Tip 1 Diyabetli Adolesanlarda Web Tabanlı Egzersiz Eğitiminin Etkinliği
Year 2020,
Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 279 - 288, 21.09.2020
Seltap Gülcü
,
Sevda Arslan
,
İlknur Arslanoğlu
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma web tabanlı hazırlanmış diyabetli adölesanlarda egzersiz eğitim modülünün bireylerin mevcut alt yapısına göre uygulanabilirliği ile bilgi düzeyi, adölesanların diyabet yönetimi ve egzersize bakışı üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yarı deneysel, prospektif bir çalışma olarak yapıldı.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma bir üniversite hastanesinde Kasım 2018- Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirildi. Çalışma protokolüne uygun 10-18 yaş aralığındaki hasta popülasyonundan çalışmayı kabul eden 65 adölesan çalışmaya alındı. Çalışma grubuna her hafta bir eğitim olmak üzere beş hafta süren web tabanlı egzersiz eğitimi verildi. Veri toplamada diyabetli adölesanları tanılamak, web sitesinin etkinliğini, eğitim öncesi ve sonrası bilgi düzeylerini ve egzersiz yapmak ile ilgili kararlarını belirlemek amacı ile test ve formlar kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Yapılan çalışma sonucunda eğitim sonrası diyabetli adölesanların egzersiz yapma kararı sorgulandığında 49 kişiden sadece %2’sinin (n=1) egzersiz yapmayacağım şeklinde karar aldığı diğerlerinin ise olumlu dönüşümler yaptığı ve %57,1’inin ise (n=28) kararlı bir şekilde egzersiz yapmak istediği saptandı. Bilgi test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde ise eğitim öncesi yanlış sayısında eğitim sonrası anlamlı bir azalma meydana geldiği (p=0,038) belirlendi. Çalışmaya katılan diyabetli adölesanlar düzensiz de olsa %94,8’nin bedensel harekette bulunduğu ve %53,4’nün de düzenli spor yaptığı belirlendi.
Sonuç: Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre tip 1 diyabetli adölesanların eğitim ve izleminde, web tabanlı eğitim siteleri tamamlayıcı bir araç olarak kullanılabilir.
Supporting Institution
Düzce Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP)
Project Number
2017.16.01.619
Thanks
Araştırmaya katılan tüm diyabetli bireylere katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz. Bu araştırma Düzce Üniversitesi BAP- 2017.16.01.619 numaralı Bilimsel Araştırma Projesiyle desteklenmiştir.
References
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- 11. Phelan H, Lange K, Cengiz E, Gallego P, Majaliwa E, Pelicand J, et al. Internation society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes. 2018; 19(27): 75-83.
- 12. Martin D, Lange K, Sima A, Kownatka D, Skovlund S, Danne T, et al. Recommendations for age-appropriate education of children and adolescents with diabetes and their parents in the European union. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(16): 20-8.
- 13. Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE, Davis EA, Fournier PA, Annan F, et al. Internation society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes.2018; 19(27): 205-26.
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- 15. Brazeau AS, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Strychar I, Mircescu H. Barriers to physical activity among patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(11): 2108-9.
- 16. Oram RA, Patel K, Hill A, Shields B, McDonald TJ, Jones A, et al. A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score can aid discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults. Diabetes Care. 2016; 39(3): 337-44.
- 17. Lange K, Klotmann S, Saßmann H, Aschemeier B, Wintergerst E, Gerhardsson P, et al. A pediatric diabetes toolbox for creating centres of reference. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(16): 49-61.
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- 22. Pinsker JE, Nguyen C, Young S, Fredericks GJ, Chan D. A pilot project for improving paediatric diabetes outcomes using a website: the pediatric diabetes education portal. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2011; 17(5): 226-30.
- 23. Hanberger L, Ludvigsson J, Nordfeldt S. Use of a web 2.0 portal to improve education and communication in young patients with families: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2013; 15(8): 175.
- 24. Whittemore R, Grey M, Lindemann E, Ambrosino J, Jaser S. Development of an internet coping skills training program for teenagers with type 1 diabetes. Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 2010; 28(2): 103-11.
- 25. Whittemore R, Jaser SS, Jeon S, Liberti L, Delamater, A, et al. An internet coping skills training program for youth with type 1 diabetes. Nursing Research. 2012; 61(6): 390-403.
- 26. Gusso S, Pinto TE, Baldi JC, Robinson E, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL. Diastolic function is reduced in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in response to exercise. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(10): 2089-94.
- 27. Çetin O. Fen ve teknoloji dersinde “Çoklu ortam tasarım modeline’’ göre hazırlanmış web tabanlı öğretim içeriğinin öğrenci başarı ve tutumlarına etkisi ile içeriğe yönelik öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi [Doktora Tezi]. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2010.
- 28. American diabetes association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(1): 13-27.
- 29. Temd.org [İnternet]. Diabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarinin tanı, tedavi ve izlem kılavuzu 2019 [Son güncelleme tarihi: Ağustos 2019; Erişim tarihi: 31 Ağustos 2019]. Erişim adresi: http://www.temd.org.tr/admin/uploads/tbl_gruplar/20190819095924-2019tbl_gruplar9e6fbbc8c2.pdf
- 30. Kocabaş A, Kocabaş BA, Karagüzel G, Akçurin S. Tip 1 diyabetes mellitus olgularımızın antropometrik ve metabolik izlem özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2013;7(3): 113-8.
- 31. Sideraviciūte S, Gailiūniene A, Visagurskiene K, Vizbaraite D. The effect of long-term swimming program on body composition, aerobic capacity and blood lipids in 14-19-year aged healthy girls and girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas). 2006; 42(8): 661-6.
- 32. Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, Plotnıck L, Kaufman F, Laffel L, et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(1): 186-212.
- 33. Herbst A, Bachran R, Kapellen T, Holl RW. Effects of regular physical activity on control of glycemia in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2006; 160(6): 573-7.
- 34. Lukacs A, Mayer K, Juhasz E, Varga B, Fodor B, Barkai L. Reduced physical fitness in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(5): 432-7.
- 35. Williams BK, Guelfi KJ, Jones TW, Davis EA. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2011; 28(8): 1005-7.
- 36. Tsalikian E, Mauras N, Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Janz KF, Chase HP, et al. Impact of exercise on overnight glycemic control in children with type 1 mellitus. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2005; 147(4): 528-34.
- 37. Tarı S, Kitiş Y. Tip 1 diyabetli çocukların okulda diyabet yönetimiyle ilgili yaşadıkları güçlükler. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016; 32(2): 44-60.
- 38. Johnson SR, Cooper MN, Davis EA, Jones TW. Hypoglycaemia, fear of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in children with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Diabetic Medicine. 2013; 30(9): 1126-31.
- 39. Pate T, Klemencic S, Battelino T, Bratina N. Fear of hypoglycemia, anxiety, and subjective well-being in parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Health Psychology. 2019; 24(2): 209-18.
- 40. American Diabetes Association. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(1): 38-50.
- 41. Çövener Ç. Tip 1 diyabet yönetiminde sağlığı geliştirme modeli ve tam öğrenme kuramına dayalı eğitimin etkisi [Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2012.
- 42. Okuroğlu GK. Sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik web tabanlı tip 2 diyabet eğitim programının geliştirilmesi ve etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi [Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2015.
- 43. Wilkinson A, Forbes A, Bloomfield J, Fincham Gee C. An exploration of four web-based open and flexible learning modules in post-registration nurse education. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2004; 41(4): 411-24.
- 44. McMahon GT, Gomes HE, Hohne SH, Hu TM, Levine BA, Conlin PR. Web-based care management in patients withs poorly controlled diabetes. Diabates Care. 2005; 28(7): 1624-9.
- 45. Gerber BS, Brodsky IG, Lawless KA, Smolin LI, Arozullah AM, Smith EV, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a low-literacy diabetes education computer multimedia application. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(7): 1574-80.
- 46. Porter SJ, Chapman-Novakofski KM, Scherer JA. Your guide to diet and diabetes: web-based diabetes education tailored to hispanics. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2005; 41(5): 374-6.
- 47. Heinrich E, Nooijer J, Schaper NC, Schoonus-Spit MH, Janssen MA, Vries NK. Evaluation of the web-based diabetes interactive education programme (DIEP) for patients with type 2 diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling. 2012; 86(2): 172-8.
- 48. Zinman B, Ruderman N, Campaigne BN, Devlin JT, Schneider SH. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(1); 58-62.
- 49. Whittemore R, Grey M, Lindemann E, Ambrosino J, Jaser S. Development of an internet coping skills training program for teenagers with type 1 diabetes. Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 2010; 28(2): 103-10.
The Efficiency of Web Based Exercise Training in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Year 2020,
Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 279 - 288, 21.09.2020
Seltap Gülcü
,
Sevda Arslan
,
İlknur Arslanoğlu
Abstract
Aim: This study was conducted as a quasi-experimental, prospective study in order to determine the applicability of exercise training module according to the existing infrastructure and knowledge level, diabetes management and view of exercise in web-based diabetes.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted in a university hospital between November 2018 and December 2018. Sixty-five adolescents who accepted the study from the 10-18 age group in accordance with the study protocol were included in the study. Web based exercise training lasted 5 weeks. Test and forms were used to collect data to identify adolescents with diabetes, to determine the effectiveness of the website, their level of knowledge before and after education, and to decide on exercise.
Results: As a result of the study, when the decision to exercise after training was questioned, only 2% of 49 people (n=1) decided that they would not exercise and the others made positive transformations and 57.1% (n=28) wanted to exercise determinedly. When the knowledge test results were evaluated, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in the number of misconceptions before training (p=0.038). It was determined that 94.8% of the diabetic individuals participating in the study were in physical movement and 53.4% of them were doing regular sports.
Conclusions: According to the results of the study, web-based educational sites can be used as a complementary tool in the education and follow-up of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Project Number
2017.16.01.619
References
- 1. American diabetes association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(1): 13-27.
- 2. American diabetes association. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42(1): 148-64.
- 3. Diabetes atlas 2017 [Internet]. Belgium; International Diabetes Federation; [Cited: 2019 Sep 19]. Available from: http://fmdiabetes.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IDF-2017.pdf.
- 4. Smart CE, Annan F, Higgins LA, Jelleryd E, Lopez M, Acerini CL. Internation society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018; 19(27): 136-54.
- 5. Parent KB, Wodrich DL, Hasan KS. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and school: a comparison of patients and healthy siblings. Pediatric Diabetes. 2009; 10(8): 554-62.
- 6. Jefferies C, Rhodes E, Rachmie M, Chizo AJ, Kapellen T, Abdulla MA, et al. Internation society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: management of children and adolescents with diabetes requiring surgery. Pediatric Diabetes. 2018; 19(27): 227-36.
- 7. Felton AM, Hall M. Diabetes in Europe policy puzzle: the state we are in. International Diabetes Nursing. 2015; 12(1): 3-7.
- 8. Ayar D, Öztürk C. Tip 1 diyabetik ergenlerin eğitiminde yeni yaklaşımlar web tabanlı eğitim. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2015; 8(3): 184-9.
- 9. Canadian diabetes association clinical practice guidelines expert committee, Cheng AY. Canadian diabetes association 2013 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Introduction. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2013; 37(1): 1-3.
- 10. Karaca SS, Ergüney S. The effect of planned education given to the patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus on the attitudes, well-being and metabolic control variables of the patients. Diyabet, Obezite ve Hipertansiyonda Hemşlirelik Forumu Dergisi. 2009; 1(2): 40-9.
- 11. Phelan H, Lange K, Cengiz E, Gallego P, Majaliwa E, Pelicand J, et al. Internation society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes. 2018; 19(27): 75-83.
- 12. Martin D, Lange K, Sima A, Kownatka D, Skovlund S, Danne T, et al. Recommendations for age-appropriate education of children and adolescents with diabetes and their parents in the European union. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(16): 20-8.
- 13. Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE, Davis EA, Fournier PA, Annan F, et al. Internation society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes.2018; 19(27): 205-26.
- 14. Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Fear and other disturbances of severe hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005; 18(1): 83-91.
- 15. Brazeau AS, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Strychar I, Mircescu H. Barriers to physical activity among patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(11): 2108-9.
- 16. Oram RA, Patel K, Hill A, Shields B, McDonald TJ, Jones A, et al. A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score can aid discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults. Diabetes Care. 2016; 39(3): 337-44.
- 17. Lange K, Klotmann S, Saßmann H, Aschemeier B, Wintergerst E, Gerhardsson P, et al. A pediatric diabetes toolbox for creating centres of reference. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(16): 49-61.
- 18. Wearesocial.com [Internet]. Digital in 2018: world’s internet users pass the 4 billion mark [Updated: 2018 Jan 30; Cited: 2019 Feb 15]. Avaible from: https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018.
- 19. Tuik.gov.tr [İnternet]. 06-15 Yaş grubu çocuklarda bilişim teknolojileri kullanımı ve medya [Son güncelleme tarihi: 22 Ağustos 2013; Erişim tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2019]. Erişim adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriBilgi.do?id= .
- 20. Avdal EÜ, Kızılcı S, Demirel N. Web tabanlı verilen diyabet eğitiminin bakım sonuçlarına etkisi randomize kontrollü çalışma. Diyabet, Obezite ve Hipertansiyonda Hemşirelik Forumu Dergisi.2011; 3(1): 39-48.
- 21. Newton KT, Ashley A. Pilot study of a web-based intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2013; 19(8): 443-9.
- 22. Pinsker JE, Nguyen C, Young S, Fredericks GJ, Chan D. A pilot project for improving paediatric diabetes outcomes using a website: the pediatric diabetes education portal. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2011; 17(5): 226-30.
- 23. Hanberger L, Ludvigsson J, Nordfeldt S. Use of a web 2.0 portal to improve education and communication in young patients with families: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2013; 15(8): 175.
- 24. Whittemore R, Grey M, Lindemann E, Ambrosino J, Jaser S. Development of an internet coping skills training program for teenagers with type 1 diabetes. Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 2010; 28(2): 103-11.
- 25. Whittemore R, Jaser SS, Jeon S, Liberti L, Delamater, A, et al. An internet coping skills training program for youth with type 1 diabetes. Nursing Research. 2012; 61(6): 390-403.
- 26. Gusso S, Pinto TE, Baldi JC, Robinson E, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL. Diastolic function is reduced in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in response to exercise. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(10): 2089-94.
- 27. Çetin O. Fen ve teknoloji dersinde “Çoklu ortam tasarım modeline’’ göre hazırlanmış web tabanlı öğretim içeriğinin öğrenci başarı ve tutumlarına etkisi ile içeriğe yönelik öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi [Doktora Tezi]. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2010.
- 28. American diabetes association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(1): 13-27.
- 29. Temd.org [İnternet]. Diabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarinin tanı, tedavi ve izlem kılavuzu 2019 [Son güncelleme tarihi: Ağustos 2019; Erişim tarihi: 31 Ağustos 2019]. Erişim adresi: http://www.temd.org.tr/admin/uploads/tbl_gruplar/20190819095924-2019tbl_gruplar9e6fbbc8c2.pdf
- 30. Kocabaş A, Kocabaş BA, Karagüzel G, Akçurin S. Tip 1 diyabetes mellitus olgularımızın antropometrik ve metabolik izlem özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2013;7(3): 113-8.
- 31. Sideraviciūte S, Gailiūniene A, Visagurskiene K, Vizbaraite D. The effect of long-term swimming program on body composition, aerobic capacity and blood lipids in 14-19-year aged healthy girls and girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas). 2006; 42(8): 661-6.
- 32. Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, Plotnıck L, Kaufman F, Laffel L, et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(1): 186-212.
- 33. Herbst A, Bachran R, Kapellen T, Holl RW. Effects of regular physical activity on control of glycemia in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2006; 160(6): 573-7.
- 34. Lukacs A, Mayer K, Juhasz E, Varga B, Fodor B, Barkai L. Reduced physical fitness in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(5): 432-7.
- 35. Williams BK, Guelfi KJ, Jones TW, Davis EA. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2011; 28(8): 1005-7.
- 36. Tsalikian E, Mauras N, Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Janz KF, Chase HP, et al. Impact of exercise on overnight glycemic control in children with type 1 mellitus. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2005; 147(4): 528-34.
- 37. Tarı S, Kitiş Y. Tip 1 diyabetli çocukların okulda diyabet yönetimiyle ilgili yaşadıkları güçlükler. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016; 32(2): 44-60.
- 38. Johnson SR, Cooper MN, Davis EA, Jones TW. Hypoglycaemia, fear of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in children with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Diabetic Medicine. 2013; 30(9): 1126-31.
- 39. Pate T, Klemencic S, Battelino T, Bratina N. Fear of hypoglycemia, anxiety, and subjective well-being in parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Health Psychology. 2019; 24(2): 209-18.
- 40. American Diabetes Association. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(1): 38-50.
- 41. Çövener Ç. Tip 1 diyabet yönetiminde sağlığı geliştirme modeli ve tam öğrenme kuramına dayalı eğitimin etkisi [Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2012.
- 42. Okuroğlu GK. Sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik web tabanlı tip 2 diyabet eğitim programının geliştirilmesi ve etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi [Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2015.
- 43. Wilkinson A, Forbes A, Bloomfield J, Fincham Gee C. An exploration of four web-based open and flexible learning modules in post-registration nurse education. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2004; 41(4): 411-24.
- 44. McMahon GT, Gomes HE, Hohne SH, Hu TM, Levine BA, Conlin PR. Web-based care management in patients withs poorly controlled diabetes. Diabates Care. 2005; 28(7): 1624-9.
- 45. Gerber BS, Brodsky IG, Lawless KA, Smolin LI, Arozullah AM, Smith EV, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a low-literacy diabetes education computer multimedia application. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(7): 1574-80.
- 46. Porter SJ, Chapman-Novakofski KM, Scherer JA. Your guide to diet and diabetes: web-based diabetes education tailored to hispanics. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2005; 41(5): 374-6.
- 47. Heinrich E, Nooijer J, Schaper NC, Schoonus-Spit MH, Janssen MA, Vries NK. Evaluation of the web-based diabetes interactive education programme (DIEP) for patients with type 2 diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling. 2012; 86(2): 172-8.
- 48. Zinman B, Ruderman N, Campaigne BN, Devlin JT, Schneider SH. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(1); 58-62.
- 49. Whittemore R, Grey M, Lindemann E, Ambrosino J, Jaser S. Development of an internet coping skills training program for teenagers with type 1 diabetes. Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 2010; 28(2): 103-10.