Mindfulness in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the factors associated with mindfulness in treatment-naive adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Material and Methods: Thirty treatment-naive adolescents with ADHD aged between 13-18 and age-gender matched 30 healthy adolescents were included in the study. Diagnoses and comorbidities were determined through clinical examination based on DSM 5 and the Interview Schedule for “Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children- Present and Lifetime Version (Kiddie-SADS-PL)”, and cases with exclusion criteria were excluded from the study. “Conners ADHD Parent Rating Scale-revised short form- CPRS-RS” was used to evaluate ADHD symptoms, “Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale- STAI” to evaluate anxiety symptoms, “Child Depression Inventory- CDI” to evaluate depressive symptoms and “Mindful Attention Awareness Scale- MAAS” to evaluate mindfulness. In statistical evaluation, “independent samples t test” and “Mann- Whitney U” test were used according to conformity to normal distribution. “Spearman correlation analysis” was used for correlation analysis. Results: CPRS, STAI and CDI scale scores were found to be statistically significantly higher (p<0.001) and MAAS total scores were found to be statistically significantly lower (p<0.001) in ADHD group compared to control group. In addition, it was determined that MAAS total scores showed statistically significant, negative and moderate effect size correlations with the scores of CPRS, STAI and CDI scales in ADHD group. Conclusion: Mindfulness levels were found to be lower in ADHD group compared to control group. Additionally, ADHD, anxiety and depression symptoms showed negative correlations with mindfulness levels in adolescents with ADHD. This result suggests that the effects of mindfulness-based approaches are worth investigating with further studies in terms of ADHD symptoms and frequently comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents.

Keywords

• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• mindfulness
• adolescents

Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Olan Ergenlerde Bilinçli Farkındalık

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı tedavi almamış Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB) tanılı ergenlerde bilinçli farkındalıkla ilişkili faktörlerin incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: 13-18 yaş arasındaki, DEHB tanısı alan ve tedavi almamış olan 30 ergen ve yaş- cinsiyet açısından eşleştirilmiş sağlıklı 30 ergen çalışmaya alınmıştır. Klinik muayene ve “Okul Çağı Çocukları için Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi-Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Versiyonu (ÇDGŞG-ŞY)” tanı görüşmesi ile tanılar ve komorbiditeler belirlenmiş ve dışlama kriteri olan olgular çalışmanın dışında tutulmuştur. DEHB belirtilerini değerlendirmek için “Conners DEHB Anababa Dereceleme Ölçeği Kısa Form-CADÖ”, anksiyete belirtilerini değerlendirmek için “Spielberger Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği- SDKÖ”, depresif belirtileri değerlendirmek için “Çocuklar için Depresyon Ölçeği-ÇDÖ” ve bilinçli farkındalık düzeyini değerlendirmek için “Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği- BİFÖ” kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel değerlendirmede; normal dağılıma uygunluk koşullarına göre “bağımsız örneklemler t testi” ve “Mann–Whitney U testi”, korelasyon analizlerinde “Spearman korelasyon analizi” kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: DEHB grubunda kontrol grubuna göre, CADÖ, SDKÖ ve ÇDÖ ölçek skorları istatistiksel anlamlı olarak yüksek (p<0,001), BİFÖ toplam skorları ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Ayrıca, DEHB grubunda, BİFÖ toplam skorları ile CADÖ, SDKÖ ve ÇDÖ ölçek skorları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı, negatif ve orta etki büyüklüğünde korelasyonlar saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, DEHB tanılı ergenlerde sağlıklı ergenlere göre bilinçli farkındalık düzeylerinin düşük olduğu ve DEHB grubunda DEHB, anksiyete ve depresyon belirtilerinin bilinçli farkındalık düzeyleri ile negatif ilişki gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç; bilinçli farkındalık temelli yaklaşımların etkisinin, ergenlerde DEHB belirtileri ve sıklıkla eşlik eden anksiyete, depresyon belirtileri açısından daha ileri çalışmalar ile araştırılmaya değer olduğunu düşündürmektedir.

Keywords

• Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu
• bilinçli farkındalık
• ergenler

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