Research Article
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Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms' Response to Covid-19

Year 2026, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 29 - 42, 03.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260103

Abstract

Purpose – This study examines the changes made by organizations in their structures and strategies in response to the environmental uncertainty caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The contingency theory suggests that organizations try to survive by changing to adapt to their environment in the face of sudden changes in their environment. The aim of this study is to reveal what kind of strategic and structural changes organizations in Turkey have made during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Design/methodology/approach – In order to evaluate whether the environmental uncertainty caused by the Covid-19 pandemic leads to strategic and structural change as stated in the theory, 76 foreign trade firms registered with the Mersin Chamber of Commerce and Industry and ranked in the top 100 in the list of export transactions originating from Mersin port, with annual export sales of more than $10 million, were chosen as the study’s sample. The data were collected through a questionnaire. Simple linear and ordinal logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data.
Findings – Increase in environmental uncertainty has a positive and significant relationship with the organization's orientation towards differentiation strategy, while it has no effect on the organization's orientation towards cost leadership strategy. In addition, structural change in the mechanistic direction has a positive and significant effect on the organization's orientation towards cost leadership strategy, while structural change has no significant effect on the orientation towards differentiation strategy. Moreover, environmental uncertainty did not have a significant effect on structural change. Finally, no significant relationship was found between the change in the strategy of the organization and the mechanistic change of the organizational structure. Overall, although the Covid-19 pandemic increased environmental uncertainty, organizations in the sample of this study did not make significant structural and strategic changes.
Discussion – Organizations were not completely indifferent to environmental change, responded to change tactically with temporary and instantaneous reactions and did not make sustainable permanent changes. The excessive rise in prices (sales) led to unexpected and extraordinary increase in profitability and thus organizations did not consider major change necessary.

Ethical Statement

We declare that this is an original research, the manuscript has not been published before, nor has it been submitted elsewhere for consideration.

Supporting Institution

not applicable

Project Number

not applicable

References

  • Birnbaum, P. H. (1984). The choice of strategic alternatives under increasing regulation in high technology companies. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 489-510.
  • Boeker, W. (1989). Strategic Change: The Effects of Founding and History. The Academy of Management Journal, 32(3): 489-515.
  • Burns, T. and Stalker, G. (1961). The Management of Innovation (1st ed.). London: Tavistock Publications.
  • Çalışkan, A. and Akkoç, İ. (2012). Girişimci ve Yenilikçi Davranışın İş Performansına Etkisinde Çevresel Belirsizliğin Rolü. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 1-28.
  • Certo, S. C. and Peter, J. P. (2005). Strategic management: planning and strategy implementation. 2. ed. São Paulo: Makron Books.
  • Çetindaş, A. (2018). İmalat işletmelerinde tedarik zinciri entegrasyonunun lojistik performansına etkisinde çevresel belirsizliğin düzenleyici rolü. Doktora Tezi. Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi: Gaziantep.
  • Chandler, A. (1962). Strategy and Structure. MIT press.
  • Covin J.G. and Slevin D.P. (1988). The influence of organization structure on the utility of an entrepreneurial top management style. Journal of Management Studies, 25: 217–234.
  • Daft, R. (2015). Understanding the Theory and Design of Organizations. Tenth Edition: South Western College.
  • Dess, G. and Davis, P. (1984). Porter's Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 467- 488.
  • Emery, F. E. and Trist, E. L. (1965). The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments. Human Relations, 18(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872676501800103
  • Fombrun, C. J. and Ginsberg, A. (1990). Shifting gears: Enabling change in corporate aggressiveness. Strategic Management Journal, 11(4): 297-308.
  • Ginn, G. (1990). Strategic change in hospitals: An examination of the response of the acute care hospital to the turbulent environment of the 1980's. Health Services Research, 25: 566-591. Hall, J. (2004). Quality of Information. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(1): 92.
  • Hall, R. (1991). Organizations: Structures, Processes, and Outcomes. Prentice-Hall International Editions.
  • Hatch, M. J. (2013). Organization Theory. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Karacaoğlu, Y. (2011). İşletmelerin Rekabet Üstünlüğü Anlayışlarını Etkileyen Ögelerin Endüstri Temelli ve Kaynak Temelli Bakış Açısına Göre Belirlenmesi: Kayseri İlinde Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 119-143.
  • Kelly, D. and Amburgey, T. L. (1991). Organizational inertia and momentum: A dynamic model of strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 591-612.
  • Khandwalla, P. N. (1976). The Techno-Economic Ecology of Corporate Strategy. Journal of Management Studies. 13(1), 62-75.
  • McCutchen, W. W. (1993). Strategy changes as a response to alterations in tax policy. Journal of Management, 19: 575-593.
  • Miles, R. E and Snow, C. C. (1978). Organization Strategy, Structure and Process. NewYork: McGraw Hill.
  • Miller, D. (1986). Configurations of Strategy and Structure: Towards a Synthesis. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 233-249.
  • Miller, D. and Friesen, P. H. (1978). Archetypes of strategy formulation. Management Science, 24, 921- 933.
  • Miller, D. and Friesen, P. H. (1984). Organizations: A Quantum View (1st ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
  • Milliken, F. J. (1987). Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty About the Environment: State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty. Academy of Management Review. 12(1), 133–143. Mintzberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organizations (1st ed.). NJ: Prenctice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs.
  • Nystrom, P. C., Ramamurthy, K. and Wilson, A. L. (2002). Organizational Context, Climate and Innovativeness: Adoption of Imaging Technology. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 19: 221-247.
  • Parnell, J.A. (2011). Strategic capabilities, competitive strategy, and performance among retailers in Argentina, Peru and the United States. Management Decision, 49(1): 139-155.
  • Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (1st ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Pugh, D.S., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R. and Turner, C. (1968). Dimensions of Organization Structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 13(1), 65-105.
  • Robbins, S. P. (1990). Organization Theory: Structure, Design, and Applications. New Jersey. Prentice- Hall.
  • Robbins, S. P. (1991). Organizational Behavior. 5th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Editions.
  • Sağsan, M. (2008). Bilişim Sektöründeki Firmaların Örgütsel Tasarımlama Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Yenilik Yapma Eğilimleri. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 3. Baskı.
  • Uçak, H. (2020). Kaynak bağımlılığı düzeyinin rekabet stratejileri üzerindeki etkisi: Algılanan çevresel belirsizliğin düzenleyici rolü [Doktora Tezi]. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi.
  • Waldman, D. A., Ramirez, G. G., House, R. J. and Puranam, P. (2001). Does Leadership Matter? CEO Leadership Attri- butes and Profitability under Conditions of Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 134-144.
  • Walton, E. J. (1981). The Comparison of Measures of Organization Structure. The Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 155-160.
  • Wong, C.Y., Boon-ittb, S. and Wong, C.W.Y. (2011). The contingency effects of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance. Journal of Operations Management, 29, 604–615.
  • Zahra, S. A., and Covin, J. G. (1993). Business strategy, technology policy and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 14(6), 451-478.
  • Zajac, E. J. and Kraatz, M. S. (1993). A diametric model of strategic change: Assessing the ante- cedents and consequences of restructuring in the higher education industry. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 83-102.

BELİRSİZLİĞİN ÖRGÜTSEL STRATEJİ VE YAPI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: MERSİN DIŞ TİCARET FİRMALARININ COVID-19'A TEPKİSİ

Year 2026, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 29 - 42, 03.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260103

Abstract

Amaç - Bu çalışma, Covid-19 pandemisinin neden olduğu çevresel belirsizlik karşısında örgütlerin yapı ve stratejilerinde yaptıkları değişiklikleri incelemektedir. Durumsallık teorisi, örgütlerin çevrelerinde meydana gelen ani değişimler karşısında çevrelerine uyum sağlamak için değişerek hayatta kalmaya çalıştıklarını öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki örgütlerin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde ne tür stratejik ve yapısal değişiklikler yaptıklarını ortaya koymaktır.
Tasarım/yöntem/yaklaşım - Covid-19 salgınının neden olduğu çevresel belirsizliğin teoride belirtildiği gibi stratejik ve yapısal değişime yol açıp açmadığını değerlendirmek amacıyla, Mersin Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası'na kayıtlı ve Mersin limanı çıkışlı ihracat işlemleri listesinde ilk 100'de yer alan, yıllık ihracat satışları 10 milyon doların üzerinde olan 76 dış ticaret firması çalışmanın örneklemi olarak seçilmiştir. Veriler anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Verileri analiz etmek için basit doğrusal ve sıralı lojistik regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular - Çevresel belirsizlikteki artış, örgütün farklılaştırma stratejisine yönelimi ile pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişkiye sahipken, örgütün maliyet liderliği stratejisine yönelimi üzerinde bir etkisi yoktur. Buna ek olarak, mekanik yöndeki yapısal değişim, örgütün maliyet liderliği stratejisine yönelimi üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahipken, yapısal değişimin farklılaştırma stratejisine yönelimi üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi yoktur. Ayrıca, çevresel belirsizlik yapısal değişim üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip değildir. Son olarak, örgütün stratejisindeki değişim ile örgütsel yapının mekanik değişimi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Genel olarak, Covid-19 pandemisi çevresel belirsizliği artırmasına rağmen, bu çalışmanın örneklemindeki örgütler önemli yapısal ve stratejik değişiklikler yapmamıştır.
Tartışma - Örgütler çevresel değişime tamamen kayıtsız kalmamış, değişime taktiksel olarak geçici ve anlık tepkilerle karşılık vermiş ve sürdürülebilir kalıcı değişiklikler yapmamıştır. Fiyatlardaki (satışlardaki) aşırı artış, karlılıkta beklenmedik ve olağanüstü bir artışa yol açmış ve bu nedenle örgütler büyük bir değişimi gerekli görmemiştir.

Project Number

not applicable

References

  • Birnbaum, P. H. (1984). The choice of strategic alternatives under increasing regulation in high technology companies. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 489-510.
  • Boeker, W. (1989). Strategic Change: The Effects of Founding and History. The Academy of Management Journal, 32(3): 489-515.
  • Burns, T. and Stalker, G. (1961). The Management of Innovation (1st ed.). London: Tavistock Publications.
  • Çalışkan, A. and Akkoç, İ. (2012). Girişimci ve Yenilikçi Davranışın İş Performansına Etkisinde Çevresel Belirsizliğin Rolü. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 1-28.
  • Certo, S. C. and Peter, J. P. (2005). Strategic management: planning and strategy implementation. 2. ed. São Paulo: Makron Books.
  • Çetindaş, A. (2018). İmalat işletmelerinde tedarik zinciri entegrasyonunun lojistik performansına etkisinde çevresel belirsizliğin düzenleyici rolü. Doktora Tezi. Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi: Gaziantep.
  • Chandler, A. (1962). Strategy and Structure. MIT press.
  • Covin J.G. and Slevin D.P. (1988). The influence of organization structure on the utility of an entrepreneurial top management style. Journal of Management Studies, 25: 217–234.
  • Daft, R. (2015). Understanding the Theory and Design of Organizations. Tenth Edition: South Western College.
  • Dess, G. and Davis, P. (1984). Porter's Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 467- 488.
  • Emery, F. E. and Trist, E. L. (1965). The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments. Human Relations, 18(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872676501800103
  • Fombrun, C. J. and Ginsberg, A. (1990). Shifting gears: Enabling change in corporate aggressiveness. Strategic Management Journal, 11(4): 297-308.
  • Ginn, G. (1990). Strategic change in hospitals: An examination of the response of the acute care hospital to the turbulent environment of the 1980's. Health Services Research, 25: 566-591. Hall, J. (2004). Quality of Information. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(1): 92.
  • Hall, R. (1991). Organizations: Structures, Processes, and Outcomes. Prentice-Hall International Editions.
  • Hatch, M. J. (2013). Organization Theory. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Karacaoğlu, Y. (2011). İşletmelerin Rekabet Üstünlüğü Anlayışlarını Etkileyen Ögelerin Endüstri Temelli ve Kaynak Temelli Bakış Açısına Göre Belirlenmesi: Kayseri İlinde Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 119-143.
  • Kelly, D. and Amburgey, T. L. (1991). Organizational inertia and momentum: A dynamic model of strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 591-612.
  • Khandwalla, P. N. (1976). The Techno-Economic Ecology of Corporate Strategy. Journal of Management Studies. 13(1), 62-75.
  • McCutchen, W. W. (1993). Strategy changes as a response to alterations in tax policy. Journal of Management, 19: 575-593.
  • Miles, R. E and Snow, C. C. (1978). Organization Strategy, Structure and Process. NewYork: McGraw Hill.
  • Miller, D. (1986). Configurations of Strategy and Structure: Towards a Synthesis. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 233-249.
  • Miller, D. and Friesen, P. H. (1978). Archetypes of strategy formulation. Management Science, 24, 921- 933.
  • Miller, D. and Friesen, P. H. (1984). Organizations: A Quantum View (1st ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
  • Milliken, F. J. (1987). Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty About the Environment: State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty. Academy of Management Review. 12(1), 133–143. Mintzberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organizations (1st ed.). NJ: Prenctice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs.
  • Nystrom, P. C., Ramamurthy, K. and Wilson, A. L. (2002). Organizational Context, Climate and Innovativeness: Adoption of Imaging Technology. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 19: 221-247.
  • Parnell, J.A. (2011). Strategic capabilities, competitive strategy, and performance among retailers in Argentina, Peru and the United States. Management Decision, 49(1): 139-155.
  • Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (1st ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Pugh, D.S., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R. and Turner, C. (1968). Dimensions of Organization Structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 13(1), 65-105.
  • Robbins, S. P. (1990). Organization Theory: Structure, Design, and Applications. New Jersey. Prentice- Hall.
  • Robbins, S. P. (1991). Organizational Behavior. 5th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Editions.
  • Sağsan, M. (2008). Bilişim Sektöründeki Firmaların Örgütsel Tasarımlama Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Yenilik Yapma Eğilimleri. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 3. Baskı.
  • Uçak, H. (2020). Kaynak bağımlılığı düzeyinin rekabet stratejileri üzerindeki etkisi: Algılanan çevresel belirsizliğin düzenleyici rolü [Doktora Tezi]. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi.
  • Waldman, D. A., Ramirez, G. G., House, R. J. and Puranam, P. (2001). Does Leadership Matter? CEO Leadership Attri- butes and Profitability under Conditions of Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 134-144.
  • Walton, E. J. (1981). The Comparison of Measures of Organization Structure. The Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 155-160.
  • Wong, C.Y., Boon-ittb, S. and Wong, C.W.Y. (2011). The contingency effects of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance. Journal of Operations Management, 29, 604–615.
  • Zahra, S. A., and Covin, J. G. (1993). Business strategy, technology policy and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 14(6), 451-478.
  • Zajac, E. J. and Kraatz, M. S. (1993). A diametric model of strategic change: Assessing the ante- cedents and consequences of restructuring in the higher education industry. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 83-102.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tülin Özbahar 0000-0002-9844-4376

Mehmet Nasih Tağ 0000-0002-8605-280X

Ender Gürgen 0000-0002-1654-3005

Project Number not applicable
Submission Date January 27, 2025
Acceptance Date October 9, 2025
Early Pub Date December 2, 2025
Publication Date January 3, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 26 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbahar, T., Tağ, M. N., & Gürgen, E. (2026). Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19. Ege Academic Review, 26(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260103
AMA Özbahar T, Tağ MN, Gürgen E. Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19. ear. January 2026;26(1):29-42. doi:10.21121/eab.20260103
Chicago Özbahar, Tülin, Mehmet Nasih Tağ, and Ender Gürgen. “Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19”. Ege Academic Review 26, no. 1 (January 2026): 29-42. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260103.
EndNote Özbahar T, Tağ MN, Gürgen E (January 1, 2026) Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19. Ege Academic Review 26 1 29–42.
IEEE T. Özbahar, M. N. Tağ, and E. Gürgen, “Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19”, ear, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 29–42, 2026, doi: 10.21121/eab.20260103.
ISNAD Özbahar, Tülin et al. “Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19”. Ege Academic Review 26/1 (January2026), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260103.
JAMA Özbahar T, Tağ MN, Gürgen E. Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19. ear. 2026;26:29–42.
MLA Özbahar, Tülin et al. “Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 26, no. 1, 2026, pp. 29-42, doi:10.21121/eab.20260103.
Vancouver Özbahar T, Tağ MN, Gürgen E. Impact of Uncertainty on Organizational Strategy and Structure: Mersin Foreign Trade Firms’ Response to Covid-19. ear. 2026;26(1):29-42.