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Kent parklarında bitki örtüsü ve tozlayıcı etkileşiminin değerlendirilmesi: Barış mahallesi, Bursa örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 358 - 375, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1566999

Abstract

Bu çalışmada kent parklarında bitki örtüsü ve tozlayıcı etkileşiminin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Bursa kentinde yer alan Menekşe, Dalyan ve Ilgın parklarında yürütülmüş olup bu parklardaki bitki ve tozlayıcılar arasındaki etkileşim RStudio 4.2.3 (R Core Team, 2023) yazılımında gerçekleştirilen Ekolojik Ağ, Kümeleme, Temel Bileşenler analizleriyle belirlenmiştir. Bulgular parkların tozlayıcılara yaşam alanı sağladığını bununla birlikte bitki tür çeşitliliği ve sayısına bağlı olarak tozlayıcı bolluğu ve çeşitliliğinin düşük düzeyde olduğunu göstermiştir. Parklarda, çiçek sinekleri familyasına (Syrphidae) dahil türler, arı türleri arasında Avrupa bal arısı (Apis mellifera) ve kelebek türlerinden Küçük beyaz melek kelebeği (Pieris rapae) en bol bulunan tozlayıcı türler olarak tespit edilmiştir. Tibet Dağ Muşmulası (Cotenaster franchetti Bois), Alev Çalısı (Photinia × fraseri Dress), Gaura (Oenothera lindheimeri (Engelm. & A. Gray) W. L.Wagner & Hoch), Lavanta (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) ve Tüylü Kartopu (Viburnum tinus L.) ise tozlayıcılar tarafından en çok ziyaret edilen bitki türleridir. Tozlayıcıların tercih ettiği bitkilerin çiçek renklerinin ise çoğunlukla beyaz ve mor olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına dayanarak, kent parklarında biyoçeşitliliği artırmak ve tozlayıcı türleri korumak için çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu öneriler arasında, doğal çayır bitkilerinin kullanılması, farklı yüksekliklerde bitkilerle katmanlı bitkilendirme yapılması ve bitki seçerken sadece çiçeklerin şekli ve rengi değil, aynı zamanda yılın farklı zamanlarında tozlayıcılara sürekli besin sağlamak için bitkilerin çiçeklenme dönemlerinin birbirini takip etmesi dikkate alınmalıdır.

References

  • Baldock, K. C., Goddard, M. A., Hicks, D. M., Kunin, W. E., Mitschunas, N., Osgathorpe, L. M., Potts, S. G., Robertson, K. M., Scott, A. V., Stone, G. N., Vaughan, I. P., Memmott J. (2015). Where is the UK’s pollinator biodiversity? The importance of urban areas for flower-visiting insects. Proc. R. Soc. B, 282(1803): 20142849.
  • Baldock, K. C., Goddard, M. A., Hicks, D. M., Kunin, W. E., Mitschunas, N., Morse, H., Osgathorpe, L. M., Potts, S. G., Robertson, K. M., Scott, A. V., Staniczenko, P., Stone, G. N., Vaughan, I. P., Memmott, J. (2019). A systems approach reveals urban pollinator hotspots and conservation opportunities. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3(3): 363-373.
  • Banaszak-Cibicka, W., Twerd, L., Fliszkiewicz, M., Giejdasz, K., Langowska, A. (2018). City parks vs. natural areas - is it possible to preserve a natural level of bee richness and abundance in a city park ? Urban Ecosystems, 21(5): 599-613.
  • Bellamy, C. C., van der Jagt, A. P. N., Barbour, S., Smith, M., Moseley, D. (2017). A spatial framework for targeting urban planning for pollinators and people with local stakeholders: A route to healthy, blossoming communities ? Environmental Research, 158: 255-268.
  • Coşkun Hepcan Ç., Özeren Alkan, M. (2017). Quantifying the Biodiversity of Ege University Rectorship Garden. The Problems of Landscape Ecology, 44: 89-98.
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2019). Kentlerde İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadele İçin Yeşil Altyapı Çözümler. İklim Değişikliği Eğitim Modüller Serisi 12, Ankara.
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2022). Doğa Temelli Çözümler ve Kentsel Dirençlilik. Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1(2): 19-40.
  • Csárdi, G., Nepusz, T., Traag, V., Horvát, S., Zanini, F., Noom, D., Müller, K. (2023). igraph: Network Analysis and Visualization in R, Zenodo. Erişim Adresi: https://CRAN. R-project. org/package= igraph. Erişim Tarihi:30.03.2023.
  • Daniels, B., Jedamski, J., Ottermanns, R., Ross-Nickoll, M. (2020). A “plan bee” for cities: Pollinator diversity and plant-pollinator interactions in urban green spaces. PLoS ONE, 15(7): e0235492.
  • Deveci, M., Cınbırtoğlu, Ş., Demirkol, G. (2015). İlkbahar dönemi bitkileri ve arıcılıkta polen kaynağı bakımından önemi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 4(1): 1‐12.
  • Dormann, C. F., Gruber, B., Fründ, J. (2008). Introducing the bipartite package: analyzing ecological networks. R News, 8(2): 8-11.
  • Dylewski, Ł., Maćkowiak, Ł., Banaszak-Cibicka, W. (2019). Are all urban green spaces a favourable habitat for pollinator communities? Bees, butterflies and hoverflies in different urban green areas. Ecological Entomology, 44(5): 678-689.
  • Dylewski, Ł., Maćkowiak, Ł., Banaszak-Cibicka, W. (2020). Linking pollinators and city flora: how vegetation composition and environmental features shapes pollinators composition in urban environment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 56: 126795.
  • Ebeling, A., Klein, A. M., Schumacher, J., Weisser, W. W., Tscharntke, T. (2008). How does plant richness affect pollinator richness and temporal stability of flower visits? Oikos, 117(12): 1808-1815.
  • Kassambara, A., Mundt, F. (2020). Factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses, R Package Version 1.0.7.
  • Kassambara, A., Patil, I. (2023). Visualization of a Correlation Matrix using ‘ggplot2’ in R.
  • Kuhn, M., Jackson, S., Cimentada, J. (2022). corrr: Correlations in R.
  • Lerman, S. B., Contosta, A. R., Milam, J., Bang, C. (2018). To mow or to mow less: Lawn mowing frequency affects bee abundance and diversity in suburban yards. Biological Conservation, 221: 160-174.
  • Lowenstein, D. M., Matteson, K. C., Minor, E. S. (2015). Diversity of wild bees supports pollination services in an urbanized landscape. Oecologia, 179(3): 811-821.
  • Lowenstein, D. M., Matteson, K. C., Minor, E. S. (2018). Evaluating the dependence of urban pollinators on ornamental, non-native, and ‘weedy’ floral resources. Urban Ecosystems, 22(1): 293-302.
  • Lê, S., Josse, J., Husson, F. (2008). FactoMineR: A Package for Multivariate Analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 25(1): 1-18.
  • Mach, B. M., Potter, D. A. (2018). Quantifying bee assemblages and attractiveness of flowering woody landscape plants for urban pollinator conservation. PLoS ONE, 13(12): 1-18.
  • Marín, L., Esther Martínez-Sánchez, M., Sagot, P., Navarrete, D., Morales, H. (2020). Floral visitors in urban gardens and natural areas: Diversity and interaction networks in a neotropical urban landscape. Basic and Applied Ecology, 43: 3-15.
  • Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O'Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., Szoecs, E., Wagner, H., Barbour, M., Bedward, M., Bolker, B., Borcard, D., Carvalho, G., Chirico, M., De Caceres, M., Durand, S., Evangelista, H., FitzJohn, R., Friendly, M., Furneaux, B., Hannigan, G., Hill, M., Lahti, L., McGlinn, D., Ouellette, M., Ribeiro Cunha, E., Smith, T., Stier, A., Ter Braak, C., Weedon, J. (2023). vegan: Community Ecology Package, R package version 2.6-5. Erişim Adresi: https://github.com/vegandevs/vegan. Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023.
  • Özdemir, A., Ulus, A. (2018). Kent ekolojisinde farklı bir yaklaşım: Tozlaşma bahçeleri. Inonu University Journal of Art and Design, 8(18): 17-28.
  • R Core Team, (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Sarı, D. (2021). Kent parklarında kullanılan bazı odunsu süs bitkilerinin polinasyon değerleri bakımından irdelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 5(2): 562-577.
  • Short, J., Florida, T. (2008). The effect of reward and color pattern on butterfly foraging in Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). Tropical Ecology and Conservation (Monteverde Institute), 21.
  • Sikora, A., Michołap, P., Sikora, M. (2020). What kind of flowering plants are attractive for bumblebees in urban green areas ? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 48(1803): 126546.
  • Tam, K. C., Bonebrake, T. C. (2016). Butterfly diversity, habitat and vegetation usage in Hong Kong urban parks. Urban ecosystems, 19(2): 721-733.
  • Yang, F., Ignatieva, M., Wissman, J., Ahrné, K., Zhang, S., Zhu, S. (2019). Relationships between multi-scale factors, plant and pollinator diversity, and composition of park lawns and other herbaceous vegetation in a fast growing megacity of China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 185: 117-126.
  • Wei, T., Simko, V. (2021). corrplot: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix, R package version 0.92. Erişim Adresi: https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot. Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023.
  • Wickham H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 2nd ed. Springer.
  • Wickham, H., Pedersen, T., Seidel, D. (2023). scales: Scale Functions for Visualization, R package version 1.3.0. Erişim Adresi: https://github.com/r-lib/scales. Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023.
  • Xiao, N. (2023). ggsci: Scientific Journal and Sci-Fi Themed Color Palettes for ‘ggplot2’.

The evaluation of the plant-pollinator interaction in urban parks: the case study of Bursa, Barış neighborhood

Year 2025, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 358 - 375, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1566999

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between plants and pollinators in urban parks. The research was conducted in Menekşe, Dalyan, and Ilgın parks, located in the city of Bursa, and the interaction between plants and pollinators in these parks was determined using Ecological Network, Cluster, and Principal Component analyses performed in RStudio 4.2.3 (R Core Team, 2023). The findings showed that while the parks provide habitats for pollinators, pollinator abundance and diversity were low, depending on the diversity and number of plant species. In the parks, species belonging to the hoverfly family (Syrphidae), the European honeybee (Apis mellifera) among bee species, and the Small white butterfly (Pieris rapae) among butterfly species have been identified as the most abundant pollinator species. The plant species most frequently visited by pollinators were Franchet’s Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster franchetii Bois), Red Tip Photinia (Photinia × fraseri Dress), Gaura (Oenothera lindheimeri (Engelm. & A. Gray) W. L.Wagner & Hoch), Lavender (Lavandula officinalis Chaix), and Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus L.). It was found that the flower colors of the plants preferred by pollinators were predominantly white and purple. Based on the research findings, several recommendations have been proposed to enhance biodiversity and conserve pollinator species in urban parks. These recommendations include the use of native meadow plant species, the implementation of layered vegetation with plants of varying heights, and the consideration of not only flower shape and color but also the sequential blooming periods of plants to ensure a continuous food supply for pollinators throughout different times of the year.

References

  • Baldock, K. C., Goddard, M. A., Hicks, D. M., Kunin, W. E., Mitschunas, N., Osgathorpe, L. M., Potts, S. G., Robertson, K. M., Scott, A. V., Stone, G. N., Vaughan, I. P., Memmott J. (2015). Where is the UK’s pollinator biodiversity? The importance of urban areas for flower-visiting insects. Proc. R. Soc. B, 282(1803): 20142849.
  • Baldock, K. C., Goddard, M. A., Hicks, D. M., Kunin, W. E., Mitschunas, N., Morse, H., Osgathorpe, L. M., Potts, S. G., Robertson, K. M., Scott, A. V., Staniczenko, P., Stone, G. N., Vaughan, I. P., Memmott, J. (2019). A systems approach reveals urban pollinator hotspots and conservation opportunities. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3(3): 363-373.
  • Banaszak-Cibicka, W., Twerd, L., Fliszkiewicz, M., Giejdasz, K., Langowska, A. (2018). City parks vs. natural areas - is it possible to preserve a natural level of bee richness and abundance in a city park ? Urban Ecosystems, 21(5): 599-613.
  • Bellamy, C. C., van der Jagt, A. P. N., Barbour, S., Smith, M., Moseley, D. (2017). A spatial framework for targeting urban planning for pollinators and people with local stakeholders: A route to healthy, blossoming communities ? Environmental Research, 158: 255-268.
  • Coşkun Hepcan Ç., Özeren Alkan, M. (2017). Quantifying the Biodiversity of Ege University Rectorship Garden. The Problems of Landscape Ecology, 44: 89-98.
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2019). Kentlerde İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadele İçin Yeşil Altyapı Çözümler. İklim Değişikliği Eğitim Modüller Serisi 12, Ankara.
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2022). Doğa Temelli Çözümler ve Kentsel Dirençlilik. Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1(2): 19-40.
  • Csárdi, G., Nepusz, T., Traag, V., Horvát, S., Zanini, F., Noom, D., Müller, K. (2023). igraph: Network Analysis and Visualization in R, Zenodo. Erişim Adresi: https://CRAN. R-project. org/package= igraph. Erişim Tarihi:30.03.2023.
  • Daniels, B., Jedamski, J., Ottermanns, R., Ross-Nickoll, M. (2020). A “plan bee” for cities: Pollinator diversity and plant-pollinator interactions in urban green spaces. PLoS ONE, 15(7): e0235492.
  • Deveci, M., Cınbırtoğlu, Ş., Demirkol, G. (2015). İlkbahar dönemi bitkileri ve arıcılıkta polen kaynağı bakımından önemi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 4(1): 1‐12.
  • Dormann, C. F., Gruber, B., Fründ, J. (2008). Introducing the bipartite package: analyzing ecological networks. R News, 8(2): 8-11.
  • Dylewski, Ł., Maćkowiak, Ł., Banaszak-Cibicka, W. (2019). Are all urban green spaces a favourable habitat for pollinator communities? Bees, butterflies and hoverflies in different urban green areas. Ecological Entomology, 44(5): 678-689.
  • Dylewski, Ł., Maćkowiak, Ł., Banaszak-Cibicka, W. (2020). Linking pollinators and city flora: how vegetation composition and environmental features shapes pollinators composition in urban environment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 56: 126795.
  • Ebeling, A., Klein, A. M., Schumacher, J., Weisser, W. W., Tscharntke, T. (2008). How does plant richness affect pollinator richness and temporal stability of flower visits? Oikos, 117(12): 1808-1815.
  • Kassambara, A., Mundt, F. (2020). Factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses, R Package Version 1.0.7.
  • Kassambara, A., Patil, I. (2023). Visualization of a Correlation Matrix using ‘ggplot2’ in R.
  • Kuhn, M., Jackson, S., Cimentada, J. (2022). corrr: Correlations in R.
  • Lerman, S. B., Contosta, A. R., Milam, J., Bang, C. (2018). To mow or to mow less: Lawn mowing frequency affects bee abundance and diversity in suburban yards. Biological Conservation, 221: 160-174.
  • Lowenstein, D. M., Matteson, K. C., Minor, E. S. (2015). Diversity of wild bees supports pollination services in an urbanized landscape. Oecologia, 179(3): 811-821.
  • Lowenstein, D. M., Matteson, K. C., Minor, E. S. (2018). Evaluating the dependence of urban pollinators on ornamental, non-native, and ‘weedy’ floral resources. Urban Ecosystems, 22(1): 293-302.
  • Lê, S., Josse, J., Husson, F. (2008). FactoMineR: A Package for Multivariate Analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 25(1): 1-18.
  • Mach, B. M., Potter, D. A. (2018). Quantifying bee assemblages and attractiveness of flowering woody landscape plants for urban pollinator conservation. PLoS ONE, 13(12): 1-18.
  • Marín, L., Esther Martínez-Sánchez, M., Sagot, P., Navarrete, D., Morales, H. (2020). Floral visitors in urban gardens and natural areas: Diversity and interaction networks in a neotropical urban landscape. Basic and Applied Ecology, 43: 3-15.
  • Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O'Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., Szoecs, E., Wagner, H., Barbour, M., Bedward, M., Bolker, B., Borcard, D., Carvalho, G., Chirico, M., De Caceres, M., Durand, S., Evangelista, H., FitzJohn, R., Friendly, M., Furneaux, B., Hannigan, G., Hill, M., Lahti, L., McGlinn, D., Ouellette, M., Ribeiro Cunha, E., Smith, T., Stier, A., Ter Braak, C., Weedon, J. (2023). vegan: Community Ecology Package, R package version 2.6-5. Erişim Adresi: https://github.com/vegandevs/vegan. Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023.
  • Özdemir, A., Ulus, A. (2018). Kent ekolojisinde farklı bir yaklaşım: Tozlaşma bahçeleri. Inonu University Journal of Art and Design, 8(18): 17-28.
  • R Core Team, (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Sarı, D. (2021). Kent parklarında kullanılan bazı odunsu süs bitkilerinin polinasyon değerleri bakımından irdelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 5(2): 562-577.
  • Short, J., Florida, T. (2008). The effect of reward and color pattern on butterfly foraging in Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). Tropical Ecology and Conservation (Monteverde Institute), 21.
  • Sikora, A., Michołap, P., Sikora, M. (2020). What kind of flowering plants are attractive for bumblebees in urban green areas ? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 48(1803): 126546.
  • Tam, K. C., Bonebrake, T. C. (2016). Butterfly diversity, habitat and vegetation usage in Hong Kong urban parks. Urban ecosystems, 19(2): 721-733.
  • Yang, F., Ignatieva, M., Wissman, J., Ahrné, K., Zhang, S., Zhu, S. (2019). Relationships between multi-scale factors, plant and pollinator diversity, and composition of park lawns and other herbaceous vegetation in a fast growing megacity of China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 185: 117-126.
  • Wei, T., Simko, V. (2021). corrplot: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix, R package version 0.92. Erişim Adresi: https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot. Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023.
  • Wickham H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 2nd ed. Springer.
  • Wickham, H., Pedersen, T., Seidel, D. (2023). scales: Scale Functions for Visualization, R package version 1.3.0. Erişim Adresi: https://github.com/r-lib/scales. Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023.
  • Xiao, N. (2023). ggsci: Scientific Journal and Sci-Fi Themed Color Palettes for ‘ggplot2’.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Landscape Planning, Landscape Design
Journal Section Düzce University Faculty of Forestry Journal of Forestry 21(1)
Authors

Betül Süeltürk 0000-0003-0544-8181

Çiğdem Coşkun Hepcan This is me

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date October 16, 2024
Acceptance Date March 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Süeltürk, B., & Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2025). Kent parklarında bitki örtüsü ve tozlayıcı etkileşiminin değerlendirilmesi: Barış mahallesi, Bursa örneği. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 21(1), 358-375. https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1566999

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