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Does human capital shortage cause inequality? Evidence from Turkish provinces

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 227 - 240, 01.05.2016

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of human capital on regional income inequality which is one of the most serious problems of Turkey causing political and economic instability. To this end, a conditional convergence model based on real per capita gross value added and labour force with different education levels is estimated using the panel data set of Turkish regions for the time period 2004-2011. Results reveal that labour force with high and vocational high school education and above high school education contribute to increase in regional inequality, while labour force with less than high school education has no effect

References

  • Alderson, A. S. and F. Nielsen (2002). Globalization and the great u-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology 107 (5), 1244–1299.
  • Altınba¸s, S., F. Do˘gruel, and M. Gu¨ne¸s (2002). Türkiye’de b¨olgesel yakınsama: Kalkınmada ¨oncelikli iller politikası ba¸sarılı mı? ERC/ODTU¨, VI. ODTU¨ Uluslararası Ekonomi Kongresi , 11–14 September, Ankara.
  • Arellano, M. and O. Bover (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error- components models. Journal of Econometrics 68 (1), 29–51.
  • Aslan, A. and F. Kula (2011). Is there really divergence across Turkish provinces? Evidence from the lagrange multiplier unit root tests. European Planning Studies 19 (3), 539–549.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (2), 407–443.
  • Barro, Robert J., N., G. Mankiw, and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995). Capital mobility in neoclassical models of growth. The American Economic Review 85(1): 103- 115.
  • Barro, R. J. (1997). Determinants of economic growth: a cross-country empirical study. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Bergheim, S. (2005). Human capital is the key to growth-success stories and policies for 2020. Current Issues. Deutsche Bank Research.
  • Blundell, R. and S. Bond (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics 87 (1), 115–143.
  • Chen, G., B. Inder, and B. Hollingsworth (2014). Health investment and economic output in regional China. Contemporary Economic Policy 32 (2), 261–274.
  • Crenshaw, E. and A. Ameen (1994). The distribution of income across national-populations: Testing multiple paradigms. Social Science Research 23 (1), 1–22.
  • Di Liberto, A. (2008).Education and italian regional development. Economics of Education Review 27 (1), 94–107.
  • Dildar, Y. (2014). Structural change and womens labor force participation in Turkey: A mixed- methods approach. Unpublished manuscript .
  • Esim, S. (1994). Contribution of secondary education to economic development in S. Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Second Draft, Education and Social Policy Department, The World Bank .
  • Fleisher, B., H. Li, and M. Q. Zhao (2010). Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequality in China. Journal of Development Economics 92 (2), 215–231.
  • Gezici, F. and G. J. Hewings (2004). Regional convergence and the economic performance of peripheral areas in Turkey. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 16 (2), 113–132.
  • Gezici, F. and G. J. Hewings (2007). Spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15 (3), 383–403.
  • Güçlü, M. (2013). Manufacturing and regional economic growth in Turkey: A spatial econometric view of Kaldor’s laws. European Planning Studies 21 (6), 854–866.
  • Ha, E. (2009). Distributive Politics in the Era of Globalization. Doctoral Dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 3–42.
  • Mankiw, N. G., D. Romer, and D. N. Weil (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (2), 407–437.
  • OECD (2013). Turkey Country Note Education at a Glance 2013. Paris: OECD.
  • Önder, A. Ö., E. Deliktaş, and M. Karadağ (2010). The impact of public capital stock on regional convergence in Turkey. European Planning Studies 18 (7), 1041–1055
  • Petrakis, P. E. and D. Stamatakis (2002). Growth and educational levels: a comparative analysis. Economics of Education Review 21 (5), 513–521.
  • Ramos, R., J. Surin˜ach, and M. Art´ıs (2010). Human capital spillovers, productivity and regional convergence in Spain. Papers in Regional Science 89 (2), 435–447.
  • Rivera, B. and L. Currais (2004). Public health capital and productivity in the Spanish regions: A dynamic panel data model. World Development 32 (5), 871–885.
  • Rodr´ıguez-Pose, A. and V. Tselios (2009). Education and income inequality in the regions of the European Union. Journal of Regional Science 49 (3), 411–437.
  • Roodman, David (2006). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. Center for Global Development Working Paper 103.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. The Journal of Political Economy , 1002– 1037.
  • Sterlacchini, A. (2008). R&D, higher education and regional growth: Uneven linkages among European regions. Research Policy 37 (6), 1096– 1107.
  • Tansel, A. (2004). Education and labor market outcomes in Turkey. World Bank Report: Background Papers and Studies for Turkey.
  • Tilak, J. B. (2001). Building human capital in east Asia: what others can learn. World Bank Institute.
  • WorldBank (2013). World Development Indicators 2013. World Bank Publications.
  • Zhang, C. and L. Zhuang (2011). The composition of human capital and economic growth: Evidence from China using dynamic panel data analysis. China Economic Review 22 (1), 165–171.

Beşeri sermaye yetersizliği eşitsizliğe yol açar mı? Türkiye’deki bölgelerle ilgili bir çalışma

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 227 - 240, 01.05.2016

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı beşeri sermayenin Türkiye’nin en önemli sorunlarından biri olan ve aynı zamanda politik ve ekonomik istikrarsızlıklara neden olan bölgesel eşitsizliğe olan etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla Türkiye bölgelerinin 2004-2011 yıllarını kapsayan reel kişi başına toplam katma değer ve farklı eğitim düzeylerine sahip işgücü verileriyle bir koşullu yakınsama modeli tahmin edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre lise ve dengi meslek lisesi mezunu işgücü ile yükseköğretim mezunu işgücü bölgesel eşitsizliğin artmasına neden olurken lise altı eğitimlilerin herhangi bir etkisi olmamaktadır

References

  • Alderson, A. S. and F. Nielsen (2002). Globalization and the great u-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology 107 (5), 1244–1299.
  • Altınba¸s, S., F. Do˘gruel, and M. Gu¨ne¸s (2002). Türkiye’de b¨olgesel yakınsama: Kalkınmada ¨oncelikli iller politikası ba¸sarılı mı? ERC/ODTU¨, VI. ODTU¨ Uluslararası Ekonomi Kongresi , 11–14 September, Ankara.
  • Arellano, M. and O. Bover (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error- components models. Journal of Econometrics 68 (1), 29–51.
  • Aslan, A. and F. Kula (2011). Is there really divergence across Turkish provinces? Evidence from the lagrange multiplier unit root tests. European Planning Studies 19 (3), 539–549.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (2), 407–443.
  • Barro, Robert J., N., G. Mankiw, and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995). Capital mobility in neoclassical models of growth. The American Economic Review 85(1): 103- 115.
  • Barro, R. J. (1997). Determinants of economic growth: a cross-country empirical study. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Bergheim, S. (2005). Human capital is the key to growth-success stories and policies for 2020. Current Issues. Deutsche Bank Research.
  • Blundell, R. and S. Bond (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics 87 (1), 115–143.
  • Chen, G., B. Inder, and B. Hollingsworth (2014). Health investment and economic output in regional China. Contemporary Economic Policy 32 (2), 261–274.
  • Crenshaw, E. and A. Ameen (1994). The distribution of income across national-populations: Testing multiple paradigms. Social Science Research 23 (1), 1–22.
  • Di Liberto, A. (2008).Education and italian regional development. Economics of Education Review 27 (1), 94–107.
  • Dildar, Y. (2014). Structural change and womens labor force participation in Turkey: A mixed- methods approach. Unpublished manuscript .
  • Esim, S. (1994). Contribution of secondary education to economic development in S. Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Second Draft, Education and Social Policy Department, The World Bank .
  • Fleisher, B., H. Li, and M. Q. Zhao (2010). Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequality in China. Journal of Development Economics 92 (2), 215–231.
  • Gezici, F. and G. J. Hewings (2004). Regional convergence and the economic performance of peripheral areas in Turkey. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 16 (2), 113–132.
  • Gezici, F. and G. J. Hewings (2007). Spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15 (3), 383–403.
  • Güçlü, M. (2013). Manufacturing and regional economic growth in Turkey: A spatial econometric view of Kaldor’s laws. European Planning Studies 21 (6), 854–866.
  • Ha, E. (2009). Distributive Politics in the Era of Globalization. Doctoral Dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 3–42.
  • Mankiw, N. G., D. Romer, and D. N. Weil (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (2), 407–437.
  • OECD (2013). Turkey Country Note Education at a Glance 2013. Paris: OECD.
  • Önder, A. Ö., E. Deliktaş, and M. Karadağ (2010). The impact of public capital stock on regional convergence in Turkey. European Planning Studies 18 (7), 1041–1055
  • Petrakis, P. E. and D. Stamatakis (2002). Growth and educational levels: a comparative analysis. Economics of Education Review 21 (5), 513–521.
  • Ramos, R., J. Surin˜ach, and M. Art´ıs (2010). Human capital spillovers, productivity and regional convergence in Spain. Papers in Regional Science 89 (2), 435–447.
  • Rivera, B. and L. Currais (2004). Public health capital and productivity in the Spanish regions: A dynamic panel data model. World Development 32 (5), 871–885.
  • Rodr´ıguez-Pose, A. and V. Tselios (2009). Education and income inequality in the regions of the European Union. Journal of Regional Science 49 (3), 411–437.
  • Roodman, David (2006). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. Center for Global Development Working Paper 103.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. The Journal of Political Economy , 1002– 1037.
  • Sterlacchini, A. (2008). R&D, higher education and regional growth: Uneven linkages among European regions. Research Policy 37 (6), 1096– 1107.
  • Tansel, A. (2004). Education and labor market outcomes in Turkey. World Bank Report: Background Papers and Studies for Turkey.
  • Tilak, J. B. (2001). Building human capital in east Asia: what others can learn. World Bank Institute.
  • WorldBank (2013). World Development Indicators 2013. World Bank Publications.
  • Zhang, C. and L. Zhuang (2011). The composition of human capital and economic growth: Evidence from China using dynamic panel data analysis. China Economic Review 22 (1), 165–171.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA49TJ94JJ
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tolga Aksoy This is me

Feride Gönel This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aksoy, T., & Gönel, F. (2016). Does human capital shortage cause inequality? Evidence from Turkish provinces. Ege Academic Review, 16(2), 227-240.
AMA Aksoy T, Gönel F. Does human capital shortage cause inequality? Evidence from Turkish provinces. ear. May 2016;16(2):227-240.
Chicago Aksoy, Tolga, and Feride Gönel. “Does Human Capital Shortage Cause Inequality? Evidence from Turkish Provinces”. Ege Academic Review 16, no. 2 (May 2016): 227-40.
EndNote Aksoy T, Gönel F (May 1, 2016) Does human capital shortage cause inequality? Evidence from Turkish provinces. Ege Academic Review 16 2 227–240.
IEEE T. Aksoy and F. Gönel, “Does human capital shortage cause inequality? Evidence from Turkish provinces”, ear, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 227–240, 2016.
ISNAD Aksoy, Tolga - Gönel, Feride. “Does Human Capital Shortage Cause Inequality? Evidence from Turkish Provinces”. Ege Academic Review 16/2 (May 2016), 227-240.
JAMA Aksoy T, Gönel F. Does human capital shortage cause inequality? Evidence from Turkish provinces. ear. 2016;16:227–240.
MLA Aksoy, Tolga and Feride Gönel. “Does Human Capital Shortage Cause Inequality? Evidence from Turkish Provinces”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 16, no. 2, 2016, pp. 227-40.
Vancouver Aksoy T, Gönel F. Does human capital shortage cause inequality? Evidence from Turkish provinces. ear. 2016;16(2):227-40.