historical areas and buildings are structures that provide important information, culture and tradition transfer from the past to the present. These places are both an effective tourism area and a part of urban life. In addition to the aesthetic, ecological and functional benefits of the plants to be used in urban historical areas, their allergenic and toxic effects should be paid attention. Exposure to plants with toxic effects may cause mild or serious adverse effects on human health. The study was carried out to identify toxic and allergenic plants in the historical area of Çeşme Castle and to make evaluations about the area. Plants were examined on site in the study area and photographs were taken. According to the literature, the allergenic effects, toxic status, toxic parts and active ingredient of the plant species were determined. The data obtained were analysed and as a result of the analyses; 30 plant species, 29 genera and 22 families were identified in the area. Toxic plant species ratio in the area was 53.33 % and allergenic plant species ratio was 36.66 %. According to their forms, toxic plant species ratio was 37.5 % and allergenic plant species ratio was 81.81 %, with the highest proportion found in tree form plant species. Among the identified plants, 5 species have both toxic and allergenic effects. Recommendations have been made regarding the use of poisonous and allergenic plants in the field. Recommendations was made regarding the use of toxic and allergenic plants in the area.

Keywords

Allergen plants, plant design, Çeşme Castle, historical areas, toxic plants

Kentsel Tarihi Alanların Peyzaj Düzenlemelerinde Zehirli ve Alerjen Bitki Kullanımları: Çeşme Kalesi (İzmir) Örneği

Abstract

Kentsel tarihi alanlar ve yapılar geçmişten günümüze önemli bilgi, kültür ve gelenek aktarımı sağlayan yapılardır. Bu yerler hem etkili birer turizm alanı hem de kent yaşamının bir parçasıdır. Kentsel tarihi alanlarda kullanılacak bitkilerin estetik, ekolojik ve fonksiyonel faydalarının yanında sahip oldukları alerjen ve zehirli etkilerine de dikkat edilmelidir. Zehirli etkiye sahip bitkilere maruz kalmak insan sağlığında hafif ya da ciddi olumsuz etkilere neden olabilir. Çalışma Çeşme Kalesi tarihi alanında bulunan zehirli ve alerjen bitkileri belirlemek ve alanla ilgili değerlendirmeler yapmak için gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bitkiler çalışma alanında yerinde incelenmiş ve fotoğrafları çekilmiş. Literatüre göre bitki türlerinin alerjen etkisi, zehir durumları, zehirli kısımları ve zehirli maddeleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiş ve analizler sonucunda; alanda 30 bitki türü, 29 cins ve 22 familya tespit edilmiştir. Alandaki zehirli bitki tür oranı % 53.33, alerjenik bitki tür oranı % 36.66 belirlenmiştir. Formlarına göre zehirli bitki tür oranı % 37.5, alerjenik bitki tür oranı % 81.81 ile en çok ağaç formlu bitki türlerinde saptanmıştır. Tespit edilen bitkilerden 5 tür hem zehirli hem de alerjenik etkiye sahiptir. Alanda zehirli ve alerjen bitki kullanımları ile ilgili öneriler yapılmıştır.

Keywords

Alerjen bitkiler, bitkisel tasarım, Çeşme Kalesi, tarihi alanlar, zehirli bitkiler

References

• Altan Erol, C. (2021). Evaluation of Enez city center and castle in terms of cultural landscape. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Education, Işık University, İstanbul.
• Aplin, T. E. (1976). Poisonous garden plants and other plants harmful to man in Australia. Western Australia: Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development.
• Atasoy, N. (2012). Research on poisonous ornamental plants used in indoor buildings. PhD Thesis, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Marmara University, İstanbul.
• Aydın, N. (2010). Investigation of calcium oxalate crystals in the leaves and stems of some poisonous plants grown in Edirne. Master's Thesis, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne.
• Baytop, T. (1989). Toxic plants, plant poisoning and treatment methods in Turkey.İstanbul University Press. Bogenç, Ç., & Bekci, B. (2020). The interaction of landscape values and tourism in Artvin Borçka district. Saffron Journal of Culture and Tourism Research, 3(2), 171-181.
• Çelik, B. H. & Zencirkıran, M. (2021). A research on toxicological properties of Bursa City Parks’s design plants. Bartın Faculty of Forestry Journal, 23(2), 446-464. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.942374.
• District Governor of Çesme (2023). Çeşme Castle. Access address: http://www.cesme.gov.tr/cesme-kalesi. Date of Access: 21.04.2023.
• Çorbacı, Ö. L., & Ekren, E. (2021). A research on toxic plants used in urban open green areas: The case of the city of Rize. Bartın Faculty of Forestry Journal, 23(3), 824-836. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.954295. D'amato, G., & Spieksma, F. T. M. (1991). Allergenic pollen in Europe. Grana, 30(1), 67-70.
• D'amato, G. (1998). Pollen allergy in the Mediterranean area. Revue francaise d'allergologie et d'immunologie clinique, 38(7), 160-162.
• Fančovičová, J., & Prokop, P. (2011). Children’s ability to recognise toxic and non-toxic fruits. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 7(2), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/75186.
• Green, B. J., Levetin, E., Horner, W. E., Codina, R., Barnes, C. S., & Filley, W. V. (2018). Landscape plant selection criteria for the allergic patient. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 6(6), 1869-1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.020.
• Google Earth Pro. (2023). Çeşme Castle. Access address: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Musalla,+%c3%87e%c5%9fme+Kalesi,+1015.+Sokak,+%c3%87e%c5%9fme%2f%c4%b0zmir/@38.3238281,26.3029163,8.70948304a,807.46498947d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CigiJgokCfZttR9hLUNAEbvfB2hiJkNAGWbsj7DP1jpAIdorQ_fgsDpA. Date of Access: 21.04.2023.
• Gür, N. (1997). Allergic pollens of Elazığ air. PhD Thesis, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Fırat University, Elazığ.
• Gür, N., & Erduran Nemutlu, F. (2021). The use of vertical gardens in historical areas: the example of Hasan Mezsuf Martyrdom in Çanakkale. Bartın Faculty of Forestry Journal, 23(3), 792-807. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.975280.
• Gür, N., & Kahraman, Ö. (2022). The role of plant design in the landscape ergonomics of thermal tourism areas: The case of Eynal Thermal Springs, Simav-Kütahya. International Journal of Landscape Architecture Research (IJLAR), 6(2), 1-12.
• Hatipoğlu, İ. H., & Ekren, E. (2022). Evaluation of plant material used in urban open green areas: The case of Haliliye district of Şanlıurfa province. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 23(4), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1122255.
• Hong, C. S. (2015). Pollen allergy plants in Korea. Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease, 3(4), 239-254. https://doi.org/10.4168/aard.2015.3.4.239.
• Irian, S., Majd, A., Hoseinizadeh, A., & Jonubi, P. (2013). A comparative study on the allergenicity, structure, and ultrastructure of two Acacia pollen grains in guinea pigs. Aerobiologia, 29(3), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-012-9283-x.
• Jianan, X., Zhiyun, O., Hua, Z., Xiaoke, W., & Hong, M. (2007). Allergenic pollen plants and their influential factors in urban areas. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(9), 3820-3827. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2032(07)60082-1.
• Johnson, A., & Johnson, S. (2006). Garden plants poisonous to people. In prime facts (p. 1-12). Orange: NSW Department of Primary Industries.
• Koçaslan, G. (2010). The place and importance of Turkey's wind energy potential within the framework of sustainable development goal. Journal of Social Sciences, (1), 53-61.
• Kušen, M., Stura, L., Purgar, D. D., Poje, M., & Židovec, V. (2022). Toxic and allergenic plant species in primary school yards of Zagreb’s Lower Town district. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae, 25(1), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2022-0013.
• Lorenzoni-Chiesura, F., Giorato, M., & Marcer, G. (2000). Allergy to pollen of urban cultivated plants. Aerobiologia, 16(2), 313-316. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007652602113.
• Mahonski, S., Furlano, E., & Chiang, W. (2022). Validation of a plant identification application using digital images of toxic plants. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 18(2), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-022-00877-4.
• Mrđan, S., Ljubojević, M., Orlović, S., Čukanović, J., & Dulić, J. (2017). Poisonous and allergenic plant species in preschools and primary school’s yards in the city of Novi Sad. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 25, 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.007.
• Nelson, L. S., Shih, R. D., Balick, M. J., & Lampe, K. F. (2007). Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. Berlin: Spinger. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33817-0.
• Öksüz, Z. T., & Koçan, N. (2021). Çanakkale Hamidiye Bastions landscape design project. Journal of Art and Design Research, 3(4), 145-153.
• Öztürker, H. C. (2011). Castles in Izmir province (Byzantine and Turkish Periods). Master's Thesis, Institute of Social Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz March University, Çanakkale.
• Sağlam, H. S. (2021). A methodological approach to the "Genoese" Period of Çesme Castle's UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List interest. Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research, 11(3), 551-568.
• Seçmen, Ö., & Leblebici, E. (1987). Poisonous plants of our country. İzmir: Ege University Press.
• Tutuş, L. (2022). Determination of atmospheric pollen of Orhangazi (Bursa) district. Master's Thesis, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa.
• Wikipedia (2023a). İzmir. Access address: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir. Date of Access: 21.04.2023.
• Wikipedia (2023b). Çeşme. Access address: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C5%9Fme,_%C4%B0zmir. Date of Access: 21.04.2023.
• Zencirkıran, M., Çelik, B. H., Müdük, B., Görür, A., Çetiner, S., Eraslan, E., & Tanrıverdi, D. (2018). Evaluation of indoor design plants in terms of toxic properties for users. Bartın Faculty of Forestry Journal, 20(1), 26-31.