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ÖĞRENME DÜZEYLERİ ARASI İLİŞKİ: OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE BİR ALAN ARAŞTIRMASI

Year 2010, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 95 - 115, 01.02.2010

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, bireysel öğrenme ile örgütsel öğrenme ve takım öğrenmesi ile örgütsel öğrenme arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Araştırma verileri, Muğla ilinde faaliyet gösteren tüm dört ve beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinin 799 çalışanına anket uygulanarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, hem bireysel öğrenme ile örgütsel öğrenme arasında hem de takım öğrenmesi ile örgütsel öğrenme arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, takım öğrenmesinin örgütsel öğrenmeyi bireysel öğrenmeden daha kapsamlı açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, otel işletmelerine örgütsel öğrenmeyi başarılı şekilde gerçekleştirmek için takım öğrenmesini sağlayan faktörleri dikkatlice incelemesi ve takım kültürüne yatkın ortamı yaratması önerilebilir

References

  • Antonacopoulou, P. E. (1998): “Developing learning managers within learning organizations”, (Edt) Easterby-Smith M, Arujo, L., Burgoyne, J., Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization: Developments in Theory and Practice, London: Sage, ss.214-242.
  • Antonacopoulou, P. E. (2006): “The relationship between individual and organizational learning: New evidence from managerial learning practicies”, Management Learning, 37(4), 455-473.
  • Argyris, C. (1990): Overcoming organizational defences: Facilitating Organizational Learning, Allyn&Bacon, Boston, M.A.
  • Argyris, C. ve Schön, D. (1978): Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA., USA.
  • Avcı, U. (2005): İşletmelerde Örgütsel Öğrenme-Örgütsel Performans İlişkisi: Konaklama İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Öğrenme-Örgütsel Performans İlişkisine Yönelik İnceleme, SDU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Isparta.
  • Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Kutanis, R. Ö. (2003): “Transforming hotels into learning organisations: a new strategy for going global”, Tourism Management, 24 (2), 149-154.
  • Baker, W. E. ve Sinkula, J. M. (1999): “The synergistic effect of market orientation and learning orientation on organizational performance”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(4), ss.411-427.
  • Bennet, J. (2001): “The relationship between team and organisational learning”, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 14(1), ss.14-20.
  • Bontis, N., Crossan, M.M. ve Hulland, J. (2002): “Managing an Organizational Learning System By Aligning Stocks and Flows”, Journal of Management Studies, 39(4) June, ss.437-469.
  • Bunderson, S. J. ve Sutcliffe, K. M. (2003): “Management Team Learning Orientation and Business Unit Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), ss.552-560.
  • Calantone, J.C., Cavusgil, T. S. ve Zhao, Y. (2002): “Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and firm performance”, Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), ss.515-524
  • Chan, C.C.A., Lim, L. ve Keasbeyrry, S. K. (2003): “Examining the linkages between team learning bahviors and team performance”, The Learning Organization, 10(4), ss.228-236.
  • Cohen, W. M., Levinthal, D.A. ve Daniel, A. (1990): “Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), ss.128-152.
  • Cook, S. D. N. ve Brown, J. S. (1999): “Bridging Epistemologies: The Generative Dance Bettween Organizational Knowledge and Organizational Knowing”, Organization Science, 10 (4), ss.381-400
  • Crossan, M. M., Lane, H. W. ve White, R. E. (1999): “An Organizational Learning Framework: From Initution to Institution”, Academy of Management Review, 24(3), ss.522-537.
  • Cyert, R. ve March J. (1963): A behavioural theory of the firm, Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.
  • Daft, R. ve Huber, G. P. (1987): “How Organization Learn: A Communication Framework”, Research in Sociology of Organizations, 5(2), ss.1-36
  • Dixon, M. N. (1992): “Organizational learning: A review of the literature with implications for HRD professionals”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 3 (1), ss.29-48.
  • Dodgson, M. (1993): “Organizational Learning: A Review of some Literature”, Organization Studies, 14(3), ss.375-394.
  • Duncen, R. ve Wies, A. (1979): “Organizational learning: Implications for organisational design”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 1.
  • Edmondson, A. C. (1996): Group and organizational influences on team learning, Basılmamış Doktota Tezi, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
  • Edmonson, A.C. (1999): “Psycological safety and learning bahevior in work teams”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), ss.350-383.
  • Erdoğmuş, N. (1991): “Yönetim ve Organizasyonda Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve Kariyere Etkileri”, MPM Verimlilik Dergisi, 1991/1, ss.
  • Farr, K. (2000): “Organizational learning and knowledge managers”, Work Study, 49(1), ss.14-18.
  • Fiol, M. C. ve Lyles, M. H. (1985). “Organisational Learning”, The Academy of Management Review, 10(4), ss.803-813.
  • Galer, G. ve van der Heijden K. (1992): “The learning organization: how planners create organizational learning”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning,10(6), ss.5-12.
  • Garvin, D. A. (1999): “Öğrenen Bir Örgüt Yaratmak”, Bilgi Yönetimi, (Çev: Gündüz Bulut), Mess Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Goh, S. ve Richards G. (1997): “Benchmarking the learning capacity of organizations”, European Management Journal, 15(5), ss.575-583.
  • Huber, G. P. (1991): “Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures”, Organizations Science, 2(1), February, ss.88-115.
  • Hult, G.T. ve Ferrell, O.C. (1997a): “A global learning organization structure and market information processing”, Journal of Business Research, 40(2), ss.155– 166.
  • Hult, G.T. ve Ferrell, O.C. (1997b): “Global organizational learning capacity in purchasing: construct and measurement”, Journal of Business Research, 40(2), ss.97-111.
  • Karasar, N. (2005): Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
  • Kim, D.H. (1993): “The Link Between Individual and Organizational Learning”, Sloan Management Review, Güz, ss.37-50.
  • Koçel, T. (2003): İşletme Yöneticiliği, Beta Basım Yayım A.Ş., 9. Baskı, İstanbul. Kolb, D.A. (1984): Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.
  • Lähteenmäki, S., Toivonen, J. ve Mattila, M. (2001): “Critical Aspects of organizational Learning Research and Proposals for its Measurement”, British Journal of Management, 12(2), ss.113-129.
  • Lick, D. W. (2006): “A new perspective on organizational learning: Creating learning teams”, Evaluation and Program Planning, 29, ss.88-96
  • Lindley E. ve Wheeler, F. P. (2001): “Using the learning square”, The Learning Organization, 8(3), ss.114-124.
  • March, J. G. ve Olsen, J. P. (1975): “The Uncertainty of the Past: Organizational Learning Under Ambiguity”, European Journal of Political Research, 3, ss.147- 171.
  • Mikkelsen, A. and Gronhaug, K. (2000): “Measuring organizational learning climate: a cross-national replication and instrument validation study among public sector employees”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19(4), ss.31-44.
  • Mills, D.Q. ve Bruce, F. (1992): “The learning organization”, European Management Journal, 10(2), ss.146-156.
  • Mullaolland, P., Zdrahal, Z., Domingue, J., Hatala, M. ve Bernardi, A. (2002): “A methodological approach to supporting organizational learning”, International Journal Human–Computer Studies, 56(3), ss.337-367.
  • Nevis, E. C., DiBella, A. J. ve Gould, J. M. (1995): “Understanding Organizations as Learning System”, Sloan Management Review, 36 (2), Winter, ss.73-85.
  • Nonaka, I. (1994): “A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation”, Organization Science, 5(1), ss.14-37.
  • Nonaka, I. ve Konno, N. (1998): “The Concept of Ba: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation”, California Management Review, 40(3), Spring, ss.40-54.
  • Okumuş, F., Kılınç, İ., Avcı, U. (2006a): “An Investigation Into Facilitating Factors To Transform Hotels Into Learning Organizations”, Turk-Kazakh International Tourism Conference, 20-26 November 2006, Alanya, ss.1183- 1192.
  • Okumuş, F., Kılınç, İ., Avcı, U. (2006b): Öğrenen Örgütlerin Oluşumunda Üst Kademe Yöneticilerin İşlevi: Muğla Yöresindeki Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Alan Araştırması, TÜBİTAK Projesi, SBB 4013, Ankara.
  • Öncül, M.S. (1999): “Örgütsel Öğrenme”, MPM Verimlilik Dergisi, 1999/2, ss.7- 24.
  • Pınar, İ. (1999). “Öğrenen Organizasyonların Kültürel Çerçevesi”, İ.Ü. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:28, Sayı:2, ss.37-78.
  • Probst, G.J.B. ve Büchel, B.S.T. (1997): Organizational Learning: The Competitive Advantage of the Future, Prentice Hall., London.
  • Richter, I. (1998): “Individual and organizational learning at the executive level”, Management Learning, 29(3), ss.59-79.
  • Romme, G. ve Dillen, R. (1997): “Mapping the Landscape of Organizational Learning”, European Management Journal, 15(1), ss.68-78.
  • Salner, M. (1999): “Preparing for the Learning Organization”, Journal of Management Education, October, 23 (5), ss.489-508
  • Senge, P. M. (1997): Beşinci Disiplin-Öğrenen organizasyon düşünüşü ve uygulaması, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Simon, H. (1991): “Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning”, Organization Science, 2(1), ss.125-134.
  • Sinkula, J., Baker, W., ve Noordewier, T. (1997): “A Framework for Market- Based Organizational Learning: Linking Values, Knowledge, and Behaviour”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(4), ss.305-318.
  • Spender, J. C. (1996): “Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 17, Specian Issue Winter, ss.45-62
  • Tepeci, M. ve Koçak, G. (2005): “Ekiplerde öğrenme: Öğrenen örgütler olmanın anahtarı”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(1), ss.379-393.
  • Tompkins, T. C. (1997): “Role of diffusion in collective learning”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3(1), ss.69-85.
  • Walsh, J. P. ve Ungson, G. R. (1991): “Organizational Memory”, Academy of Management Review, 16 (1), ss.57-91
  • Weick, K. E. (1991): “The Nontraditional Quality of Organizational Learning”, Organization Science, 2(1), ss.116-124.
  • Yazıcı, S. (2001): Öğrenen Organizasyonlar, Alfa Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Yazici, H. J. (2005): “A study of collaborative learning style and team learning performance”, Education and Training, 47(3), ss.216-229
  • Yeo, R. (2006): “Implementing organizational learning initiatives: integrating three levels of learning”, Development and Learning Organizations, 20(3), ss.10-12.

RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES

Year 2010, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 95 - 115, 01.02.2010

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among individual learning, team learning and organizational learning. Data was collected from 799 employees, who worked in four and five star hotels operated in Mugla, Turkey. The study findings indicate that there is a meaningful relationship among individual learning, team learning and organizational learning. In particular, team learning appears to explain organizational learning more than individual learning. Based on the study findings, it can be recommended that in order to facilitate organizational learning, hotel organizations should critically analyze and utilize the factors that facilitate team learning

References

  • Antonacopoulou, P. E. (1998): “Developing learning managers within learning organizations”, (Edt) Easterby-Smith M, Arujo, L., Burgoyne, J., Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization: Developments in Theory and Practice, London: Sage, ss.214-242.
  • Antonacopoulou, P. E. (2006): “The relationship between individual and organizational learning: New evidence from managerial learning practicies”, Management Learning, 37(4), 455-473.
  • Argyris, C. (1990): Overcoming organizational defences: Facilitating Organizational Learning, Allyn&Bacon, Boston, M.A.
  • Argyris, C. ve Schön, D. (1978): Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA., USA.
  • Avcı, U. (2005): İşletmelerde Örgütsel Öğrenme-Örgütsel Performans İlişkisi: Konaklama İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Öğrenme-Örgütsel Performans İlişkisine Yönelik İnceleme, SDU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Isparta.
  • Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Kutanis, R. Ö. (2003): “Transforming hotels into learning organisations: a new strategy for going global”, Tourism Management, 24 (2), 149-154.
  • Baker, W. E. ve Sinkula, J. M. (1999): “The synergistic effect of market orientation and learning orientation on organizational performance”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(4), ss.411-427.
  • Bennet, J. (2001): “The relationship between team and organisational learning”, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 14(1), ss.14-20.
  • Bontis, N., Crossan, M.M. ve Hulland, J. (2002): “Managing an Organizational Learning System By Aligning Stocks and Flows”, Journal of Management Studies, 39(4) June, ss.437-469.
  • Bunderson, S. J. ve Sutcliffe, K. M. (2003): “Management Team Learning Orientation and Business Unit Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), ss.552-560.
  • Calantone, J.C., Cavusgil, T. S. ve Zhao, Y. (2002): “Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and firm performance”, Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), ss.515-524
  • Chan, C.C.A., Lim, L. ve Keasbeyrry, S. K. (2003): “Examining the linkages between team learning bahviors and team performance”, The Learning Organization, 10(4), ss.228-236.
  • Cohen, W. M., Levinthal, D.A. ve Daniel, A. (1990): “Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), ss.128-152.
  • Cook, S. D. N. ve Brown, J. S. (1999): “Bridging Epistemologies: The Generative Dance Bettween Organizational Knowledge and Organizational Knowing”, Organization Science, 10 (4), ss.381-400
  • Crossan, M. M., Lane, H. W. ve White, R. E. (1999): “An Organizational Learning Framework: From Initution to Institution”, Academy of Management Review, 24(3), ss.522-537.
  • Cyert, R. ve March J. (1963): A behavioural theory of the firm, Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.
  • Daft, R. ve Huber, G. P. (1987): “How Organization Learn: A Communication Framework”, Research in Sociology of Organizations, 5(2), ss.1-36
  • Dixon, M. N. (1992): “Organizational learning: A review of the literature with implications for HRD professionals”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 3 (1), ss.29-48.
  • Dodgson, M. (1993): “Organizational Learning: A Review of some Literature”, Organization Studies, 14(3), ss.375-394.
  • Duncen, R. ve Wies, A. (1979): “Organizational learning: Implications for organisational design”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 1.
  • Edmondson, A. C. (1996): Group and organizational influences on team learning, Basılmamış Doktota Tezi, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
  • Edmonson, A.C. (1999): “Psycological safety and learning bahevior in work teams”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), ss.350-383.
  • Erdoğmuş, N. (1991): “Yönetim ve Organizasyonda Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve Kariyere Etkileri”, MPM Verimlilik Dergisi, 1991/1, ss.
  • Farr, K. (2000): “Organizational learning and knowledge managers”, Work Study, 49(1), ss.14-18.
  • Fiol, M. C. ve Lyles, M. H. (1985). “Organisational Learning”, The Academy of Management Review, 10(4), ss.803-813.
  • Galer, G. ve van der Heijden K. (1992): “The learning organization: how planners create organizational learning”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning,10(6), ss.5-12.
  • Garvin, D. A. (1999): “Öğrenen Bir Örgüt Yaratmak”, Bilgi Yönetimi, (Çev: Gündüz Bulut), Mess Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Goh, S. ve Richards G. (1997): “Benchmarking the learning capacity of organizations”, European Management Journal, 15(5), ss.575-583.
  • Huber, G. P. (1991): “Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures”, Organizations Science, 2(1), February, ss.88-115.
  • Hult, G.T. ve Ferrell, O.C. (1997a): “A global learning organization structure and market information processing”, Journal of Business Research, 40(2), ss.155– 166.
  • Hult, G.T. ve Ferrell, O.C. (1997b): “Global organizational learning capacity in purchasing: construct and measurement”, Journal of Business Research, 40(2), ss.97-111.
  • Karasar, N. (2005): Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
  • Kim, D.H. (1993): “The Link Between Individual and Organizational Learning”, Sloan Management Review, Güz, ss.37-50.
  • Koçel, T. (2003): İşletme Yöneticiliği, Beta Basım Yayım A.Ş., 9. Baskı, İstanbul. Kolb, D.A. (1984): Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.
  • Lähteenmäki, S., Toivonen, J. ve Mattila, M. (2001): “Critical Aspects of organizational Learning Research and Proposals for its Measurement”, British Journal of Management, 12(2), ss.113-129.
  • Lick, D. W. (2006): “A new perspective on organizational learning: Creating learning teams”, Evaluation and Program Planning, 29, ss.88-96
  • Lindley E. ve Wheeler, F. P. (2001): “Using the learning square”, The Learning Organization, 8(3), ss.114-124.
  • March, J. G. ve Olsen, J. P. (1975): “The Uncertainty of the Past: Organizational Learning Under Ambiguity”, European Journal of Political Research, 3, ss.147- 171.
  • Mikkelsen, A. and Gronhaug, K. (2000): “Measuring organizational learning climate: a cross-national replication and instrument validation study among public sector employees”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19(4), ss.31-44.
  • Mills, D.Q. ve Bruce, F. (1992): “The learning organization”, European Management Journal, 10(2), ss.146-156.
  • Mullaolland, P., Zdrahal, Z., Domingue, J., Hatala, M. ve Bernardi, A. (2002): “A methodological approach to supporting organizational learning”, International Journal Human–Computer Studies, 56(3), ss.337-367.
  • Nevis, E. C., DiBella, A. J. ve Gould, J. M. (1995): “Understanding Organizations as Learning System”, Sloan Management Review, 36 (2), Winter, ss.73-85.
  • Nonaka, I. (1994): “A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation”, Organization Science, 5(1), ss.14-37.
  • Nonaka, I. ve Konno, N. (1998): “The Concept of Ba: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation”, California Management Review, 40(3), Spring, ss.40-54.
  • Okumuş, F., Kılınç, İ., Avcı, U. (2006a): “An Investigation Into Facilitating Factors To Transform Hotels Into Learning Organizations”, Turk-Kazakh International Tourism Conference, 20-26 November 2006, Alanya, ss.1183- 1192.
  • Okumuş, F., Kılınç, İ., Avcı, U. (2006b): Öğrenen Örgütlerin Oluşumunda Üst Kademe Yöneticilerin İşlevi: Muğla Yöresindeki Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Alan Araştırması, TÜBİTAK Projesi, SBB 4013, Ankara.
  • Öncül, M.S. (1999): “Örgütsel Öğrenme”, MPM Verimlilik Dergisi, 1999/2, ss.7- 24.
  • Pınar, İ. (1999). “Öğrenen Organizasyonların Kültürel Çerçevesi”, İ.Ü. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:28, Sayı:2, ss.37-78.
  • Probst, G.J.B. ve Büchel, B.S.T. (1997): Organizational Learning: The Competitive Advantage of the Future, Prentice Hall., London.
  • Richter, I. (1998): “Individual and organizational learning at the executive level”, Management Learning, 29(3), ss.59-79.
  • Romme, G. ve Dillen, R. (1997): “Mapping the Landscape of Organizational Learning”, European Management Journal, 15(1), ss.68-78.
  • Salner, M. (1999): “Preparing for the Learning Organization”, Journal of Management Education, October, 23 (5), ss.489-508
  • Senge, P. M. (1997): Beşinci Disiplin-Öğrenen organizasyon düşünüşü ve uygulaması, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Simon, H. (1991): “Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning”, Organization Science, 2(1), ss.125-134.
  • Sinkula, J., Baker, W., ve Noordewier, T. (1997): “A Framework for Market- Based Organizational Learning: Linking Values, Knowledge, and Behaviour”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(4), ss.305-318.
  • Spender, J. C. (1996): “Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 17, Specian Issue Winter, ss.45-62
  • Tepeci, M. ve Koçak, G. (2005): “Ekiplerde öğrenme: Öğrenen örgütler olmanın anahtarı”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(1), ss.379-393.
  • Tompkins, T. C. (1997): “Role of diffusion in collective learning”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3(1), ss.69-85.
  • Walsh, J. P. ve Ungson, G. R. (1991): “Organizational Memory”, Academy of Management Review, 16 (1), ss.57-91
  • Weick, K. E. (1991): “The Nontraditional Quality of Organizational Learning”, Organization Science, 2(1), ss.116-124.
  • Yazıcı, S. (2001): Öğrenen Organizasyonlar, Alfa Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Yazici, H. J. (2005): “A study of collaborative learning style and team learning performance”, Education and Training, 47(3), ss.216-229
  • Yeo, R. (2006): “Implementing organizational learning initiatives: integrating three levels of learning”, Development and Learning Organizations, 20(3), ss.10-12.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA87CJ68VV
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Umut Avcı This is me

İzzet Kılınç This is me

Fevzi Okumuş This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Avcı, U., Kılınç, İ., & Okumuş, F. (2010). RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES. Ege Academic Review, 10(1), 95-115.
AMA Avcı U, Kılınç İ, Okumuş F. RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES. ear. February 2010;10(1):95-115.
Chicago Avcı, Umut, İzzet Kılınç, and Fevzi Okumuş. “RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES”. Ege Academic Review 10, no. 1 (February 2010): 95-115.
EndNote Avcı U, Kılınç İ, Okumuş F (February 1, 2010) RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES. Ege Academic Review 10 1 95–115.
IEEE U. Avcı, İ. Kılınç, and F. Okumuş, “RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES”, ear, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 95–115, 2010.
ISNAD Avcı, Umut et al. “RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES”. Ege Academic Review 10/1 (February 2010), 95-115.
JAMA Avcı U, Kılınç İ, Okumuş F. RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES. ear. 2010;10:95–115.
MLA Avcı, Umut et al. “RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 10, no. 1, 2010, pp. 95-115.
Vancouver Avcı U, Kılınç İ, Okumuş F. RELATIONSHIP AMONG LEARNING LEVELS: AN INVESTIGATION IN HOTEL COMPANIES. ear. 2010;10(1):95-115.