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Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 527 - 538, 01.11.2013

Abstract

In this study, it has been investigated whether there is a convergence between Turkey and EU (and related countries) in the context of per capita income for the period 1950-2008. Both stochastic and β-convergence have been tested by using time series methods. According to the results, there has no convergence tendency between Turkey and EU even if structural breaks are taken in to account. Furthermore, it has been detected that Turkey falls behind of 17 member countries of the EU. These results indicates that Turkey falls behind of both EU and the member countries in the context of per capita income and he must take more progress in economic area to be member of the Union in addition to social and political reforms

References

  • Abramowitz, M. (1986) “Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind” Journal of Economic History, 46(2):385-406.
  • Akıncı, M. ve Yılmaz, Ö. (2012) “Türkiye ile AB Arasındaki Kişi Başına Gelir Yakınsaması: Farklardaki Fark Analizi” Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 49(567):15-26.
  • Aslan, A. ve Kula, F. (2011) “Is There Really Divercenge Across Turkish Provinces: Evidence from LM Multiplies Unit Root Tests” European Planning Studies, 19(3): 539-549.
  • Aubyn, M. (1999) “Convergence Across Industrialized Countries (1890-1989):New Results Using Time Series Methods” Empirical Economics, 24:23-44.
  • Ayala, A., Cunado, J. ve Gil-Alana, L. (2013) “Real Convergence: Empirical Evidence for Latin America” Applied Economics, 45(22):3220-3229.
  • Bai, J. ve Perron, P. (1998) “Testing for an Estimation of Multiple Structural Shanges” Econometrica, 66: 817- 858.
  • Barro, R.J. ve Sala-i-Martin, X.X. (1992) “Convergence” Journal of Political Economy, 100(2): 223- 251.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986) “Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long Run Data Show?” American Economic Review, 76(5): 1072-86.
  • Bentzen, J. (2005) “Testing for Catching-Up Periods in Time-Series Convergence” Economics Letters, 88: 323- 328.
  • Bernard, A. ve Durlauf, S.N. (1995) “Convergence in International Output” Journal Applied Econometrics, 10:97-108.
  • Bernard, A. ve Durlauf, S.N. (1996) “Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis” Journal of Econometrics, 71(1-2): 161-173.
  • Binder, M. ve Pesaran, M.H. (1999) “Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications” Journal of Economic Growth, 4: 139-183.
  • Bond, S., Hoeffler, A. ve Temple, J. (2012) “GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models” University of Oxford, Working Paper.
  • Carlino, G.A. ve Mills, L. (1996) “Testing Neoclasical Convergence in Regional Incomes and Earnings” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26(6):565-590.
  • Canarella, G., Miller, S.M. ve Pollard, S.K. (2011) “The Global Financial Crisis and Stochastic Convergence in the Euro Area” International Advances in Economic Research, 17: 315-333.
  • Cellini, R. (1997) “Implications of Solow’s Growth Model in the Presence of a Stochastic Steady State” Journal of Macroeconomics, 19(1): 135-153.
  • Cellini, R. ve Scorcu, A.E. (2000) “Segmented Stochastic Convergence AcrossThe G-7 Countries” Empirical Economics, 25: 463-474.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010) “Yakınsama Hipotezi: Teorik Tartışmalar” Sosyoekonomi, 1:47-60.
  • Ceylan, R., Telatar, E. ve Telatar, F. (2013) “Real Convergence in Selected Countries” Ege Academic Review, 13(2):209-214.
  • Chong, T.T. (2008) “Time Series Test of Nonlinear Convergence and Transitional Dynamics” Economics Letters, 100:337-339.
  • Christopoulos, D.K. ve León-Ledesma, M.A. (2008) “Time-Series Output Convergence Tests and Stationary Covariates” Economics Letters, 101: 297-299.
  • Cunado, J. (2011) “Structural Breaks and Real Convergence In OPEC Countries” Journal of Applied Economics, 14(1): 101-117.
  • Cunado, J. ve Gracia, F.P. (2006) “Real Convergence in Some Central and Eastern European Countries” Applied Economics, 38(20): 2433-2441.
  • Cunado, J., Gil-Alana, L.A. ve Gracia, F.P. (2004) “Real Convergence In Taiwan: A Fractionally Integrated Approach” Journal of Asian Economics, 15: 529-547.
  • Cunado, J., Gil-Alana, L.A. ve Gracia, F.P. (2006) “Additional Empirical Evidence on Real Convergence: A Fractionally Integrated Approach” Review of World Economics, 142: 67-91.
  • Czasonis, M. ve Quinn, M.A. (2012) “Income Convergence In Europe: Catching Up Or Falling Behind?” Acta Oeconomica, 62(2): 183-204.
  • Çepni, E. ve Köse, N. (2007) “Convergence Between Turkey and the EU, Panel Unit Root Test” Oxford Business&Economics Conference, June 24-26,United Kingdom.
  • Datta, A. (2003) “Time-Series Tests of Convergence and Transitional Dynamics” Economics Letters, 81:233- 240.
  • Derviş, K. (2004) “Relative Growth and Convergence” Center for European Policy Studies, EU-Turkey Working Papers Series, No:8.
  • Dogan, N. ve Saracoglu, B. (2011) “Income Convergence of European Union and Candidate Countries: Are they All the Same?” Journal of European Union Economics and Finance, 3: 14-18.
  • Evans, P. ve Karras, G. (1996) “Convergence Revisited” Journal of Monetary Economics, 37(2/3): 249- 265.
  • Freeman, D.G. ve Yerger, D.B. (2001) “Interpreting Cross-Section and Time-Series Tests of Convergence: The Case of Labor Productivity in Manufacturing” Journal of Economics and Business, 53: 593-607.
  • Gershenkron, A. (1958) “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective”Hoselitz, B. (eds.) The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Giles, D.E.A. (2005) “Output Convergence and International Trade:Time-Series and Fuzzy Clustering Evidence for New Zealand and her Trading Partners, 1950-1992”Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 14(1):93-114.
  • Gómez-Zaldívar, M. ve Ventosa-Santaulària, D. (2010) “Per Capita Output Convergence: The Dickey- Fuller Test Under the Simultaneous Presence of Stochastic and Deterministic Trends” Annals of Economics and Statistics, 429-445.
  • Harvey, A.C. ve Carvalho, V.M. (2005) “Convergence in the Trends and Cycles of Euro-zone Income” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(2):275-289.
  • Heston, A., Summers, R. ve Aten, B. (2012) “Penn World Table Version 7.1Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania” https://pwt.sas.upenn.edu, (12.12.2012).
  • Islam, N. (1995) “Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4): 1127- 1170.
  • Islam, N. (2003) “What Have We Learnt From The Convergence Debate?” Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3):309-362.
  • Kasman, A., Kirbas-Kasman, S. ve Turgutlu, E. (2005) “Nominal and Real Convergence between the CEE Countries and the EU:A Fractional Cointegration Analysis” Applied Economics, 37(21):2487-2500.
  • Kasman, A., Kirbas-Kasman, S. ve Turgutlu, E. (2008) “Monetary Policy Convergence of Potential EMU Accession Countries: A Cointegration Analysis with Shifting Regimes” Economic Modeling, 25:340-350.
  • Kiliçaslan, Y. ve Özatağan, G. (2007) “Impact Of Relative Population Change On Regional Income Convergence: Evidence From Turkey” Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 19(3):210-223.
  • King, A. ve Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2011) “Nonlinear Time-series Convergence: The Role of Structural Breaks” Economics Letters, 110: 238-240.
  • Kutan, A.M. ve Yigit, T.M. (2004) “Nominal and Real Stochastic Convergence of Transition Economies” Journal of Comparative Economics, 32: 23-36.
  • Lee, H., Lim, K. ve Azali, M. (2005) “Income Disparity between Japan and ASEAN−5 Economies: Converge, Catching Up or Diverge?” Economics Bulletin, 6(13):1-20.
  • Lee K., Pesaran, M.H. ve Smith, R. (1997) “Growth and Convergence: A Multi-country Empirical Analysis of the Solow Growth Model” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 12: 357-392.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003) “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks” Review of Economics and Statistics, 85:1082-89.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2004) “Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break” Department of Economics, Appalachian State University Working Paper Series No:04–17.
  • Li, Q.(1999) “Convergence Clubs: Some Further Evidence” Review of International Economics, 7(1):59-67.
  • Li, Q. ve Papell, D. (1999) “Convergence of International Output: Time Series Evidence for 16 OECD Countries” International Review of Economics and Finance, 8(3):267-80.
  • Liew, V.K. ve Ahmad, Y. (2009) “Income Convergence: Fresh Evidence From The Nordic Countries” Applied Economics Letters, 16(12): 1245-1248.
  • Linden, M. (2000) “Testing Growth Convergence With Time Series Data: A Non-Parametric Approach” International Review of Applied Economics, 14(3):361-371.
  • Linden, M. (2002) “Trend Model Testing of Growth Convergence in 15 OECD Countries, 1946-1997”Applied Economics, 34(2):133-142.
  • Lucas, R.E. (1988) “On the Mechanics of Economic Development” Journal of Monetary Economics, 22:3-42.
  • Lumsdane, R.L. ve Papell, D.H.(1997) “Multiple Trend Breaks and The Unit Root Hypothesis” Review of Economics and Statistics, 79:212-218.
  • Maeso-Fernandez, F.(2003) “A Time Series Approach to β-convergence” Applied Economics, 35(10): 1133- 1146.
  • Madison, A. (2012) “Historical Statistics of the World Economy: A Comprehensive Survey”
  • http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm, (12.12.2012)
  • Nahar, S. ve Inder, B. (2002) “Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries” Applied Economics, 34(16):2011-2022.
  • Newey, K. ve West, K. D. (1987) “A Simple, Positive Semidefinite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix” Econometrica, 55:703-8.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1995) “A Time-Series Perspective on Convergence: Australia, UK and USA since 1870”Economic Record, 71(3): 259-270.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1997a) “Convergence in GDP per capita and real wages: Some results for Australia and the UK” Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 43:429-436.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1997b) “Time-series Based Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis: Some Positive Re- sults” Economics Letters, 56(2): 143-147.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1999) “A Nordic Convergence Club” Applied Economics Letters, 6(3):157- 161.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012) Küresel Eşitsizlik: Bir Yakınsama Analizi, 1950-2011, Ankara, İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Öztürk, L., Ay, S. ve Keser H.Y. (2013) “Turkey’s Convergence To The EU: Catching Up Or Falling Behind?” Economic and Social Development: 2nd International Scientific Conference Book of Proceedings, 650-657.
  • Perron, P. (1989) “The Great Cash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis” Econometrica, 57:1361-1401.
  • Perron, P. (1997) “Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables” Journal of Econometrics, 80:355-385.
  • Quah, D. (1993) “Empirical Cross-Section Dynamics in Economic Growth” European Economic Review, 37:426-434.
  • Rassekh, F., Panik, M.J. ve Kolluri, B.R. (2001) “A Test of the Convergence Hypothesis: The OECD Experience, 1950-1990”International Review of Economics & Finance, 10(2):147-158.
  • Romer, P. (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth” Journal of Political Economy, 98: 71-102.
  • Sanz-Villarroya, I. (2005) “The Convergence Process of Argentina with Australia and Canada: 1875–2000” Explorations in Economic History, 42: 439-458.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956) “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1):65-94.
  • Strazicich, M.C., Lee, J. ve Day, E. (2004) “Are Incomes Converging Among OECD Countries? Time Series Evidence With Two Structural Breaks” Journal of Macroeconomics, 26:131-145.
  • Swan, T.W. (1956) “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation” The Economic Record, 32:334-361.
  • Tsionas, E.G. (2000) “Real Convergence in Europe: How Robust are Econometric Inferences?” Applied Economics, 32(11):1475-1482.
  • Tunali, Ç.B. ve Yilanci, V. (2010) “Are Per Capita Incomes of MENA Countries Converging or Diverging?” Physica A, 389:4855-4862.
  • Wang, D.H. (2007) “Convergence Tests on Tax Burden and Economic Growth Among China, Taiwan and the OECD Countries” Physica A, 380:278-286.
  • Wang, J. ve Zivot, E. (2000) “A Bayesian Time Series Model of Multiple Structural Changes in Level, Trend and Variance” Journal of Business and Statistics, 18: 374-386.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992) “Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10:251-270.

Türkiye Avrupa Birliği’ne Yakınsıyor Mu? Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi, 1950-2008

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 527 - 538, 01.11.2013

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin 1950-2008 döneminde Avrupa Birliği’ne (ve Birliğin ülkelerine) kişi başına gelir bağlamında yakınsama gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Araştırma için zaman serisi yöntemleri kullanılmış ve hem stokastik yakınsama hem de β-yakınsaması test edilmiştir. Serilerdeki olası kırılmalar dikkate alınarak yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre Türkiye Avrupa Birliği’ne kişi başına gelir bağlamında bir yakınsama göstermemektedir. Üye ülkelerin dikkate alındığı durumda ise Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği üyesi 17 ülkeden geri kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar Türkiye’nin gerek Avrupa Birliği’nin gerekse üye ülkelerin gerisinde kaldığına işaret etmektedir. Çalışma sonuçları Türkiye’nin Birliğe katılabilmek için sosyal ve siyasal reformları gerçekleştirmesinin yanı sıra, ekonomik alanda da gelişme göstermesi gereğine dikkat çekmektedir

References

  • Abramowitz, M. (1986) “Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind” Journal of Economic History, 46(2):385-406.
  • Akıncı, M. ve Yılmaz, Ö. (2012) “Türkiye ile AB Arasındaki Kişi Başına Gelir Yakınsaması: Farklardaki Fark Analizi” Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 49(567):15-26.
  • Aslan, A. ve Kula, F. (2011) “Is There Really Divercenge Across Turkish Provinces: Evidence from LM Multiplies Unit Root Tests” European Planning Studies, 19(3): 539-549.
  • Aubyn, M. (1999) “Convergence Across Industrialized Countries (1890-1989):New Results Using Time Series Methods” Empirical Economics, 24:23-44.
  • Ayala, A., Cunado, J. ve Gil-Alana, L. (2013) “Real Convergence: Empirical Evidence for Latin America” Applied Economics, 45(22):3220-3229.
  • Bai, J. ve Perron, P. (1998) “Testing for an Estimation of Multiple Structural Shanges” Econometrica, 66: 817- 858.
  • Barro, R.J. ve Sala-i-Martin, X.X. (1992) “Convergence” Journal of Political Economy, 100(2): 223- 251.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986) “Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long Run Data Show?” American Economic Review, 76(5): 1072-86.
  • Bentzen, J. (2005) “Testing for Catching-Up Periods in Time-Series Convergence” Economics Letters, 88: 323- 328.
  • Bernard, A. ve Durlauf, S.N. (1995) “Convergence in International Output” Journal Applied Econometrics, 10:97-108.
  • Bernard, A. ve Durlauf, S.N. (1996) “Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis” Journal of Econometrics, 71(1-2): 161-173.
  • Binder, M. ve Pesaran, M.H. (1999) “Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications” Journal of Economic Growth, 4: 139-183.
  • Bond, S., Hoeffler, A. ve Temple, J. (2012) “GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models” University of Oxford, Working Paper.
  • Carlino, G.A. ve Mills, L. (1996) “Testing Neoclasical Convergence in Regional Incomes and Earnings” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26(6):565-590.
  • Canarella, G., Miller, S.M. ve Pollard, S.K. (2011) “The Global Financial Crisis and Stochastic Convergence in the Euro Area” International Advances in Economic Research, 17: 315-333.
  • Cellini, R. (1997) “Implications of Solow’s Growth Model in the Presence of a Stochastic Steady State” Journal of Macroeconomics, 19(1): 135-153.
  • Cellini, R. ve Scorcu, A.E. (2000) “Segmented Stochastic Convergence AcrossThe G-7 Countries” Empirical Economics, 25: 463-474.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010) “Yakınsama Hipotezi: Teorik Tartışmalar” Sosyoekonomi, 1:47-60.
  • Ceylan, R., Telatar, E. ve Telatar, F. (2013) “Real Convergence in Selected Countries” Ege Academic Review, 13(2):209-214.
  • Chong, T.T. (2008) “Time Series Test of Nonlinear Convergence and Transitional Dynamics” Economics Letters, 100:337-339.
  • Christopoulos, D.K. ve León-Ledesma, M.A. (2008) “Time-Series Output Convergence Tests and Stationary Covariates” Economics Letters, 101: 297-299.
  • Cunado, J. (2011) “Structural Breaks and Real Convergence In OPEC Countries” Journal of Applied Economics, 14(1): 101-117.
  • Cunado, J. ve Gracia, F.P. (2006) “Real Convergence in Some Central and Eastern European Countries” Applied Economics, 38(20): 2433-2441.
  • Cunado, J., Gil-Alana, L.A. ve Gracia, F.P. (2004) “Real Convergence In Taiwan: A Fractionally Integrated Approach” Journal of Asian Economics, 15: 529-547.
  • Cunado, J., Gil-Alana, L.A. ve Gracia, F.P. (2006) “Additional Empirical Evidence on Real Convergence: A Fractionally Integrated Approach” Review of World Economics, 142: 67-91.
  • Czasonis, M. ve Quinn, M.A. (2012) “Income Convergence In Europe: Catching Up Or Falling Behind?” Acta Oeconomica, 62(2): 183-204.
  • Çepni, E. ve Köse, N. (2007) “Convergence Between Turkey and the EU, Panel Unit Root Test” Oxford Business&Economics Conference, June 24-26,United Kingdom.
  • Datta, A. (2003) “Time-Series Tests of Convergence and Transitional Dynamics” Economics Letters, 81:233- 240.
  • Derviş, K. (2004) “Relative Growth and Convergence” Center for European Policy Studies, EU-Turkey Working Papers Series, No:8.
  • Dogan, N. ve Saracoglu, B. (2011) “Income Convergence of European Union and Candidate Countries: Are they All the Same?” Journal of European Union Economics and Finance, 3: 14-18.
  • Evans, P. ve Karras, G. (1996) “Convergence Revisited” Journal of Monetary Economics, 37(2/3): 249- 265.
  • Freeman, D.G. ve Yerger, D.B. (2001) “Interpreting Cross-Section and Time-Series Tests of Convergence: The Case of Labor Productivity in Manufacturing” Journal of Economics and Business, 53: 593-607.
  • Gershenkron, A. (1958) “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective”Hoselitz, B. (eds.) The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Giles, D.E.A. (2005) “Output Convergence and International Trade:Time-Series and Fuzzy Clustering Evidence for New Zealand and her Trading Partners, 1950-1992”Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 14(1):93-114.
  • Gómez-Zaldívar, M. ve Ventosa-Santaulària, D. (2010) “Per Capita Output Convergence: The Dickey- Fuller Test Under the Simultaneous Presence of Stochastic and Deterministic Trends” Annals of Economics and Statistics, 429-445.
  • Harvey, A.C. ve Carvalho, V.M. (2005) “Convergence in the Trends and Cycles of Euro-zone Income” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(2):275-289.
  • Heston, A., Summers, R. ve Aten, B. (2012) “Penn World Table Version 7.1Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania” https://pwt.sas.upenn.edu, (12.12.2012).
  • Islam, N. (1995) “Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4): 1127- 1170.
  • Islam, N. (2003) “What Have We Learnt From The Convergence Debate?” Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3):309-362.
  • Kasman, A., Kirbas-Kasman, S. ve Turgutlu, E. (2005) “Nominal and Real Convergence between the CEE Countries and the EU:A Fractional Cointegration Analysis” Applied Economics, 37(21):2487-2500.
  • Kasman, A., Kirbas-Kasman, S. ve Turgutlu, E. (2008) “Monetary Policy Convergence of Potential EMU Accession Countries: A Cointegration Analysis with Shifting Regimes” Economic Modeling, 25:340-350.
  • Kiliçaslan, Y. ve Özatağan, G. (2007) “Impact Of Relative Population Change On Regional Income Convergence: Evidence From Turkey” Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 19(3):210-223.
  • King, A. ve Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2011) “Nonlinear Time-series Convergence: The Role of Structural Breaks” Economics Letters, 110: 238-240.
  • Kutan, A.M. ve Yigit, T.M. (2004) “Nominal and Real Stochastic Convergence of Transition Economies” Journal of Comparative Economics, 32: 23-36.
  • Lee, H., Lim, K. ve Azali, M. (2005) “Income Disparity between Japan and ASEAN−5 Economies: Converge, Catching Up or Diverge?” Economics Bulletin, 6(13):1-20.
  • Lee K., Pesaran, M.H. ve Smith, R. (1997) “Growth and Convergence: A Multi-country Empirical Analysis of the Solow Growth Model” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 12: 357-392.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003) “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks” Review of Economics and Statistics, 85:1082-89.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2004) “Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break” Department of Economics, Appalachian State University Working Paper Series No:04–17.
  • Li, Q.(1999) “Convergence Clubs: Some Further Evidence” Review of International Economics, 7(1):59-67.
  • Li, Q. ve Papell, D. (1999) “Convergence of International Output: Time Series Evidence for 16 OECD Countries” International Review of Economics and Finance, 8(3):267-80.
  • Liew, V.K. ve Ahmad, Y. (2009) “Income Convergence: Fresh Evidence From The Nordic Countries” Applied Economics Letters, 16(12): 1245-1248.
  • Linden, M. (2000) “Testing Growth Convergence With Time Series Data: A Non-Parametric Approach” International Review of Applied Economics, 14(3):361-371.
  • Linden, M. (2002) “Trend Model Testing of Growth Convergence in 15 OECD Countries, 1946-1997”Applied Economics, 34(2):133-142.
  • Lucas, R.E. (1988) “On the Mechanics of Economic Development” Journal of Monetary Economics, 22:3-42.
  • Lumsdane, R.L. ve Papell, D.H.(1997) “Multiple Trend Breaks and The Unit Root Hypothesis” Review of Economics and Statistics, 79:212-218.
  • Maeso-Fernandez, F.(2003) “A Time Series Approach to β-convergence” Applied Economics, 35(10): 1133- 1146.
  • Madison, A. (2012) “Historical Statistics of the World Economy: A Comprehensive Survey”
  • http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm, (12.12.2012)
  • Nahar, S. ve Inder, B. (2002) “Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries” Applied Economics, 34(16):2011-2022.
  • Newey, K. ve West, K. D. (1987) “A Simple, Positive Semidefinite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix” Econometrica, 55:703-8.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1995) “A Time-Series Perspective on Convergence: Australia, UK and USA since 1870”Economic Record, 71(3): 259-270.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1997a) “Convergence in GDP per capita and real wages: Some results for Australia and the UK” Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 43:429-436.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1997b) “Time-series Based Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis: Some Positive Re- sults” Economics Letters, 56(2): 143-147.
  • Oxley, L. ve Greasley, D. (1999) “A Nordic Convergence Club” Applied Economics Letters, 6(3):157- 161.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012) Küresel Eşitsizlik: Bir Yakınsama Analizi, 1950-2011, Ankara, İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Öztürk, L., Ay, S. ve Keser H.Y. (2013) “Turkey’s Convergence To The EU: Catching Up Or Falling Behind?” Economic and Social Development: 2nd International Scientific Conference Book of Proceedings, 650-657.
  • Perron, P. (1989) “The Great Cash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis” Econometrica, 57:1361-1401.
  • Perron, P. (1997) “Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables” Journal of Econometrics, 80:355-385.
  • Quah, D. (1993) “Empirical Cross-Section Dynamics in Economic Growth” European Economic Review, 37:426-434.
  • Rassekh, F., Panik, M.J. ve Kolluri, B.R. (2001) “A Test of the Convergence Hypothesis: The OECD Experience, 1950-1990”International Review of Economics & Finance, 10(2):147-158.
  • Romer, P. (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth” Journal of Political Economy, 98: 71-102.
  • Sanz-Villarroya, I. (2005) “The Convergence Process of Argentina with Australia and Canada: 1875–2000” Explorations in Economic History, 42: 439-458.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956) “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1):65-94.
  • Strazicich, M.C., Lee, J. ve Day, E. (2004) “Are Incomes Converging Among OECD Countries? Time Series Evidence With Two Structural Breaks” Journal of Macroeconomics, 26:131-145.
  • Swan, T.W. (1956) “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation” The Economic Record, 32:334-361.
  • Tsionas, E.G. (2000) “Real Convergence in Europe: How Robust are Econometric Inferences?” Applied Economics, 32(11):1475-1482.
  • Tunali, Ç.B. ve Yilanci, V. (2010) “Are Per Capita Incomes of MENA Countries Converging or Diverging?” Physica A, 389:4855-4862.
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There are 80 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA24RJ65VS
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Lütfü Öztürk This is me

Publication Date November 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Öztürk, L. (2013). Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008. Ege Academic Review, 13(4), 527-538.
AMA Öztürk L. Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008. ear. November 2013;13(4):527-538.
Chicago Öztürk, Lütfü. “Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008”. Ege Academic Review 13, no. 4 (November 2013): 527-38.
EndNote Öztürk L (November 1, 2013) Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008. Ege Academic Review 13 4 527–538.
IEEE L. Öztürk, “Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008”, ear, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 527–538, 2013.
ISNAD Öztürk, Lütfü. “Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008”. Ege Academic Review 13/4 (November 2013), 527-538.
JAMA Öztürk L. Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008. ear. 2013;13:527–538.
MLA Öztürk, Lütfü. “Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013, pp. 527-38.
Vancouver Öztürk L. Does Turkey Converging to the European Union?A Time Series Analysis, 1950-2008. ear. 2013;13(4):527-38.