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Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 399 - 424, 23.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.19145/gumuscomm.286608

Abstract

Çağımıza damgasını vuran kavramlardan biri olan küreselleşme,
günümüzdeki toplumsal ilişkileri açıklamaya yönelik hemen her girişimin zorunlu
referans noktası haline gelmiş bulunmaktadır. Enformasyon ve kültür
alışverişini kolaylaştırıcı rolüyle medyanın küreselleşme sürecinin en önemli
itici güçlerinden biri olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Aynı şekilde, bilgi ve
iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler insanlar ve farklı kültürler
arasındaki iletişimi artırarak, toplumsal ilişkilerin yerel sınırları aşmasına
katkıda bulunmuştur. Diğer taraftan, 20. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden bu yana
medyanın sahiplik yapısında yaşanan değişim medya sektörünün küresel
kontrolünün az sayıda dev medya şirketinin eline geçmesine neden olmuştur.
Medya sahipliğinde çok uluslu şirketler lehine gerçekleşen yoğunlaşmayla
birlikte medyada yaşanan küreselleşme süreci ve bu sürecin toplumsal yaşamda
yarattığı etkiler konuyu iletişim bilimlerinin de önemli tartışma başlıklarından
biri haline getirmiş ve bu konuda çok sayıda akademik çalışma yapılmasına yol
açmıştır. Konuyla ilgili birikime katkıda bulunmak isteyen bu çalışmada,
medyanın küreselleşmesine yol açan temel faktörler ve medyanın
küreselleşmesinin siyasal, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel sonuçları
tartışılmıştır.

References

  • APPADURAI, Arjun (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • BARNETT, Clive (2002). 'More Than Just TV': Educational Broadcasting and Popular Culture in South Africa, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People, and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 95-100.
  • BAUMAN, Zygmunt (1998). Globalization: The Human Consequences, Cambridge: John Wiley ve Sons.
  • BOZKURT, Veysel (2015). Değişen Dünyada Sosyoloji: Temeller, Kavramlar, Kurumlar (11. Baskı), Bursa: Ekin.
  • BURBACH, Roger (2001). Globalization and Postmodern Politics: From Zapatistas to Robber Barons, London: Pluto.
  • BURTON, Graeme (2005). Media and Society: Critical Perspectives, New York: Open University Press.
  • CARLSSON, Ulla (2002). Foreward, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 7-11.
  • CHASE-DUNN, Christopher (2002). Globalization: A World-Systems Perspective, (Eds.), Gerhard Preyer & Mathias Bös. Borderlines in a Globalized World: New Perspectives in a Sociology of the World-System, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, p. 13-34.
  • CONSTANTINOU, Costas M (2008). Communications/Excommunications: An Interview with Armand Mattelart, (Eds.), Costas M. Constantinou, Oliver P. Richmond & Alison M. S. Watson. Cultures and Politics of Global Communication, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 21-42
  • COTTLE, Simon (2009) Global Crisis Reporting: Journalism in the Global Age, Maidenhead: McGraw Hill/Open University.
  • DE BLOCK, Liesbeth ve BUCKINGHAM, David (2007). Global Children, Global Media: Migration, Media and Childhood, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • DENCIK, Lina (2012). Media and Global Civil Society, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • DEVEREUX, Eoin (2007). Understanding the Media (2nd Ed.), London: Sage.
  • EIJAZ, Abida ve AHMAD, Rana Eijaz (2011). "Challenges of Media Globalization for Developing Countries", International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2 (18), p. 100-105.
  • GIDDENS, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity.
  • GIDDENS, Anthony (2006). Sociology (5th Ed.), Cambridge: Polity.
  • HAFEZ, Kai (2008). The Role of the Media in the Processes of Globalization and Migration: From Representation to Participation. Speech held at the Dublin Goethe Institute, 17th October, 2008.
  • HALL, Stuart (1991). The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity, (Ed.), Anthony. D. King. Culture, Globalization and the World-System, London: Macmillan, p. 19-39.
  • HAMELINK, Cees J (2002). Media Globalisation: Consequences for the Rights of Children, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 32-41.
  • HELD, David, McGREW, Anthony, GOLDBLATT, David ve PERRATON, Jonathan (1999), Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Cambridge: Polity.
  • HERBERT, John (2001). Practising Global Journalism: Exploring Reporting Issues Worldwide, Oxford: Focal.
  • HERMAN, Edward S ve McCHESNESNEY, Robert W (2004). The Global Media – the New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, London: Continuum.
  • HEYWOOD, Andrew (2011). Global Politics (2nd Ed.), New York: Palgrave.
  • HJARVARD, Stig (1999). "Global Media Cultures: A Research Programme on the Role of Media in Cultural Globalization", NORDICOM Review, 20 (2), p. 71-78.
  • HJARVARD, Stig (2006). “News In A Globalized Society”, <http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/imk/JOUR4421/v06/undervisningsmateriale/>, Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2014.
  • JAN, Mirza (2009). "Globalization of Media: Key Issues and Dimensions", European Journal of Scientific Research, 29 (1), p. 66-75.
  • KAUL, Vineet (2011). "Globalisation and Media", Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism, 1(1), p. 1-6.
  • KELLNER, Douglas ve PIERCE, Clayton (2007). Media and Globalization, (Ed.), G. Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, Malden: Blackwell, p. 383-395.
  • MATOS, Carolina (2012). Globalization and the Mass Media, (Ed.), George Ritzer. Encyclopedia of Globalization, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/5542/1/mass%20media%20entryglobalization.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2016.
  • McCHESNEY, Robert W (2002). Children, Globalization, and Media Policy, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 23-31.
  • McNAIR, Brian (2003). An Introduction to Political Communication, London: Routledge.
  • MOGHADAM, Valentine M (2012). Global Social Movements and Transnational Advocacy, (Eds.), Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash & Alan Scott. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 408-420.
  • MORLEY, David ve ROBINS, Kevin (1997). Kimlik Mekanları: Küresel Medya, Elektronik Ortamlar ve Kültürel Sınırlar, (Çev: Emrehan Zeybekoğlu), İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • MURPHY, Patrick D (2003). Without Ideology? Rethinking Hegemony in the Age of Transnational Media, (Eds.), Lee Artz & Yahya R. Kamalipour. The Globalization of Corporate Media Hegemony, New York: State University of New York, p. 55-75.
  • OLAUSSON, Ulrika (2011). Explaining Global Media: A Discourse Approach, (Ed.), Piotr Pachura. The Systemic Dimension of Globalization, Rijeka, Hırvatistan: Intech, p. 135-148.
  • ÖZMEN, Şule Yüksel (2013). Küresel Haber Ağları, (Editörler), Nezih Orhon ve Yaprak Büyükerşen İşçibaşı. Uluslararası İletişim, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, s. 126-147.
  • PRICE, Monroe E (2002). Media and Sovereignty: The Global Information Revolution and its Challenge to State Power, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
  • REESE, Stephen D (2009). “The Global Village and the Networked Society: Reflections on the “Media Globalization Myth,” Panel Presentation for “Globalizing Journalism: Where, How, How Much, So What?” International Communication Association, Chicago, May 2009, http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/globalmedia/kai%20hafez%20critique.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2016.
  • RITZER, George (2011). Globalization: The Essentials, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • ROBERTSON, Roland (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage.
  • RODGERS, Jayne (2003). Icons and Invisibility: Gender, Myth, 9/11, (Eds.), Daya Kishan Thussu & Des Freedman. War and the Media: Reporting Conflict 24/7, London: Sage, p. 200-212.
  • SÁNCHEZ-TABERNO, Alfonso (2006). Issues in Media Globalization, (Eds.), Alan B. Albarran, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted & Michael O. Wirth. Handbook of Media Management and Economics, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, p. 463-492.
  • SHANGQUAN, Gao (2000), "Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention", Economic ve Social Affairs, CDP Background Paper No. 1, ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2016.
  • SHEEHAN, Kim Bartel (2014). Controversies in Contemporary Advertising (2nd Ed.), Los Angeles: Sage.
  • SIOCHRÚ, Seàn Ó. (2004). “Social Consequences of the Globalization of the media and communication sector: some strategic communications”. Working paper 36, May 2004 Policy Integration Dept, “World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization”, International Labour Office: Geneva, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=908237, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2016.
  • SMITH, Philip (2001). Cultural Theory: An Introduction, Malden: Blackwell.
  • SPARKS, Colin (2007). Globalization, Development and the Mass Media, Londra: Sage.
  • STEGER, Manfred B (2003). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • STEVEN, Peter (2004). The No-Nonsense Guide to Global Media, Oxford: New Internationalist.
  • THOMPSON, John B (1995). The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media, Cambridge: Polity.
  • THUSSU, Daya Kishan (2002). International Communication: Continuity and Change. (2nd Ed.), Londra: Hodder Arnold.
  • VON FEILITZEN, Cecilia (2002). Children, Young People and Media Globalisation: Introduction, (Eds.), C. Von Feilitzen & U. Carlsson, Children, Young People and Media Globalization, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 13-22
  • WARF, Barney (2007). "Oligopolization of Global Media and Telecommunications and its Implications for Democracy", Ethics, Place and Environment, 10 (1), p. 89-105.
  • WELFENS, Paul JJ (2013). Social Security and Economic Globalization, Heidelberg & New York: Springer.

Globalisation of media: an evaluation based on causes and consequences

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 399 - 424, 23.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.19145/gumuscomm.286608

Abstract

As a concept setting
its mark on the current era, globalisation has become an essential reference
point of almost all attempts describing the social relationships today. It is
generally accepted that due to its function as a facilitator of information and
culture exchange, the media is one of the major drivers of the globalisation
process. Further, developments in the information and communication
technologies have intensified the communication between people and different
cultures, and thus, helped social relationships cross local borders. On the
other hand, the media ownership in the world has changed since the last quarter
of the 20th century, which resulted in the domination of few giant media
corporations in the global media. The globalization of media with the effect of
concentration of media ownership in favour of multinational corporations and
its impact on the social life have been a major topic of discussion in the
media and communication studies and caused a lot of academic research to be
conducted on the topic. This article, which intends to contribute to the
scholarship on the topic, discusses the factors leading to, and the political,
economic, social and cultural consequences of, the globalization of media.

References

  • APPADURAI, Arjun (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • BARNETT, Clive (2002). 'More Than Just TV': Educational Broadcasting and Popular Culture in South Africa, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People, and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 95-100.
  • BAUMAN, Zygmunt (1998). Globalization: The Human Consequences, Cambridge: John Wiley ve Sons.
  • BOZKURT, Veysel (2015). Değişen Dünyada Sosyoloji: Temeller, Kavramlar, Kurumlar (11. Baskı), Bursa: Ekin.
  • BURBACH, Roger (2001). Globalization and Postmodern Politics: From Zapatistas to Robber Barons, London: Pluto.
  • BURTON, Graeme (2005). Media and Society: Critical Perspectives, New York: Open University Press.
  • CARLSSON, Ulla (2002). Foreward, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 7-11.
  • CHASE-DUNN, Christopher (2002). Globalization: A World-Systems Perspective, (Eds.), Gerhard Preyer & Mathias Bös. Borderlines in a Globalized World: New Perspectives in a Sociology of the World-System, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, p. 13-34.
  • CONSTANTINOU, Costas M (2008). Communications/Excommunications: An Interview with Armand Mattelart, (Eds.), Costas M. Constantinou, Oliver P. Richmond & Alison M. S. Watson. Cultures and Politics of Global Communication, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 21-42
  • COTTLE, Simon (2009) Global Crisis Reporting: Journalism in the Global Age, Maidenhead: McGraw Hill/Open University.
  • DE BLOCK, Liesbeth ve BUCKINGHAM, David (2007). Global Children, Global Media: Migration, Media and Childhood, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • DENCIK, Lina (2012). Media and Global Civil Society, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • DEVEREUX, Eoin (2007). Understanding the Media (2nd Ed.), London: Sage.
  • EIJAZ, Abida ve AHMAD, Rana Eijaz (2011). "Challenges of Media Globalization for Developing Countries", International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2 (18), p. 100-105.
  • GIDDENS, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity.
  • GIDDENS, Anthony (2006). Sociology (5th Ed.), Cambridge: Polity.
  • HAFEZ, Kai (2008). The Role of the Media in the Processes of Globalization and Migration: From Representation to Participation. Speech held at the Dublin Goethe Institute, 17th October, 2008.
  • HALL, Stuart (1991). The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity, (Ed.), Anthony. D. King. Culture, Globalization and the World-System, London: Macmillan, p. 19-39.
  • HAMELINK, Cees J (2002). Media Globalisation: Consequences for the Rights of Children, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 32-41.
  • HELD, David, McGREW, Anthony, GOLDBLATT, David ve PERRATON, Jonathan (1999), Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Cambridge: Polity.
  • HERBERT, John (2001). Practising Global Journalism: Exploring Reporting Issues Worldwide, Oxford: Focal.
  • HERMAN, Edward S ve McCHESNESNEY, Robert W (2004). The Global Media – the New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, London: Continuum.
  • HEYWOOD, Andrew (2011). Global Politics (2nd Ed.), New York: Palgrave.
  • HJARVARD, Stig (1999). "Global Media Cultures: A Research Programme on the Role of Media in Cultural Globalization", NORDICOM Review, 20 (2), p. 71-78.
  • HJARVARD, Stig (2006). “News In A Globalized Society”, <http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/imk/JOUR4421/v06/undervisningsmateriale/>, Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2014.
  • JAN, Mirza (2009). "Globalization of Media: Key Issues and Dimensions", European Journal of Scientific Research, 29 (1), p. 66-75.
  • KAUL, Vineet (2011). "Globalisation and Media", Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism, 1(1), p. 1-6.
  • KELLNER, Douglas ve PIERCE, Clayton (2007). Media and Globalization, (Ed.), G. Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, Malden: Blackwell, p. 383-395.
  • MATOS, Carolina (2012). Globalization and the Mass Media, (Ed.), George Ritzer. Encyclopedia of Globalization, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/5542/1/mass%20media%20entryglobalization.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2016.
  • McCHESNEY, Robert W (2002). Children, Globalization, and Media Policy, (Eds.), Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson. Children, Young People and Media Globalisation, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 23-31.
  • McNAIR, Brian (2003). An Introduction to Political Communication, London: Routledge.
  • MOGHADAM, Valentine M (2012). Global Social Movements and Transnational Advocacy, (Eds.), Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash & Alan Scott. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 408-420.
  • MORLEY, David ve ROBINS, Kevin (1997). Kimlik Mekanları: Küresel Medya, Elektronik Ortamlar ve Kültürel Sınırlar, (Çev: Emrehan Zeybekoğlu), İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • MURPHY, Patrick D (2003). Without Ideology? Rethinking Hegemony in the Age of Transnational Media, (Eds.), Lee Artz & Yahya R. Kamalipour. The Globalization of Corporate Media Hegemony, New York: State University of New York, p. 55-75.
  • OLAUSSON, Ulrika (2011). Explaining Global Media: A Discourse Approach, (Ed.), Piotr Pachura. The Systemic Dimension of Globalization, Rijeka, Hırvatistan: Intech, p. 135-148.
  • ÖZMEN, Şule Yüksel (2013). Küresel Haber Ağları, (Editörler), Nezih Orhon ve Yaprak Büyükerşen İşçibaşı. Uluslararası İletişim, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, s. 126-147.
  • PRICE, Monroe E (2002). Media and Sovereignty: The Global Information Revolution and its Challenge to State Power, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
  • REESE, Stephen D (2009). “The Global Village and the Networked Society: Reflections on the “Media Globalization Myth,” Panel Presentation for “Globalizing Journalism: Where, How, How Much, So What?” International Communication Association, Chicago, May 2009, http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/globalmedia/kai%20hafez%20critique.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2016.
  • RITZER, George (2011). Globalization: The Essentials, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • ROBERTSON, Roland (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage.
  • RODGERS, Jayne (2003). Icons and Invisibility: Gender, Myth, 9/11, (Eds.), Daya Kishan Thussu & Des Freedman. War and the Media: Reporting Conflict 24/7, London: Sage, p. 200-212.
  • SÁNCHEZ-TABERNO, Alfonso (2006). Issues in Media Globalization, (Eds.), Alan B. Albarran, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted & Michael O. Wirth. Handbook of Media Management and Economics, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, p. 463-492.
  • SHANGQUAN, Gao (2000), "Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention", Economic ve Social Affairs, CDP Background Paper No. 1, ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2016.
  • SHEEHAN, Kim Bartel (2014). Controversies in Contemporary Advertising (2nd Ed.), Los Angeles: Sage.
  • SIOCHRÚ, Seàn Ó. (2004). “Social Consequences of the Globalization of the media and communication sector: some strategic communications”. Working paper 36, May 2004 Policy Integration Dept, “World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization”, International Labour Office: Geneva, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=908237, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2016.
  • SMITH, Philip (2001). Cultural Theory: An Introduction, Malden: Blackwell.
  • SPARKS, Colin (2007). Globalization, Development and the Mass Media, Londra: Sage.
  • STEGER, Manfred B (2003). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • STEVEN, Peter (2004). The No-Nonsense Guide to Global Media, Oxford: New Internationalist.
  • THOMPSON, John B (1995). The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media, Cambridge: Polity.
  • THUSSU, Daya Kishan (2002). International Communication: Continuity and Change. (2nd Ed.), Londra: Hodder Arnold.
  • VON FEILITZEN, Cecilia (2002). Children, Young People and Media Globalisation: Introduction, (Eds.), C. Von Feilitzen & U. Carlsson, Children, Young People and Media Globalization, Göteborg, Sweden: UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Youth and Media, p. 13-22
  • WARF, Barney (2007). "Oligopolization of Global Media and Telecommunications and its Implications for Democracy", Ethics, Place and Environment, 10 (1), p. 89-105.
  • WELFENS, Paul JJ (2013). Social Security and Economic Globalization, Heidelberg & New York: Springer.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sibel Fügan Varol

Publication Date April 23, 2017
Submission Date January 19, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Varol, S. F. (2017). Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(1), 399-424. https://doi.org/10.19145/gumuscomm.286608
AMA Varol SF. Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme. e-gifder. April 2017;5(1):399-424. doi:10.19145/gumuscomm.286608
Chicago Varol, Sibel Fügan. “Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 5, no. 1 (April 2017): 399-424. https://doi.org/10.19145/gumuscomm.286608.
EndNote Varol SF (April 1, 2017) Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 5 1 399–424.
IEEE S. F. Varol, “Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme”, e-gifder, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 399–424, 2017, doi: 10.19145/gumuscomm.286608.
ISNAD Varol, Sibel Fügan. “Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 5/1 (April 2017), 399-424. https://doi.org/10.19145/gumuscomm.286608.
JAMA Varol SF. Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme. e-gifder. 2017;5:399–424.
MLA Varol, Sibel Fügan. “Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, 2017, pp. 399-24, doi:10.19145/gumuscomm.286608.
Vancouver Varol SF. Medyanın Küreselleşmesi: Neden-Sonuç Ekseninde Bir Değerlendirme. e-gifder. 2017;5(1):399-424.