Egemen Devletler Arasında İstikrarlı Barış ve Uzlaşma Süreci

Year 2012, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 415 - 433, 01.07.2012

Nazif Mandacı

Abstract

Uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe egemen devletler arasında uzlaşma, istikrarlı barış ve yakınlaşma içiçe geçmiş kavramlardır. Aynı şekilde diplomatik anlamda başlayan yakınlaşmanın kalıcı bir barışa dönüşmesi ile ulusların aralarındaki çatışmaları sonlandırdıkları kabul gören diğer bir görüştür. Bununla birlikte, çatışma çözümleme disiplininde kökü derinlerde çatışmalar özel olarak ele alınmaktadır ve diplomatik yakınlaşmanın çok ötesinde karşılıklı olarak toplumsal anlamda bilişsel ve duygusal değişimleri gerektirdiklerinin altı çizilmektedir. Diğer deyişle, bu tür çatışmalara yönelik uzlaşma süreçleri alışıldık diplomatik tavırlardan farklı olarak karşılıklı toplumsal sahiplenmeyi, empatiyi gerektirmektedirler. Daha da önemlisi uzlaşma görülebilir bir süreçtir. Bu çalışma uzlaşma sürecinin egemen devletler arasında diplomatik yakınlaşma ve istikrarlı barışın hangi aşamasında çatışma çözümleme literatüründe öngörüldüğü biçimiyle ve hangi şartlar altında yürütülebileceğini tartışmaktadır

Keywords

Uzlaşma, köklü çatışma, istikrarlı barış, Türk-Ermeni uzlaşması

Stable Peace and Reconciliation Between Sovereign States

Abstract

In the discipline of international relations the concepts of reconciliation, rapprochement and stable peace have overlapping contents. In the same vein, it is generally assumed that nations reconcile in concomitant with the stable peace which evolves from diplomatic rapprochement. However, it is underlined in the discipline of conflict resolution that intractable conflicts require special attention for they need drastic societal cognitive and emotional shifts beyond diplomatic elit-led rapprochement. In other words, unlike conventional diplomatic strategies, reconciliation on this sort of conflicts invokes nations’ mutual empathy and societal internalization. Furthermore, reconciliation is a public process. This study discusses in what stage of diplomatic rapprochement and stable peace and under what conditions a full-fledged reconciliation process as envisaged in the literature of conflict resolution can be carried out

Keywords

Reconciliation, intractable conflict, stable peace, Turkish-Armenian reconciliation

References

• Adler, E., Barnett ve Michael N. (1996) “Governing Anarchy: A Research Agenda for the Study of Security Communities” Ethics and International Affairs, 10(1): 63-98.
• Alderson, K. ve Hurrell, A. (2000) Hedley Bull on International Society, Londra, Macmillan Press.
• Alger, C.F. (2007) “Peace Studies as a Transdisciplinary Project” Charles et al.(eds.) Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London-New York, Routledge.
• Aptel, C. (2011) “International and Hybrid Criminal Tribunals: Recognizing or Stigmatizing” Paige, A.(eds.) Identities in Transition: Challenges for Transitional Justice in Divided Societies, International Center for Transitional Justice, Cambridge University Press.
• Arya, N. (2007) “Peace Through Health” Charles et al.(eds.) Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London- New York, Routledge.
• Auerbach, Y. (2004) “The Role of Forgiveness in Reconciliation” Yaacov, B.S.T. (eds.) From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Bar-Tal, D. ve Bennink, G.H. (2004) “The Nature of Reconciliation as an Outcome and as a Process” Yaacov, B.S.T(eds.) From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Bond, P. (2000) From Apartheid to Neorealism in South Africa, Londra, Pluto Press.
• Bull, H. (2002) The Anarchical Society: A Study of Orders in World Politics, New York, Palgrave.
• Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., Donnelly, J., Paterson, M., Reus-Smit, C. and True, J. (2005) Theories of International Relations, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
• Burton, J.W. (1990) Conflict: Resolution and Provention, New York, MacMillan.
• A. (eds.) Identities in Transition: Challenges for Transitional
• Justice in Divided Societies, International Center for
• Transitional Justice, Cambridge University Press.
• Burton, J.W. (1998) “History of Conflict Resolution’: An Entry Prepared for the Institute of Peace Studies, Seoul, Korea, for its World Encyclopedia of Peace”, Occasional Paper Series.
• Burton, J.W. ve Dukes, F. (1990) Conflict Practices in Management and Settlement and Resolution, New York, St. Martin Press.
• Buzan, B. Jones, C ve Little, R. (1993) The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism, Columbia University Press.
• Buzan, B.(2004) From International to World Society: English School Theory and Social Structure of Globalisation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Cabezudo, A. ve Haavelsrud, M. (2007) “Rethinking Peace Education” Charles et al.(eds.) Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London-New York: Routledge.
• Carlsnaes, W. (2003) Handbook of International Relations, Londra, Sage Publications.
• Coleman, Peter. (2006) “Intractable Conflicts” Morton et al. (eds.) The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
• Cordell, K. ve Wolff, S. (2005) Germany ’s Foreign Policy towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited, Londra-New York, Routledge.
• Crocker, D.A. (2000) “Turth Commissions, Transitional Justice and Civil Society” Robert et al.(eds.) Truth v. Justice, Princeton-Oxford, Princeton University Press.
• Elias, J. ve Sutch, P. (2007) International Relations:The Basics, Londra-New York, Routledge.
• Ericson, M. (2000) A Realist Stable Peace: Power, Threat and the Development of a Shared Norwegian- Swedish Democratic Security Identity, 1905-1940, Lundt, Lundt University Press.
• Falk, R. (2000) Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World, New York-Londra, Routledge.
• Fisher-Yoshida, B. ve Wasserman, I. (2006) “Moral Conflict and Engaging Alternative Perspectives”, Morton et al. (eds.) The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
• Fukuyama, F. (1992) The End of History and the Last Men, New York, Free Press.
• Fullar, M. ve Rousseau, N. (2011) “Truth Telling,
• Helmick R.G. ve Petersen, R.L. (2002) Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation, Philedelphia, Londra, Templeton Foundation Press.
• Hermann, T. (2004) “Reconciliation: Reflections on the Theoretical and Practical Utility of the Term”; Yaacov, B.S.T (eds.) From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Higgott, R.A, Nossal, K.R.(2002) “Australia and the Search for a Security Community in the 1990s” Emanuel et al. (eds.) Security Communities, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Hurrell, A. (2007) On Global Order: Power, Values and Constitution of International Society, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Jones, A. (2006) Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, Londra-New York, Routledge.
• Kacovicz, A.M. (1997) “Negative International Peace and Domestic Conflicts, West Africa 1957-96” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 35(3):367-385.
• Kalayjian, A. Paloutzian, R.F. (2009) Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Psychological Pathways yo Conflict Transformation and Peace Building, New York, Springer.
• Kavalski, E. (2007) Extending the European Security Community Constructing Peace in the Balkans, Londra- New York, Tauris Academic Studies.
• Keohane, R.O. (1984) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• Kriesberg, L. (2004) “Comparing Reconciliation Actions within and between Countries” Yaacov, B.S.T.(eds.) From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Kupchan, C.A. (2010) How Enemies Become Friends:The Sources of Stable Peace, Princeton-Oxford, Princeton University Press.
• Lawler, P. (1995) A Question of Values:Johan Galtung’s Peace Research Critical Perspectives on World Politics, Boulder, Lynee Rienner Publishers.
• Lederach, J.P. (1999) The Journey Toward Reconciliation, Waterloo, Herald Press.
• Maoz, I. (2004) “Social Cognitive Mechanisms in Reconciliation” Yaacov, B.S.T.(eds.) From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Massey, S.D. (2009) “Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Essential to Sustaining Human Development”, Ani et al.(eds.) Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Psychological Pathways to Conflict Transformation and Peace Building, Londra-New York, Springer.
• Maull, H.W. (2005) “Europe and New Balance of Global Order” International Affairs, 81(4): 775-799.
• Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O. ve Woodhouse, T. (2000) Contemporary Conflict Resolution, Cambridge, Polity Press.
• Murphy, C. (2010) A Moral Theory of Reconciliation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Phillips, D.L. (2005) Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation, Oxford, Berghahn Books.
• Richmond, O.P. (2008) Peace in International Relations, Londra-New York, Routledge.
• Romocea, C.G. (2003) “A Strategy for Social Reconciliation in the Ethnic Conflict in Transylvania” Religion in Eastern Europe, 23(5):1-32.
• Ross, M.H. (2004) “Ritual and the Politics of Reconciliation” Yaacov, B.S.T.(eds.) From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Rotberg, R.I. (2000) “Truth Commissions and Provision of Truth, Justice and Reconciliation” Robert et al. (eds.) Truth v. Justice, Princeton-Oxford, Princeton University Press.
• Rotberg, R.I. (2006) “Apology, Truth Commissions and Intrastate Conflict” Elazar et al. (eds.), Taking Wrongs Seriously: Apologies and Reconciliation, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
• Shore, M. (2009) Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Burlington, Ashgate.
• Smith, A.D. ((2003) Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nation and Nationalism, New York, Routledge.
• Smith, A.D. (2008) The Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hieararchy, Covenant and Republic, Oxford, Blackwell.
• Stone, D. (2008) The Historiography of Genocide, New York, Palgrave McMillan.
• Teitel, R. G. (2000) Transitional Justice, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Teitel, R. (2006) “Transitional Apology” Elazar et al. (eds.) Taking Wrongs Seriously: Apologies and Reconciliation, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
• Tocci, N. (2007) The EU and the Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peace in the Backyard, Londra-New York, Routledge.
• Villa-Vicencio, C. ve Doxtader, E. (2004) Pieces of the Puzzle: Keywords on Reconciliation and Transitional Justice, Cape Town, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.
• Volkan V.D ve Itzkowitz, N. (1994) Turks and Greeks: Neighbors in Conflict, Eothen Press.
• Wallensteen, P. (2002) Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and Global System, Londra, Sage Publications.
• Walt, S.M. (1985) “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power” International Security, 9(4): 3-43.
• Wilson, R. A. (2001) The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post- Apartheid State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.