Designing Deflection Dam as a Snow Control Measure at Trabzon Araklı-Kayaiçi Village
Abstract
In the Kayaiçi Village (Trabzon-Turkey), snow avalanches occur almost every year. According to interviews with local villagers, two known oldest and biggest snow avalanches occurred in 1890s and in 1993 causing damages of buildings located in the village. There are two release zones (coded as 1 and 2) of snow avalanche within the Kayaiçi Village. In order to define actual avalanche problem, to suggest and to design technical avalanche defense structures for minimization of avalanche risk in the area, field works and office works were made. For the determination of hazard zones and calculation of the avalanche dynamics such as maximum velocity, flow height, and impact pressure, 2-dimensional snow avalanche simulations were made for the scenarios of 100 year recurrent period for each release zone. On the basis of field works and simulation results, for the avalanche could be released from 1 coded release zone, a deflecting dam (wall) with height of 5.15 m and length of 90 m was suggested. In addition, evaluation of residual risk was made by hazard zoning for both actual situation and also after construction of deflecting dam.
Keywords
Avalanche control,Avalanche simulation,Hazard zoning,Deflecting dam
References
- Aydın, A., Bühler, Y., Christen, M., Gürer, İ. 2014. Avalanche situation in Turkey and back-calculation of selected events, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14(5), 1145-1154.
- Campbell, C., Bakermans, L., Jamieson, B., Stethem, C. 2008. Avalanche threats and mitigation measures in Canada. Proceedings, 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada, 836-844.
- Gökçe, O., Özden, Ş., Demir, A. 2008. Türkiye’de afetlerin mekansal ve istatistiksel dağılımı afet bilgileri envanteri. Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- Gürer, İ. 2002. Türkiye’de yerleşim yerlerine yönelik kar ve çığ problemleri. Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 420-421-422/2002/4-5-6: 147-154.
- IRASMOS (Integral Risk Management of Extremely Rapid Mass Movements), 2008. Specific targeted research project, Work package 2: Countermeasures. Project no. 018412.
- Johannesson, T., Gauer, P., Issler, P., Lied, K. 2009. The design of avalanche protection dams, recent practical and theoretical developments, European Commission (EC), Directorate General for Research, Brussels, Belgium.
- Koçyiğit, Ö. 1997. Hydraulic Design of Avalanche Barriers. MSc. Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara.
- Margreth, S. 2007. Defense structures in avalanche starting zones. Technical guideline as an aid to enforcement. Environment in Practice no. 0704. Federal Office for the Environment, Bern; WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos. 134 pp.
- Margreth, S., Mattice, T. 2012. Re-evaluation of Avalanche Mitigation Measures for Juneau. Proceedings, 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska, 150-156.