Abstract

Teknolojik gelişmenin sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümeyi belirleyen anahtarlardan biri olduğu anlayışı, yeniliğin istihdam üzerindeki etkilerinin firma, endüstri ve ülke düzeyinde belirlenmesine yoğunlaşan geniş bir ampirik literatürün oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı klasik “ Teknoloji istihdamı arttırır mı yoksa azaltır mı?” sorusuna cevap bulmak ve ürün ve süreç yeniliğinin istihdamın yaratılması üzerindeki olası farklı etkilerini Türk imalat sanayiinde 1995-1997 ve 1998-2000 yılları arasında incelemektir. Yapılan incelemeler, ürün ve süreç yeniliği yapan ve özelikle düşük teknoloji seviyesindeki firmaların istihdam büyüme hızlarının pozitif olduğunu vurgulamaktadır

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATIONS IN TURKEY

Abstract

The intuition that technological progress was a key determinant of sustained economic growth provided the impetus of a large body of empirical literature that focused on understanding the employment consequences of innovation within and between firms, industries and countries. The aim of this study is to find an answer to classical question “Does technology creates or destroys jobs?” and evaluate the potential differences in the impact of product and process innovations in terms of employment generation in Turkish manufacturing industries over the periods 1995-1997 and 19982000. Our analysis states that the employment growth rates of both product and process innovators are positive especially in low technology industries

References

1. ACEMOĞLU, Daron, (2002): “Technical Change,
2. Inequality and the Labor Market”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XL, p. 7-72. ADDISON, John T. and TEIXEIRA, Paulino, (2001): “Technology, Employment and Wages”, LABOUR, Vol.15, No.2, p. 191-219.
3. ANTONUCCI, Tommaso and PIANTA, Mario, (2002): “Employment Effects of Product and Process Innovation in Europe”, International
4. Review of Applied Economics, Vol.16, No.3, p. 307. BALDWIN, John and RAFIQUZZAMAN, Mohammed, (1999): “Trade, technology, and wage differentials in the Canadian manufacturing sector”, in D. Audretsch, and R. Thurik (ed), Innovation,
5. Industry Evolution, and Employment, Cambridge University Press, UK. BAUER, Thomas K. and BENDER, Stefan, (2004):
6. “Technological change, organizational change, and job turnover”, Labour Economics, Vol.11, p. 265- BERMAN, Eli, BOUND, John and GRILICHES, Zvi, (1994): “Changes In The Demand For Skilled
7. Labor Within US Manufacturing Evidence From The Annual Survey of Manufactures”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, p. 367-397. BERMAN, Eli, BOUND, John and MACHIN, Stephen, (1998): “Implications of Skill-Biased
8. Technological Change: International Evidence”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, p. 1279.

9. BLANCHFLOWER, David and BURGESS, Simon, (1998): “New Technology and Jobs:
10. Comparative Evidence From A Two Country Study”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol.5, p. 109-138. CHENNNELLS, Lucy and VAN REENEN, John, (1999): “Has technology hurt less skilled workers?”, IFS Working Paper Series, No. W99/27.
11. DUNNE, Timothy, HALTIWANGER, John and TROSKE, Kenneth, R., (1997): “ Technology and jobs: secular changes and cyclical dynamics”,
12. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol.46, p. 107-178. EDQUIST, Charles , HOMMEN, Leif and Mckelvey, Maureen, (1998): “Product versus process innovations: implications for employment” in Michie, J. and A. Reati (ed), Employment,
13. Technology and Economic Needs, p. 128-152, Edward Elgar, UK. FALK, Martin and SEIM, Katja, (2001): “The
14. Impact of Information Technology on High-Skilled Labor in Services: Evidence From Firm-Level Panel Data”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol.10, p. 289-323. GERA, Surendra, GU, Wulong and LIN Zhengxi, (2001): “Technology and the demand for skills in
15. Canada: an industry-level analysis”, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol.34, No.1, p. 132-148. GREENAN, Nathalie and GUELLEC, Dominuque, (2000): “Technological Innovation and Employment Reallocation”, LABOUR, Vol.14, No.4, p. 547-590.
16. GREENHALGH, C., LONGLAND M. and BOSWORTH, D., (2001): “Technological Activity and Employment in a Panel of UK Firms”, Scottish
17. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.48, No.3, p. 260- HASKEL, Jonathan and HEDEN, Ylva, (1999):
18. “Computers and The Demand For Skilled Labour: Industry-and- Establishment-Level Panel Evidence for The UK”, The Economic Journal, Vol.109, March, C68-79. KLETTE, Jakob and FORRE, Svein, (1998):
19. “Innovation and Job Creation in a Small Open Economy-Evidence From Norwegian Manufacturing Plants 1982-92”, Economics of
20. Innovation and New Technology, Vol.5, p. 247- MACHIN, Stephen and VAN REENEN, John, (1998): “Technology and Cahnges In Skill
21. Structure: Evidence From Seven OECD Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, p. 1244.
22. MACHIN, Stephen, (2001): “The changing nature of labour demand in the new economy and skill- biased technology change”, Oxford Bulletin of
23. Economics and Statistics, Vol.63, p. 753-776. MAURIN, Eric and THESMAR, David, (2004):
24. “Changes in the Functional Structure of Firms and the Demand for Skill”, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol.22, No.3, p. 639-664. PETERS, Bettina, (2004): “Employment Effects of
25. Different Innovation Activities: Microeconometric Evidence”, ZEW Discussion Paper, No.04-73. PIANTA, Mario, (2001): “Innovation, demand and employment”, in Petit, P. and L. Soete (ed.),
26. Technology and the Future of European Employment, p. 142- 165, Edwar Elgar, UK and US. PIANTA, Mario, (2003): “Innovation and Employment” in Fagerberg, J., D. Mowery and R.
27. Nelson (eds.), Handbook of Innovation, Chp 22, Oxford University Press (forth.) PIVA, Mariacristina and VIVARELLI, Marco, (2004): “Technological change and employment: some micro evidence from Italy”, Applied
28. Economics Letters, Vol.11, p. 373-376. REATI, Angelo, (1998): “The present technological change: growth and employment perspectives” in
29. Michie, J. and A. Reati (ed), Employment, Technology and Economic Needs, p. 91-114, Edward Elgar, UK and US. SANDERS. Mark and WEEL, Bas ter, (2000):
30. “Skill-Biased Technical Change: Theoretical Concepts, Empirical Problems and a Survey of the Evidence”, DRUID Conference presentation. TAYMAZ, Erol, (1996): “Technological Change and Employment in Turkish Manufacturing
31. Industries”, in Bulutay, T. (ed.), Technology and Employment, p. 187-224, SIS, Ankara. TAYMAZ, Erol, (2001): National System of
32. Innovation, (in Turkish), TÜBİTAK /TTGV/DİE, Ankara. VAN REENEN, John, (1997): “Employment and Technological Innovation: Evidence from UK
33. Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol.15, No.2, p. 255-284. VIVARELLI, Marco, (1995): The Economics of
34. Technology and Employment, Edward Elgar, England.