İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda ABD’deki Yahudi Diasporasının Avrupa’daki Yahudileri Konu Alan Propaganda Pulları Üzerine İnceleme

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 99 - 128, 30.06.2021

Tuğba Baytimur , Caner Çakı

https://doi.org/10.53495/e-kiad.946696

Cited By: 1

Abstract

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ABD’deki Yahudi diasporası, Avrupa’da baskıcı politikalara maruz kalan Yahudilere yönelik ABD kamuoyunun dikkatini çekmeye çalışmıştır. Bu amaçla ABD’deki Yahudi diasporası tarafından 1943 yılında kurulan Avrupa Yahudi Halkını Kurtarmaya Yönelik Acil Durum Komitesi (The Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe) Avrupa’daki Yahudilere yönelik farkındalık oluşturulması amacıyla propaganda pulları hazırlamıştır. Çalışmada komite bağlamında İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ABD’deki Yahudi diasporasının, Avrupa’daki Yahudi diasporasına yönelik söylemlerinin ortaya konulmasına çalışmıştır. Bu amaçla komite tarafından hazırlanan propaganda pulları, göstergebilim yöntemi üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularda pullar üzerinden Nazi Almanya’sının işgali altında Yahudi diasporasının baskıya maruz kaldığına vurgu yapılarak, kamuoyunda hüzün duygusu oluşturulmaya çalışıldığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Komitenin gerçekleştirdiği propaganda sonucunda Müttefik Devletleri’nin askerlerinin Alman ordusuna karşı savaşma isteğinin arttırılmaya çalışıldığı ileri sürülebilmektedir.

Keywords

Diaspora, Yahudi, Yahudi Diasporası, İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Pul

The Examination on the Propaganda Stamps Regarding the Jews in Europe of the Jewish Diaspora in the USA in the Second World War

Abstract

The Jewish diaspora in the USA tried to attract the attention of the US public to the Jews who were exposed to repressive policies in Europe during the Second World War. For this purpose, The Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, which was established by the Jewish diaspora in the USA in 1943, prepared propaganda stamps to raise awareness regarding the Jews in Europe. In this study, the discourses of the Jewish diaspora in the USA towards the Jewish diaspora in Europe during the Second World War was tried to reveal in the context of committee. For this purpose, the propaganda stamps prepared by the committee were analyzed using semiotics method. It was revealed that there was an attempt to form a sense of sadness in the public opinion, emphasizing that the Jewish diaspora was subjected to pressure under the occupation of Nazi Germany through stamps in the findings. As a result of the propaganda carried out by the committee, it can be argued that the will to fight of the soldiers of the Allied States was tried to increase against the German army.

Keywords

Diaspora, Jew, Jewish Diaspora, Second World War, Stamp

References

• Alpert, M. (2009). Spain and the Jews in the Second World War. Jewish Historical Studies, 42, 201-210.
• Barnett, M. N. (2016). The Star and the Stripes: A History of the Foreign Policies of American Jews. The United States: Princeton University Press.
• Bender, S. (2008). The Jews of Bialystok during World War II and the Holocaust. The United States: UPNE.
• Benor, S. B. (2009). Do American Jews Speak a "Jewish language"?: A Model of Jewish Linguistic Distinctiveness. Jewish Quarterly Review, 99(2), 230-269.
• Bernhard, P. (2012). Behind the Battle Lines: Italian Atrocities and the Persecution of Arabs, Berbers, and Jews in North Africa during World War II. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 26(3), 425-446.
• Brunn, S. D. (2000). Stamps as Iconography: Celebrating the Independence of New European and Central Asian States. GeoJournal, 52(2), 315-323.
• Brunn, S. D. (2011). Stamps as Messengers of Political Transition. Geographical Review, 101(1), 19-36.
• Chiswick, B. R. (1983). The Earnings and Human Capital of American Jews. Journal of Human Resources, 18(3), 313-336.
• Chiswick, B. R. (1985). The Labor Market Status of American Jews: Patterns and Determinants. The American Jewish Year Book, 85, 131-153.
• Cohen, J. E. (2010). Perceptions of Anti‐Semitism among American Jews, 2000–05, A Survey Analysis. Political Psychology, 31(1), 85-107.
• Connelly, J. (2002). Poles and Jews in the Second World War: The Revisions of Jan T. Gross. Contemporary European History, 11(4), 641-658.
• Deans, P., & Dobson, H. (2005). Introduction: East Asian Postage Stamps as Socio-Political Artefacts. East Asia, 22(2), 3-7.
• Dinçşahin, Ş., & Goodwin, S. R. (2011). Towards an Encompassing Perspective on Nationalisms: The Case of Jews in Turkey during the Second World War, 1939–45. Nations and Nationalism, 17(4), 843-862.
• Diner, H. R. (1995). In the Almost Promised Land: American Jews and Blacks, 1915-1935. The United States: JHU Press.
• Diner, H. R. (2010). We Remember with Reverence and Love: American Jews and the Myth of Silence after the Holocaust, 1945-1962 (Vol. 15). The United States: NYU Press.
• Dobroszycki, L. (1993). Polish Historiography on the Annihilation of the Jews of Poland in World War II: A Critical Evaluation. East European Jewish Affairs, 23(2), 39-49.
• Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev., Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Fuchs, L. H. (1955). American Jews and the Presidential Vote. The American Political Science Review, 49(2), 385-401.
• Glazer, N. (1955). Social Characteristics of American Jews, 1654–1954. The American Jewish Year Book, 56, 3-41.
• Goren, A. A. (1999). The Politics and Public Culture of American Jews. The United States: Indiana University Press.
• Grabowski, J. (2013). The Denunciations of Jews in Poland during the Second World War. Archives Juives, 46(1), 77-90.
• Gross, M. L. (1994). Jewish Rescue in Holland and France during the Second World War: Moral Cognition and Collective Action. Social Forces, 73(2), 463-496.
• Hartman, H., & Hartman, M. (2009). Gender and American Jews: Patterns in Work, Education, and Family in Contemporary Life. The United States: UPNE.
• Hartman, M. (2012). Gender Equality and American Jews. The United States: SUNY Press.
• Harviainen, T. (2000). The Jews in Finland and World War II. Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies, 21(1-2), 157-166.
• Heideman, R. D. (2017). Legalizing Hate: The Significance of the Nuremberg Laws and the Post-War Nuremberg Trials. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 39, 5-24.
• Heilman, S. C. (1995). Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the Twentieth Century. The United States: University of Washington Press.
• Himmelfarb, H. S. (1979). Agents of Religious Socialization among American Jews. The Sociological Quarterly, 20(4), 477-494.
• Himmelfarb, H. S., Loar, R. M., & Mott, S. H. (1983). Sampling by Ethnic Surnames: The Case of American Jews. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(2), 247-260.
• Hoffmann, P. (1989). Roncalli in the Second World War: Peace Initiatives, the Greek Famine and the Persecution of the Jews. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 40(1), 74-99.
• Horowitz, B. (1998). Connections and Journeys: Shifting Identities among American Jews. Contemporary Jewry, 19(1), 63-94.
• Ivers, G. (1995). To Build a Wall: American Jews and the Separation of Church and State. The United States: University of Virginia Press.
• Jones, L. E. (1992). 'The Greatest Stupidity of My Life': Alfred Hugenberg and the Formation of the Hitler Cabinet, January 1933. Journal of Contemporary History, 27(1), 63-87.
• Kaganovitch, A. (2010). Jewish Refugees and Soviet Authorities during World War II. Yad Vashem Studies, 38(2), 85-121.
• Kivisto, P., & Nefzger, B. (1993). Symbolic Ethnicity and American Jews: The Relationship of Ethnic Identity to Behavior and Group Affiliation. The Social Science Journal, 30(1), 1-12.
• Kuromiya, H. (2002). World War II, Jews, and Post-War Soviet Society. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 3(3), 521-531.
• Kushner, T. (1988). Horns and Dilemmas: Jewish Evacuees in Britain during the Second World War. Immigrants & Minorities, 7(3), 273-291.
• Láníček, J. (2012). Governments-in-exile and the Jews during and after the Second World War. Holocaust Studies, 18(2-3), 73-94.
• Lévi-Strauss, C. (2016). Irk, Tarih ve Kültür. Çev., Haldun Bayrı, Reha Erdem, Arzu Oyacıoğlu, Işık Ergüden. 7. Basım. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Levin, D. (1975). Participation of the Lithuanian Jews in the Second World War. Journal of Baltic Studies, 6(4), 300-310.
• Levin, D. (1988). Arrests and Deportations of Latvian Jews by the USSR during the Second World War. Nationalities Papers, 16(1), 50-70.
• Levine, A. (2010). Fugitives of the Forest: The Heroic Story of Jewish Resistance and Survival during the Second World War. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Levinson, R. E. (1974). American Jews in the West. The Western Historical Quarterly, 5(3), 285-294.
• Levy, M. F. (2013). A Tangled Tale: The Survival of Serbian Jews during World War II. Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies, 27(1), 15-41.
• LOC (2021). Nürnberg Duruşmaları, https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Nuremberg_trials.html, Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2021.
• Lynn, R. (2004). The Intelligence of American Jews. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(1), 201-206.
• Marom, R. (2020). RAF Ein Shemer: A Forgotten Case of Jewish and Arab Work in a British Army Camp in Palestine during the Second World War. War & Society, 39(3), 189-209.
• Mittelberg, D. (1999). The Israel Connection and American Jews. The United States: Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Moore, D. D. (2009). GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation. The United States: Harvard University Press.
• Phayer, M. (2002). Pius XII and the Genocides of Polish Catholics and Polish Jews during the Second World War. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, 15(1), 238-262.
• Philips, B. T., & Fishman, S. B. (2006). Ethnic Capital and Intermarriage: A Case Study of American Jews. Sociology of Religion, 67(4), 487-505.
• Polonsky, A. (1997). Beyond Condemnation, Apologetics and Apologies: On the Complexity of Polish Behavior Toward the Jews During the Second World War. Studies in Contemporary Jewry, 13, 190-224.
• Poznanski, R. (2001). Jews in France during World War II. The United States: UPNE.
• Puckett, D. J. (2014). In the Shadow of Hitler: Alabama's Jews, the Second World War, and the Holocaust. The United States: University of Alabama Press.
• Raento, P., & Brunn, S. D. (2005). Visualizing Finland: Postage Stamps as Political Messengers. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 87(2), 145-164.
• Raento, P., & Brunn, S. D. (2008). Picturing a nation: Finland on postage stamps, 1917–2000. National Identities, 10(1), 49-75.
• Rautkallio, H. (1994). 'Cast into the Lion's Den' Finnish Jewish Soldiers in the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 29(1), 53-94.
• Reid, D. M. (1993). The Postage Stamp: A Window on Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Middle East Journal, 47(1), 77-89.
• Ringelblum, E. (1992). Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War. The United States: Northwestern University Press.
• Rosenfield, G. (1982). The Polls: Attitudes toward American Jews. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 46(3), 431-443.
• Sarna, J. D. & Golden, J. (2021). Yirminci Yüzyılda Amerikan Yahudi Deneyimi: Antisemitizm ve Asimilasyon, http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/jewishexpb.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2021.
• Sasson, T. (2010). Mass Mobilization to Direct Engagement: American Jews' Changing Relationship to Israel. Israel Studies, 15(2), 173-195.
• Seliktar, O. (2002). Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process. The United States: Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Shapiro, E. S. (1997). American Jews and the Problem of Identity. Society, 34(6), 14-19.
• Simon, R. (1994). It Could Have Happened There: The Jews of Libya During the Second World War. Africana Journal, 16, 391-422.
• Slater, M. K. (1969). My Son the Doctor: Aspects of Mobility among American Jews. American Sociological Review, 34(3), 359-373.
• Taras, D., & Weinfeld, M. (1990). Continuity and Criticism: North American Jews and Israel. International Journal, 45(3), 661-684.
• Tokayer, M., & Swartz, M. (2004). The Fugu Plan: The Untold Story of the Japanese and the Jews during World War II. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House Ltd.
• USHMM (2021). Amerikan Yahudi Kongresi (The American Jewish Congress, AJC), https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/american-jewish-congress, Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2021.
• USHMM (2020a). Birinci Pul, https:// collections. ushmm. org/ search/ catalog/ irn 562711, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020.
• USHMM (2020b). Birinci Pul, https:// collections. ushmm. org/ search/ catalog/ irn 562720, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020.
• USHMM (2020c). Birinci Pul, https:// collections. ushmm. org/ search/ catalog/ irn 562706, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020.
• USHMM (2020d). Birinci Pul, https:// collections. ushmm. org/ search/ catalog/ irn 562728, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020.
• USHMM (2020e). Birinci Pul, https:// collections. ushmm. org/ search/ catalog/ irn 562738, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020.
• USHMM (2020f). Birinci Pul, https:// collections. ushmm. org/ search/ catalog/ irn 562746, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020. Wertheimer, J. (2008). American Jews and Israel: A 60-year Retrospective. The American Jewish Year Book, 108, 3-79. Zariz, R. (1993). The Jews of Luxembourg during the Second World War. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 7(1), 51-66.