Research Article
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Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 331 - 341, 01.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2018339289

Abstract

The social movement can be described as a

collective and organized opposition to the power

and the status quo. The Islamic movement, within

the context of the social movements, is formed

by groups who are united under the Islamic flag

and work for establishing an Islamic state. Having

a significant role in the opposition movements,

Ikhwan (Ikhvan-ul Muslims / Muslim Brotherhood)

organization has an important history in these

movements. After the Arab uprisings, while it

fell into decline after coming into power in some

countries, in others, it became an important factor

for the opposition. The aim of this paper is to

compare the two different structures living on the

same ideological root, Syrian Ikhwan with HAMAS,

in terms of their aims, structure, attitude towards

violence, political position and public support

in the framework of Islamic movements. The key

questions that are addressed in this paper are how

different the practices of the organizations and

the reasons underlying these differences are. In

this study, first, from a historical point of view the

two organizations are compared in terms of the

transformations they have experienced as social

movements, their political attitudes and positions

are analyzed. Then, the changes and differences

in the current political positions of these two

organizations which are influenced both especially

from the Arab uprisings are evaluated in terms of

creating the perception of a common enemy.

References

  • Abdullah, Ö. F. (1988) Suriye Dosyası, Akabe Yayınları, İstanbul. Abu-Amr, Z. (1993) “Hamas: A Historical and Political Background”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4: 5-19.
  • Allport, G. W. (1954) The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Cambridge. Atacan, F. (2011), “Fulya Atacan’la Arap Baharı Üzerine Söyleşi”, Asım Öz, Praksis, 26. Sayı – Siyasal İslam, İktidar ve Hegemonya: 31-54.
  • Baroud, R. (2009) My Father Was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza’s Untold Story, New York: Pluto Press.
  • Bayat, A. (2005) “Islamism and Social Movement Theory”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 6, s. 891-908.
  • Bodin, J. (1955) Six Books of the Commonwealth, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Bulut, F. (1994) İslamcı Örgütler; Tüm Zamanlar Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Calvert, J. (2009) Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Carroll, W. (2005) Hamas and the Arab State: A Transnational Terrorist Social Movement’s Impact on Regimes in the Middle East. Unpublished Thesis, Philadelphia: Haverford College.
  • Christiansen, J. (2009) “Four Stages of Social Movements”, Research Starters:1–7.
  • Coser, L. A. (1956) The Functions of Social Confict, New York: Free Press.
  • Çetinkaya, D. (2008) Toplumsal Hareketler, Tarih, Teori ve Deneyim, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Friedman, T. L. (1990) From Beirut to Jerusalem, New York: Doubleday.
  • George, A. (2003) Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom, London: Zed Books.
  • Ghadbian, N. (2010) “Syria’s Muslim Brothers: Where to Next?” The Daily Star, Beirut, Sept. 17, 2010. http://www.dailystar. com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/Sep/17/Syrias-Muslim- Brothers-Where-to-next.ashx#axzz2 GFi2UQMl (erişim tarihi: 27.11.2016).
  • Giddens, A. (2006), Sociology, Polity Press, United Kingdom.
  • Goodwin, J ve Jasper, J.M. (2003) The Social Movements Reader Cases ve Consepts, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom.
  • Gunning, J. (2007) Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence, Hurst Publishers Ltd., London.
  • Gürpınar, B. (2015) “Sürgünde Örgüt: Suriye İhvanı”, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, Mart: 115-132.
  • Hinnebusch, R. A. (1982) “The Islamic Movement in Syria: Sectarian Conflict and Urban Rebellion in an Authoritarian Populist Regime”, Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (ed.), Islamic Resurgence in the Arap World, Praeger, New York: 138-169. Hürriyet, 2004, “HAMAS: Misilleme İsrail’de Deprem Yaratacak”, 22.03.2004.
  • Karaman, H. (2012) “Müslüman Kardeşler”, Yeni Şafak, 13.05.2012.
  • Levy, J. S. (1989) “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique”, M. M. Midlarsky (ed.) Handbook of War Studies, London: Unwin Hyman: 259-288.
  • Lewis, B. (1986) “On the Quietist and Activist Traditions in Islamic Political Writing”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 49, No. 1, In Honour of Ann K. S. Lambton, 141-147.
  • Lobmeyer, H. G. (1991) “Islamic Ideology and Secular Discourse: The Islamists of Syria,” Orient, Vol. 32, No. 3: 395-418. Mishal, S. ve Sela A. (2006) The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Olesen, T. ve Khosrokhavar, F. (2009) Islamism as Social Movement, Aarhus: Department of Political Science, Aarhus University Press.
  • Pargeter, A. (2010a), The Muslim Brotherhood: The Burden of Tradition, Saqi Books, London
  • Pargeter, A. (2010b) The Muslim Brotherhood: From Opposition to Power, Saqi Books, London.
  • Rabbani, M. (2008) “A Hamas Perspective on the Movement’s Evolving Role: An Interview with Khalid Mishal: Part II”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4: 59-81.
  • Robinson, G. E. (2002) “Güçlünün Barışı”, Carey, R. (Der.), Yeni İntifada: İsrail’in Apartheid Politikasına Direnmek, Everest, İstanbul, s. 177-183.
  • Roy, O. (2005) Siyasal İslamın İflası, Metis Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Roy, S. (2011), Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist Social Sector, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Seale, P. (1965) The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics 1945–1958, Oxford University Press, London.
  • Simmel, G. (1955) Conflict and the Web of Group-Affiliations, New York: Free Press.
  • Singh, R. (2011) HAMAS and Suicide Terrorism, Routledge, London&New York.
  • Singh, R. (2012) “The Discourse and Practice of ‘Heroic Resistance’ in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Case of Hamas”, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 13, no. 4: 529-545.
  • Sirin, C.V. (2011) “Is It Cohesion or Diversion? Domestic Instability and The Use of Force in International Crises”, International Political Science Review 32: 303-321.
  • Sly, L. (2011) “Syrian Opposition Unites in Exile”, Washington Post, 2 Haziran, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ middle-east/syrian-opposition-unites-in-exile/2011/06/01/ AGjEEoGH_ story.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2016).
  • Snow, D. A., Cross, R. (2011) “Radicalism within the Context of Social Movements: Processes and Types”, Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4): 115–130.
  • Stein, A. (1976) ‘‘Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature.’’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 20 (1): 143-72.
  • Talhamy, Y. (2012) “The Syrian Uprising: The Muslim Brotherhood Reborn”, Middle East Quarterly, Spring: 33-47.
  • Teitelbaum, J. (2004) “The Muslim Brotherhood and the ‘Struggle for Syria’, 1947–1958, Between Accommodation and Ideology”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 40, No.3, May: 134–158.
  • Tekin, Y. ve Akgün, B. (2011) “İslamcılar-Demokrasi İlişkisinin Tarihi Seyri”, İslamcılık¸ İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Touraine, A. (2000) Can We Live Together?: Equality and Difference, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
  • Tilly, C. (2004) Social Movements 1768–2004. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Paradigm.
  • Tarrow, S. (1994) Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1959) Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Waltz, K.N. (1979) Theory of International Politics. Reading, Addison-Wesley.
  • Weismann, I. (2010) “Democratic Fundamentalism? The Practise and Discourse of The Muslim Brothers Movement in Syria”, Muslim World, 100: 1-16.
  • Wiktorowicz, Q. (2004) Islamic Activism A Social Movement Theory Approach, Indiana University Press, USA.
Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 331 - 341, 01.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2018339289

Abstract

References

  • Abdullah, Ö. F. (1988) Suriye Dosyası, Akabe Yayınları, İstanbul. Abu-Amr, Z. (1993) “Hamas: A Historical and Political Background”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4: 5-19.
  • Allport, G. W. (1954) The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Cambridge. Atacan, F. (2011), “Fulya Atacan’la Arap Baharı Üzerine Söyleşi”, Asım Öz, Praksis, 26. Sayı – Siyasal İslam, İktidar ve Hegemonya: 31-54.
  • Baroud, R. (2009) My Father Was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza’s Untold Story, New York: Pluto Press.
  • Bayat, A. (2005) “Islamism and Social Movement Theory”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 6, s. 891-908.
  • Bodin, J. (1955) Six Books of the Commonwealth, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Bulut, F. (1994) İslamcı Örgütler; Tüm Zamanlar Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Calvert, J. (2009) Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Carroll, W. (2005) Hamas and the Arab State: A Transnational Terrorist Social Movement’s Impact on Regimes in the Middle East. Unpublished Thesis, Philadelphia: Haverford College.
  • Christiansen, J. (2009) “Four Stages of Social Movements”, Research Starters:1–7.
  • Coser, L. A. (1956) The Functions of Social Confict, New York: Free Press.
  • Çetinkaya, D. (2008) Toplumsal Hareketler, Tarih, Teori ve Deneyim, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Friedman, T. L. (1990) From Beirut to Jerusalem, New York: Doubleday.
  • George, A. (2003) Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom, London: Zed Books.
  • Ghadbian, N. (2010) “Syria’s Muslim Brothers: Where to Next?” The Daily Star, Beirut, Sept. 17, 2010. http://www.dailystar. com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/Sep/17/Syrias-Muslim- Brothers-Where-to-next.ashx#axzz2 GFi2UQMl (erişim tarihi: 27.11.2016).
  • Giddens, A. (2006), Sociology, Polity Press, United Kingdom.
  • Goodwin, J ve Jasper, J.M. (2003) The Social Movements Reader Cases ve Consepts, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom.
  • Gunning, J. (2007) Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence, Hurst Publishers Ltd., London.
  • Gürpınar, B. (2015) “Sürgünde Örgüt: Suriye İhvanı”, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, Mart: 115-132.
  • Hinnebusch, R. A. (1982) “The Islamic Movement in Syria: Sectarian Conflict and Urban Rebellion in an Authoritarian Populist Regime”, Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (ed.), Islamic Resurgence in the Arap World, Praeger, New York: 138-169. Hürriyet, 2004, “HAMAS: Misilleme İsrail’de Deprem Yaratacak”, 22.03.2004.
  • Karaman, H. (2012) “Müslüman Kardeşler”, Yeni Şafak, 13.05.2012.
  • Levy, J. S. (1989) “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique”, M. M. Midlarsky (ed.) Handbook of War Studies, London: Unwin Hyman: 259-288.
  • Lewis, B. (1986) “On the Quietist and Activist Traditions in Islamic Political Writing”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 49, No. 1, In Honour of Ann K. S. Lambton, 141-147.
  • Lobmeyer, H. G. (1991) “Islamic Ideology and Secular Discourse: The Islamists of Syria,” Orient, Vol. 32, No. 3: 395-418. Mishal, S. ve Sela A. (2006) The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Olesen, T. ve Khosrokhavar, F. (2009) Islamism as Social Movement, Aarhus: Department of Political Science, Aarhus University Press.
  • Pargeter, A. (2010a), The Muslim Brotherhood: The Burden of Tradition, Saqi Books, London
  • Pargeter, A. (2010b) The Muslim Brotherhood: From Opposition to Power, Saqi Books, London.
  • Rabbani, M. (2008) “A Hamas Perspective on the Movement’s Evolving Role: An Interview with Khalid Mishal: Part II”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4: 59-81.
  • Robinson, G. E. (2002) “Güçlünün Barışı”, Carey, R. (Der.), Yeni İntifada: İsrail’in Apartheid Politikasına Direnmek, Everest, İstanbul, s. 177-183.
  • Roy, O. (2005) Siyasal İslamın İflası, Metis Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Roy, S. (2011), Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist Social Sector, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Seale, P. (1965) The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics 1945–1958, Oxford University Press, London.
  • Simmel, G. (1955) Conflict and the Web of Group-Affiliations, New York: Free Press.
  • Singh, R. (2011) HAMAS and Suicide Terrorism, Routledge, London&New York.
  • Singh, R. (2012) “The Discourse and Practice of ‘Heroic Resistance’ in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Case of Hamas”, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 13, no. 4: 529-545.
  • Sirin, C.V. (2011) “Is It Cohesion or Diversion? Domestic Instability and The Use of Force in International Crises”, International Political Science Review 32: 303-321.
  • Sly, L. (2011) “Syrian Opposition Unites in Exile”, Washington Post, 2 Haziran, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ middle-east/syrian-opposition-unites-in-exile/2011/06/01/ AGjEEoGH_ story.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2016).
  • Snow, D. A., Cross, R. (2011) “Radicalism within the Context of Social Movements: Processes and Types”, Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4): 115–130.
  • Stein, A. (1976) ‘‘Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature.’’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 20 (1): 143-72.
  • Talhamy, Y. (2012) “The Syrian Uprising: The Muslim Brotherhood Reborn”, Middle East Quarterly, Spring: 33-47.
  • Teitelbaum, J. (2004) “The Muslim Brotherhood and the ‘Struggle for Syria’, 1947–1958, Between Accommodation and Ideology”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 40, No.3, May: 134–158.
  • Tekin, Y. ve Akgün, B. (2011) “İslamcılar-Demokrasi İlişkisinin Tarihi Seyri”, İslamcılık¸ İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Touraine, A. (2000) Can We Live Together?: Equality and Difference, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
  • Tilly, C. (2004) Social Movements 1768–2004. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Paradigm.
  • Tarrow, S. (1994) Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1959) Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Waltz, K.N. (1979) Theory of International Politics. Reading, Addison-Wesley.
  • Weismann, I. (2010) “Democratic Fundamentalism? The Practise and Discourse of The Muslim Brothers Movement in Syria”, Muslim World, 100: 1-16.
  • Wiktorowicz, Q. (2004) Islamic Activism A Social Movement Theory Approach, Indiana University Press, USA.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bulut Gürpınar 0000-0001-7290-0890

Publication Date July 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gürpınar, B. (2018). Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS. Ege Academic Review, 18(3), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2018339289
AMA Gürpınar B. Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS. ear. July 2018;18(3):331-341. doi:10.21121/eab.2018339289
Chicago Gürpınar, Bulut. “Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS”. Ege Academic Review 18, no. 3 (July 2018): 331-41. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2018339289.
EndNote Gürpınar B (July 1, 2018) Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS. Ege Academic Review 18 3 331–341.
IEEE B. Gürpınar, “Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS”, ear, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 331–341, 2018, doi: 10.21121/eab.2018339289.
ISNAD Gürpınar, Bulut. “Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS”. Ege Academic Review 18/3 (July 2018), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2018339289.
JAMA Gürpınar B. Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS. ear. 2018;18:331–341.
MLA Gürpınar, Bulut. “Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 18, no. 3, 2018, pp. 331-4, doi:10.21121/eab.2018339289.
Vancouver Gürpınar B. Social Movements and Comman Enemy Perception: Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and HAMAS. ear. 2018;18(3):331-4.