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Year 2002, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 01.05.2002

Abstract

Çalışma hayatında cinsiyete dayalı ayırımcılık; verimlilik göz ardı edilerek aynı yetenek, eğitim ve deneyime sahip bir işçi grubunun, cinsiyet veya ırk gibi kişisel özelliklere göre değerlendirilerek daha az ücret alması veya işe almada, yerleştirmede ve terfide haksızlık yapılması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bu tanımın ışığı altında Türkiye de cinsiyet ayrımcılığını teorik ve ampirik açıdan incelemektir. Bu konu son otuz yılda çok popüler olmasına rağmen çalışmaların büyük bir çoğunluğu İngiltere, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Avustralya gibi gelişmiş ülkelerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu çalışmada, cinsiyete dayalı ayırımcılık konusunda varolan bütün teorik ve ampirik çalışmalar değerlendirilip geçerlilikleri gelişmekte olan ve geleneklerin hakim olduğu bir ülke olan Türkiye için analiz edilecektir

References

  • ANKER, Richard and HEIN, Catherine (1986): Sex Inequalities in Urban Employment in the Third World, St. Martin's press, New York.
  • ARROW, Kenneth (1973): "The Theory Of Discrimination", in Ashenfelter Orley and Rees All, (ed.), Discrimination in Labour Markets, N.J: Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp.3-33.
  • ASHENFELTER, Orley and OAXACA, Ronald, L. (1991): “Labour Market Discrimination and Economic Development”, in Birdsall Nancy and Sabot Richard (eds.), The Unfair Advantage: Labour market Discrimination in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank, pp.35-53.
  • BECKER, Gary S. (1957): The Economics of Discrimination, The university of Chicago Press. Bergmann Barbara R. and Darity Jr., William, (1981), "Social Relations, Productivity and Employer Discrimination", Monthly Labour Review, Vol.104, No. 4, pp. 47-9.
  • BERGMANN, Barbara (1971): “The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination in Employment”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp.294-313.
  • BERGMANN, Barbara R. (1989): "Does the Market for Women's Labour Need Fixing?", Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.3, no.1, pp.43-60.
  • BERGMANN, Barbara R. (1986): The Economic Emergence of Women, Basic Books Inc. Publishers, New York.
  • BIRDSALL, Nancy and SABOT, Richard (1991): Unfair Advantage: Labour Market Discrimination in Developing Countries, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • BLAU, Francine and JUSENIUS, Carol L. (1976): "Economists' Approaches to Sex Segregation in the Labour Market: An Appraisal", in Boxall, M. and Reagan, B., (ed.) Women and the Workplace, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp.181-199.
  • CRAIG, Christine, GARNSEY, Elizabeth and RUBERY, Jill (1985): “Labour Market Segmentation and Women’s Employment: A case Study from the United Kingdom”, International Labour Review, Vol.124, No., pp.267-280.
  • ÇOLAK, Ömer and ARDOR, Hakan (2001): “İşgücü Piyasasında Ayırımcılık: Turkiye ve Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 12 (40).
  • ÇOLAK, Ömer and KILIÇ, Cem (2001): Yeni Sanayileşen Bölgelerde Kadın İşgücü Arzı: Şanlıurfa Örneği, TISK Yayınları, Yayin No: 214, Ankara.
  • DARITY, Jr., William (1989): “What’s Left of the Economic Theory of Discrimination?”, in Steve Shulman and William Darity, Jr., (eds), Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market, Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, pp. 335-374.
  • DARITY, Jr., William (1995): The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics Economics and Discrimination, An Elgar Reference Collection Aldershot, UK, US.
  • ECEVİT, Yıldız (1986): Gender and Wage Work: A Case Study of Turkish Women in Manufacturing Industry, Ph.D. Thesis in Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Kent, England.
  • ECEVIT, Yıldız (1991): "Shopfloor Control: The Idelogical Construction of Turkish Women Factory Workers", Redclift, N. and Sinclair, T., (Eds.) Working Women: International Perspectives on Labour and Gender Ideology, Routledge, London pp. 56-78.
  • EDGEWORTH, F. Y. (1922): "Equal pay to Men and Women", Economic Journal, December, pp.431-457.
  • ENGLAND, Paula (1982): "The Failure of Human Capital Theory to Explain Occupational Sex Segregation", The Journal Of Human Resources, vol. XVII, no.3, pp.357-370.
  • FREEMAN, Richard B. (1973): “Decline of Labour Market Discrimination and Economic Analysis”, American Economic Review, Vol.63, No.2, pp. 280- 286.
  • HAKIM, Catherine (1981): “Job Segregation: Trends in the 1970’s”, Employment Gazette, December, pp. 521-529. 12
  • HARTMANN, Heidi (1976): “Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex”, in Blaxall M. and Reagan, B. (eds.), Women and The Workplace: The Implications of Occupational Segregation, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp.137-169.
  • IŞIKLI, Alpaslan (1999): İş Hukuku, İmaj Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • KASNAKOGLU, Zehra and DAYIOGLU, Meltem (1997): "Female Labour Force Participation and Earnings Differentials Between genders in Turkey", in Rives, J. M. and Yousefi, M., (eds), In economic Dimensions of Gender Inequality: A Global perspective, Praeger Westport, connechcut, London.
  • KING, John E. (1990): Labour Economics, 2nd Edition, Macmillan, London.
  • KOCAK, Serap, (1999): Gender Discrimination in the Turkish Labour Market, PhD Thesis in Social Sciences, De Montfort university, England.
  • MADDEN, Janice F. (1973): The Economics of Sex Discrimination, Lexington, Mass: D.C Heath and Co.
  • MAKINA MUHENDISLERI ODASI (1977): Turkiye Makina Muhendisleri Odasi dergisi, Ankara.
  • MINCER, Jacob (1958): “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 66, No.4, pp.281-302.
  • OECD (1985): The integration of Women into the Economy, Paris.
  • PHELPS, Edmund (1972): "The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism", American Economic Review, vol.62, no.3, pp.659-661.
  • POLACHEK, Solomon W. (1981): "Occupational self-selection: A human Capital Approach to Sex Differences in Occupational Structure", Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.58, no.1, pp.60-69.
  • POWER, Margaret (1975): “Women’s Work is Never Done by Men: A Socio-economic Model of Sex Typing in Occupations”, Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.17, pp. 225-239.
  • REICH, Michael, GORDON, David M. and EDWARDS, Richard C. (1973): “A Theory of Labour Market Segmentation”, The American Economic Review, Vol.63, No.2, pp.359-365.
  • RESKIN, Barbara and ROOS, Patricia A. (1990): Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women’s Inroads into Male Occupations, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
  • ROBINSON, J. (1934): The Economics of Imperfect Competition, Macmillan, London. RUBERY, Jill (1978): “Structured Labour Markets, Worker Organisation and Low Pay”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 2, March, pp.17-36.
  • RUMBERGER, Russel W. and CARNOY, Martin (1980): “Segmentation in the US Labour Market: Its Effects on the Mobility and Earnings of Whites and Blacks”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol.4, pp. 117-132.
  • SONMEZ, M. (1982): Turkiye Ekonomisinde Bunalim: 24 Ocak Kararlari ve Sonrasi, Belge Yayinlari, 2. Edition, Istanbul.
  • THUROW, Lester, C. (1975): Generating Inequality, Basic Books, Newyork
  • TZANNATOS, Zafiris (1989): "The long-run Effects of the Sex Integration of the British Labour Market", Journal of Economic Studies, Vol.14, No.1, pp.5-18.
  • WILLIAMS, Rhonda, M. (1987): “Capital, Competition, and Discrimination: A Reconsideration of Radical Earnings Inequality”, Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol.19, No.2, pp.1-15.
  • WORLD BANK (1993): Turkey Women in Development, A World Bank Country Study, Washington, D.C.
  • WORLD BANK (1995): World Development Report 1995: Workers in an Integration World, Oxford University press, Oxford, New York.

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE

Year 2002, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 01.05.2002

Abstract

Labour market discrimination can be defined as
occurring when one group of workers with abilities,
education, training, and experience equal to
another group of workers are provided inferior
treatment in hiring, occupational access, promotion
or wage rates on the basis of some personal
characteristic, such as gender or race, which is
unrelated to productivity. In the light of this
definition, the purpose of this study is to analyse
gender discrimination in the Turkish labour market.
Studies of gender discrimination in the labour
market have been very popular during the last three
decades, but most of the research on labour market
discrimination has been confined to developed
countries such as the UK, the USA, and Austria etc.
In this paper we analyse the existing theoretical
and empirical literature of gender discrimination
and evaluate their relevance in a developing
country such as Turkey where traditional and
cultural beliefs and norm are still prevalent.

References

  • ANKER, Richard and HEIN, Catherine (1986): Sex Inequalities in Urban Employment in the Third World, St. Martin's press, New York.
  • ARROW, Kenneth (1973): "The Theory Of Discrimination", in Ashenfelter Orley and Rees All, (ed.), Discrimination in Labour Markets, N.J: Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp.3-33.
  • ASHENFELTER, Orley and OAXACA, Ronald, L. (1991): “Labour Market Discrimination and Economic Development”, in Birdsall Nancy and Sabot Richard (eds.), The Unfair Advantage: Labour market Discrimination in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank, pp.35-53.
  • BECKER, Gary S. (1957): The Economics of Discrimination, The university of Chicago Press. Bergmann Barbara R. and Darity Jr., William, (1981), "Social Relations, Productivity and Employer Discrimination", Monthly Labour Review, Vol.104, No. 4, pp. 47-9.
  • BERGMANN, Barbara (1971): “The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination in Employment”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp.294-313.
  • BERGMANN, Barbara R. (1989): "Does the Market for Women's Labour Need Fixing?", Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.3, no.1, pp.43-60.
  • BERGMANN, Barbara R. (1986): The Economic Emergence of Women, Basic Books Inc. Publishers, New York.
  • BIRDSALL, Nancy and SABOT, Richard (1991): Unfair Advantage: Labour Market Discrimination in Developing Countries, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • BLAU, Francine and JUSENIUS, Carol L. (1976): "Economists' Approaches to Sex Segregation in the Labour Market: An Appraisal", in Boxall, M. and Reagan, B., (ed.) Women and the Workplace, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp.181-199.
  • CRAIG, Christine, GARNSEY, Elizabeth and RUBERY, Jill (1985): “Labour Market Segmentation and Women’s Employment: A case Study from the United Kingdom”, International Labour Review, Vol.124, No., pp.267-280.
  • ÇOLAK, Ömer and ARDOR, Hakan (2001): “İşgücü Piyasasında Ayırımcılık: Turkiye ve Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 12 (40).
  • ÇOLAK, Ömer and KILIÇ, Cem (2001): Yeni Sanayileşen Bölgelerde Kadın İşgücü Arzı: Şanlıurfa Örneği, TISK Yayınları, Yayin No: 214, Ankara.
  • DARITY, Jr., William (1989): “What’s Left of the Economic Theory of Discrimination?”, in Steve Shulman and William Darity, Jr., (eds), Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market, Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, pp. 335-374.
  • DARITY, Jr., William (1995): The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics Economics and Discrimination, An Elgar Reference Collection Aldershot, UK, US.
  • ECEVİT, Yıldız (1986): Gender and Wage Work: A Case Study of Turkish Women in Manufacturing Industry, Ph.D. Thesis in Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Kent, England.
  • ECEVIT, Yıldız (1991): "Shopfloor Control: The Idelogical Construction of Turkish Women Factory Workers", Redclift, N. and Sinclair, T., (Eds.) Working Women: International Perspectives on Labour and Gender Ideology, Routledge, London pp. 56-78.
  • EDGEWORTH, F. Y. (1922): "Equal pay to Men and Women", Economic Journal, December, pp.431-457.
  • ENGLAND, Paula (1982): "The Failure of Human Capital Theory to Explain Occupational Sex Segregation", The Journal Of Human Resources, vol. XVII, no.3, pp.357-370.
  • FREEMAN, Richard B. (1973): “Decline of Labour Market Discrimination and Economic Analysis”, American Economic Review, Vol.63, No.2, pp. 280- 286.
  • HAKIM, Catherine (1981): “Job Segregation: Trends in the 1970’s”, Employment Gazette, December, pp. 521-529. 12
  • HARTMANN, Heidi (1976): “Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex”, in Blaxall M. and Reagan, B. (eds.), Women and The Workplace: The Implications of Occupational Segregation, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp.137-169.
  • IŞIKLI, Alpaslan (1999): İş Hukuku, İmaj Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • KASNAKOGLU, Zehra and DAYIOGLU, Meltem (1997): "Female Labour Force Participation and Earnings Differentials Between genders in Turkey", in Rives, J. M. and Yousefi, M., (eds), In economic Dimensions of Gender Inequality: A Global perspective, Praeger Westport, connechcut, London.
  • KING, John E. (1990): Labour Economics, 2nd Edition, Macmillan, London.
  • KOCAK, Serap, (1999): Gender Discrimination in the Turkish Labour Market, PhD Thesis in Social Sciences, De Montfort university, England.
  • MADDEN, Janice F. (1973): The Economics of Sex Discrimination, Lexington, Mass: D.C Heath and Co.
  • MAKINA MUHENDISLERI ODASI (1977): Turkiye Makina Muhendisleri Odasi dergisi, Ankara.
  • MINCER, Jacob (1958): “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 66, No.4, pp.281-302.
  • OECD (1985): The integration of Women into the Economy, Paris.
  • PHELPS, Edmund (1972): "The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism", American Economic Review, vol.62, no.3, pp.659-661.
  • POLACHEK, Solomon W. (1981): "Occupational self-selection: A human Capital Approach to Sex Differences in Occupational Structure", Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.58, no.1, pp.60-69.
  • POWER, Margaret (1975): “Women’s Work is Never Done by Men: A Socio-economic Model of Sex Typing in Occupations”, Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.17, pp. 225-239.
  • REICH, Michael, GORDON, David M. and EDWARDS, Richard C. (1973): “A Theory of Labour Market Segmentation”, The American Economic Review, Vol.63, No.2, pp.359-365.
  • RESKIN, Barbara and ROOS, Patricia A. (1990): Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women’s Inroads into Male Occupations, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
  • ROBINSON, J. (1934): The Economics of Imperfect Competition, Macmillan, London. RUBERY, Jill (1978): “Structured Labour Markets, Worker Organisation and Low Pay”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 2, March, pp.17-36.
  • RUMBERGER, Russel W. and CARNOY, Martin (1980): “Segmentation in the US Labour Market: Its Effects on the Mobility and Earnings of Whites and Blacks”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol.4, pp. 117-132.
  • SONMEZ, M. (1982): Turkiye Ekonomisinde Bunalim: 24 Ocak Kararlari ve Sonrasi, Belge Yayinlari, 2. Edition, Istanbul.
  • THUROW, Lester, C. (1975): Generating Inequality, Basic Books, Newyork
  • TZANNATOS, Zafiris (1989): "The long-run Effects of the Sex Integration of the British Labour Market", Journal of Economic Studies, Vol.14, No.1, pp.5-18.
  • WILLIAMS, Rhonda, M. (1987): “Capital, Competition, and Discrimination: A Reconsideration of Radical Earnings Inequality”, Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol.19, No.2, pp.1-15.
  • WORLD BANK (1993): Turkey Women in Development, A World Bank Country Study, Washington, D.C.
  • WORLD BANK (1995): World Development Report 1995: Workers in an Integration World, Oxford University press, Oxford, New York.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA65SK77VH
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serap Palaz This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2002
Published in Issue Year 2002 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Palaz, S. (2002). DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE. Ege Academic Review, 2(1), 1-13.
AMA Palaz S. DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE. ear. May 2002;2(1):1-13.
Chicago Palaz, Serap. “DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE”. Ege Academic Review 2, no. 1 (May 2002): 1-13.
EndNote Palaz S (May 1, 2002) DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE. Ege Academic Review 2 1 1–13.
IEEE S. Palaz, “DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE”, ear, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2002.
ISNAD Palaz, Serap. “DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE”. Ege Academic Review 2/1 (May 2002), 1-13.
JAMA Palaz S. DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE. ear. 2002;2:1–13.
MLA Palaz, Serap. “DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 2, no. 1, 2002, pp. 1-13.
Vancouver Palaz S. DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN TURKEY: A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE. ear. 2002;2(1):1-13.