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Are the effects of energy security on economic growth symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? An application of non-linear ARDL

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 487 - 502, 03.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.952967

Abstract

This paper is examined whether the relationship between economic growth and energy security risk level is symmetric or asymmetric in the case of Turkey between 1980 and 2018. What makes different of this study from the others few studies that examine the effects of energy security on economic growth by considering the 4A of energy security is that it examines the asymmetric impacts of energy security on economic growth by using the NARDL method. Accordingly, the results of the linear ARDL demonstrate that there is no long-term relationship between energy security risk level and economic growth. On the other hand, the results of the non-linear ARDL indicate that there is an asymmetrical relationship between economic growth and energy security risk level both in the long and short-term. Furthermore, according to the NARDL results, a 1% increase in energy security risk level decreases economic growth by approximately 0.60%, while a 1% decrease in energy security risk level increases economic growth by approximately 1.72%. These results demonstrate that economic growth in Turkey is significantly affected by positive and negative changes in the energy security risk level. Therefore, the results reveal the importance of policies to ensure energy security and allow for important policy implications for policymakers.

References

  • Ahmed, S. Uddin, Ali, A., Kumar, D., Malik, M. Z., & Memon, A. H. (2019). China Pakistan Economic Corridor and Pakistan’s energy security: A meta-analytic review. Energy Policy, 127, 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.003
  • Alley, I., Asekomeh, A., Mobolaji, H., & Adeniran, Y. A. (2014). Oil Price Shocks and Nigerian Economic Growth. European Scientific Journal, 10(19), 375–391.
  • Azzuni, A., & Breyer, C. (2018). Energy security and energy storage technologies. Energy Procedia, 155, 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.053
  • Balitskiy, S., Bilan, Y., & Strielkowski, W. (2014). Energy security and economic growth in the European Union. Journal of Security and Sustainability Isues, 4(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2014.4.2(2)
  • Bambawale, M. J., & Sovacool, B. K. (2011). China’s energy security: The perspective of energy users. Applied Energy, 88(5), 1949–1956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.016
  • Bernanke, B. S., Gertler, M., Watson, M., Sims, C. A., & Friedman, B. M. (1997). Systematic Monetary Policy and the Effects of Oil Price Shocks. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997(1), 91–157.
  • Berument, M. H., Ceylan, N. B., Dogan, N., The, S., & Journal, E. (2016). The Impact of Oil Price Shocks on the Economic Growth of Selected MENA Countries. The Energy Journal, 31(1), 149–176.
  • BP. (2021). Statistical review of world energy. Retrieved July 31, 2021, from https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
  • Çeli̇kpala, M. (2014). Enerji güvenliği: NATO’nun yeni tehdit algısı. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(40), 75–99.
  • Doroodian, K., & Boyd, R. (2003). The linkage between oil price shocks and economic growth with inflation in the presence of technological advances: A CGE model. Energy Policy, 31(10), 989–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00141-6
  • Du, L., Yanan, H., & Wei, C. (2010). The relationship between oil price shocks and China’s macro-economy: An empirical analysis. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4142–4151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.042
  • Elder, J., & Serletis, A. (2010). Oil price uncertainty. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 42(6), 1137–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2010.00323.x
  • Energy Charter Secretariat. (2015). International Energy Security: Common Concept for Energy Producing, Consuming and Transit Countries.
  • Fang, D., Shi, S., & Yu, Q. (2018). Evaluation of sustainable energy security and an empirical analysis of China. Sustainability, 10(5), 1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051685
  • Farzanegan, M. R., & Markwardt, G. (2009). The effects of oil price shocks on the Iranian economy. Energy Economics, 31(1), 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.09.003
  • Gasparatos, A., & Gadda, T. (2009). Environmental support, energy security and economic growth in Japan. Energy Policy, 37(10), 4038–4048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.011
  • Ghalayini, L. (2011). The Interaction between Oil Price and Economic Growth. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, (13), 127–141.
  • Global Energy Institute. (2018). International Index of Energy Security Risk 2018 Edition. Retrieved January 27, 2019, from https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/Final2018Index.pdf
  • Global Energy Institute. (2020). International energy security risk index 2020 edition. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/energy-security-risk-index
  • International Energy Agency. (2020). Energy security. Retrieved August 6, 2020, from https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security
  • Jiménez-Rodríguez, R., & Sánchez, M. (2005). Oil price shocks and real GDP growth: Empirical evidence for some OECD countries. Applied Economics, 37(2), 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000281561
  • Kartal, G. (2018). Orta Doğu ülkelerinde politik istikrarsızlık, enerji güvenliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. PhD. Thesis, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University.
  • Kartal, G. (2020). Politik istikrarsizlik ve enerji güvenliği ekseninde Orta Doğu ekonomileri. İstanbul: Hiperyayın.
  • Kartal, G. (2022a). Enerji güvenliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türk Dünyası ülke panelinden kanıtlar. Bilig, (101), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10107
  • Kartal, G. (2022b). The relationship between energy security and economic growth: A bootstrap panel granger causality analysis. Politická Ekonomie, In Press.
  • Kartal, G., & Öztürk, S. (2020). Politik istikrarsızlık, enerji güvenliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Orta Doğu ülkeleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.629534
  • Kilian, L., & Park, C. (2009). The impact of oil price shocks on the US stock market. International Economic Review, 50(4), 1267–1287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2009.00568.x
  • Kim, H., Shin, E., & Chung, W. (2011). Energy demand and supply, energy policies, and energy security in the Republic of Korea. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6882–6897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.056
  • Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D. P., de Vries, H. J. M., & Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2166–2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.006
  • Le, T. H., & Nguyen, C. P. (2019). Is energy security a driver for economic growth? Evidence from a global sample. Energy Policy, 129, 436–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.038
  • Li, Y., Shi, X., & Yao, L. (2016). Evaluating energy security of resource-poor economies: A modified principle component analysis approach. Energy Economics, 58, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.07.001
  • Nepal, R., & Paija, N. (2019). Energy security, electricity, population and economic growth: The case of a developing South Asian resource-rich economy. Energy Policy, 132, 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.054
  • Penn World Table. (2020). Penn World Table. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.15141/S50T0R
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (n.d.). Transit Pipelines and Projects. Retrieved May 30, 2020, from https://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Transit-Pipelines-and-Projects
  • Sadorsky, P. (1999). Oil price shocks and stock market activity. Energy Economics, 21(5), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00020-1
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a Nonlinear ARDL framework. In Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt (pp. 281–314). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
  • Song, Y., Zhang, M., & Sun, R. (2019). Using a new aggregated indicator to evaluate China’s energy security. Energy Policy, 132, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.036
  • Sovacool, B. K., & Mukherjee, I. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring energy security: A synthesized approach. Energy, 36(8), 5343–5355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.06.043
  • Stavytskyy, A., Kharlamova, G., Giedraitis, V., & Šumskis, V. (2018). Estimating the interrelation between energy security and macroeconomic factors in European countries. Journal of International Studies, 11(3), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-3/18
  • Tang, W., Wu, L., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Oil price shocks and their short- and long-term effects on the Chinese economy. Energy Economics, 32(SUPPL. 1), S3–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.01.002
  • Trademap. (2021). Trede Map. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from https://www.trademap.org
  • Ullah, A., Zhao, X., Kamal, M. A., Riaz, A., & Zheng, B. (2021). Exploring asymmetric relationship between Islamic banking development and economic growth in Pakistan: Fresh evidence from a non‐linear ARDLapproach. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(4), 6168–6187. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2115
  • Varigonda, K. C. (2013). An assessment of the impact of energy insecurity on state stability in India. Energy Policy, 62, 1110–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.091
  • Voser, P. (2012). Energy: The Oxygen of the Economy. In World Economic Forum Energy for Economic Growth Energy Vision Update 2012. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EN_EnergyEconomicGrowth_IndustryAgenda_2012.pdf
  • Wang, Q., & Zhou, K. (2017). A framework for evaluating global national energy security. Applied Energy, 188, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.116
  • World Bank. (2021). World Development Indicators. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from https://databank.worldbank.org
  • Yao, L., & Chang, Y. (2014). Energy security in China: A quantitative analysis and policy implications. Energy Policy, 67, 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.047
  • Yao, L., Shi, X., & Andrews-Speed, P. (2018). Conceptualization of energy security in resource-poor economies: The role of the nature of economy. Energy Policy, 114, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.029
  • Yergin, D. (2006). Ensuring Energy Security. Foreign Affairs, 85(2), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/20031912
  • Zhang, D. (2008). Oil shock and economic growth in Japan: A nonlinear approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2374–2390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.01.006
  • Zhang, Z. (2011). China’s energy security, the Malacca dilemma and responses. Energy Policy, 39(12), 7612–7615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.033
Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 487 - 502, 03.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.952967

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, S. Uddin, Ali, A., Kumar, D., Malik, M. Z., & Memon, A. H. (2019). China Pakistan Economic Corridor and Pakistan’s energy security: A meta-analytic review. Energy Policy, 127, 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.003
  • Alley, I., Asekomeh, A., Mobolaji, H., & Adeniran, Y. A. (2014). Oil Price Shocks and Nigerian Economic Growth. European Scientific Journal, 10(19), 375–391.
  • Azzuni, A., & Breyer, C. (2018). Energy security and energy storage technologies. Energy Procedia, 155, 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.053
  • Balitskiy, S., Bilan, Y., & Strielkowski, W. (2014). Energy security and economic growth in the European Union. Journal of Security and Sustainability Isues, 4(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2014.4.2(2)
  • Bambawale, M. J., & Sovacool, B. K. (2011). China’s energy security: The perspective of energy users. Applied Energy, 88(5), 1949–1956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.016
  • Bernanke, B. S., Gertler, M., Watson, M., Sims, C. A., & Friedman, B. M. (1997). Systematic Monetary Policy and the Effects of Oil Price Shocks. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997(1), 91–157.
  • Berument, M. H., Ceylan, N. B., Dogan, N., The, S., & Journal, E. (2016). The Impact of Oil Price Shocks on the Economic Growth of Selected MENA Countries. The Energy Journal, 31(1), 149–176.
  • BP. (2021). Statistical review of world energy. Retrieved July 31, 2021, from https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
  • Çeli̇kpala, M. (2014). Enerji güvenliği: NATO’nun yeni tehdit algısı. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(40), 75–99.
  • Doroodian, K., & Boyd, R. (2003). The linkage between oil price shocks and economic growth with inflation in the presence of technological advances: A CGE model. Energy Policy, 31(10), 989–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00141-6
  • Du, L., Yanan, H., & Wei, C. (2010). The relationship between oil price shocks and China’s macro-economy: An empirical analysis. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4142–4151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.042
  • Elder, J., & Serletis, A. (2010). Oil price uncertainty. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 42(6), 1137–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2010.00323.x
  • Energy Charter Secretariat. (2015). International Energy Security: Common Concept for Energy Producing, Consuming and Transit Countries.
  • Fang, D., Shi, S., & Yu, Q. (2018). Evaluation of sustainable energy security and an empirical analysis of China. Sustainability, 10(5), 1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051685
  • Farzanegan, M. R., & Markwardt, G. (2009). The effects of oil price shocks on the Iranian economy. Energy Economics, 31(1), 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.09.003
  • Gasparatos, A., & Gadda, T. (2009). Environmental support, energy security and economic growth in Japan. Energy Policy, 37(10), 4038–4048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.011
  • Ghalayini, L. (2011). The Interaction between Oil Price and Economic Growth. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, (13), 127–141.
  • Global Energy Institute. (2018). International Index of Energy Security Risk 2018 Edition. Retrieved January 27, 2019, from https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/Final2018Index.pdf
  • Global Energy Institute. (2020). International energy security risk index 2020 edition. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/energy-security-risk-index
  • International Energy Agency. (2020). Energy security. Retrieved August 6, 2020, from https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security
  • Jiménez-Rodríguez, R., & Sánchez, M. (2005). Oil price shocks and real GDP growth: Empirical evidence for some OECD countries. Applied Economics, 37(2), 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000281561
  • Kartal, G. (2018). Orta Doğu ülkelerinde politik istikrarsızlık, enerji güvenliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. PhD. Thesis, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University.
  • Kartal, G. (2020). Politik istikrarsizlik ve enerji güvenliği ekseninde Orta Doğu ekonomileri. İstanbul: Hiperyayın.
  • Kartal, G. (2022a). Enerji güvenliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türk Dünyası ülke panelinden kanıtlar. Bilig, (101), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10107
  • Kartal, G. (2022b). The relationship between energy security and economic growth: A bootstrap panel granger causality analysis. Politická Ekonomie, In Press.
  • Kartal, G., & Öztürk, S. (2020). Politik istikrarsızlık, enerji güvenliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Orta Doğu ülkeleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.629534
  • Kilian, L., & Park, C. (2009). The impact of oil price shocks on the US stock market. International Economic Review, 50(4), 1267–1287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2009.00568.x
  • Kim, H., Shin, E., & Chung, W. (2011). Energy demand and supply, energy policies, and energy security in the Republic of Korea. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6882–6897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.056
  • Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D. P., de Vries, H. J. M., & Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2166–2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.006
  • Le, T. H., & Nguyen, C. P. (2019). Is energy security a driver for economic growth? Evidence from a global sample. Energy Policy, 129, 436–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.038
  • Li, Y., Shi, X., & Yao, L. (2016). Evaluating energy security of resource-poor economies: A modified principle component analysis approach. Energy Economics, 58, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.07.001
  • Nepal, R., & Paija, N. (2019). Energy security, electricity, population and economic growth: The case of a developing South Asian resource-rich economy. Energy Policy, 132, 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.054
  • Penn World Table. (2020). Penn World Table. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.15141/S50T0R
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (n.d.). Transit Pipelines and Projects. Retrieved May 30, 2020, from https://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Transit-Pipelines-and-Projects
  • Sadorsky, P. (1999). Oil price shocks and stock market activity. Energy Economics, 21(5), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00020-1
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a Nonlinear ARDL framework. In Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt (pp. 281–314). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
  • Song, Y., Zhang, M., & Sun, R. (2019). Using a new aggregated indicator to evaluate China’s energy security. Energy Policy, 132, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.036
  • Sovacool, B. K., & Mukherjee, I. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring energy security: A synthesized approach. Energy, 36(8), 5343–5355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.06.043
  • Stavytskyy, A., Kharlamova, G., Giedraitis, V., & Šumskis, V. (2018). Estimating the interrelation between energy security and macroeconomic factors in European countries. Journal of International Studies, 11(3), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-3/18
  • Tang, W., Wu, L., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Oil price shocks and their short- and long-term effects on the Chinese economy. Energy Economics, 32(SUPPL. 1), S3–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.01.002
  • Trademap. (2021). Trede Map. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from https://www.trademap.org
  • Ullah, A., Zhao, X., Kamal, M. A., Riaz, A., & Zheng, B. (2021). Exploring asymmetric relationship between Islamic banking development and economic growth in Pakistan: Fresh evidence from a non‐linear ARDLapproach. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(4), 6168–6187. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2115
  • Varigonda, K. C. (2013). An assessment of the impact of energy insecurity on state stability in India. Energy Policy, 62, 1110–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.091
  • Voser, P. (2012). Energy: The Oxygen of the Economy. In World Economic Forum Energy for Economic Growth Energy Vision Update 2012. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EN_EnergyEconomicGrowth_IndustryAgenda_2012.pdf
  • Wang, Q., & Zhou, K. (2017). A framework for evaluating global national energy security. Applied Energy, 188, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.116
  • World Bank. (2021). World Development Indicators. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from https://databank.worldbank.org
  • Yao, L., & Chang, Y. (2014). Energy security in China: A quantitative analysis and policy implications. Energy Policy, 67, 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.047
  • Yao, L., Shi, X., & Andrews-Speed, P. (2018). Conceptualization of energy security in resource-poor economies: The role of the nature of economy. Energy Policy, 114, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.029
  • Yergin, D. (2006). Ensuring Energy Security. Foreign Affairs, 85(2), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/20031912
  • Zhang, D. (2008). Oil shock and economic growth in Japan: A nonlinear approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2374–2390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.01.006
  • Zhang, Z. (2011). China’s energy security, the Malacca dilemma and responses. Energy Policy, 39(12), 7612–7615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.033
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökhan Kartal 0000-0002-2006-6272

Early Pub Date June 27, 2022
Publication Date October 3, 2022
Acceptance Date June 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 22 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kartal, G. (2022). Are the effects of energy security on economic growth symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? An application of non-linear ARDL. Ege Academic Review, 22(4), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.952967
AMA Kartal G. Are the effects of energy security on economic growth symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? An application of non-linear ARDL. ear. October 2022;22(4):487-502. doi:10.21121/eab.952967
Chicago Kartal, Gökhan. “Are the Effects of Energy Security on Economic Growth Symmetric or Asymmetric in Turkey? An Application of Non-Linear ARDL”. Ege Academic Review 22, no. 4 (October 2022): 487-502. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.952967.
EndNote Kartal G (October 1, 2022) Are the effects of energy security on economic growth symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? An application of non-linear ARDL. Ege Academic Review 22 4 487–502.
IEEE G. Kartal, “Are the effects of energy security on economic growth symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? An application of non-linear ARDL”, ear, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 487–502, 2022, doi: 10.21121/eab.952967.
ISNAD Kartal, Gökhan. “Are the Effects of Energy Security on Economic Growth Symmetric or Asymmetric in Turkey? An Application of Non-Linear ARDL”. Ege Academic Review 22/4 (October 2022), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.952967.
JAMA Kartal G. Are the effects of energy security on economic growth symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? An application of non-linear ARDL. ear. 2022;22:487–502.
MLA Kartal, Gökhan. “Are the Effects of Energy Security on Economic Growth Symmetric or Asymmetric in Turkey? An Application of Non-Linear ARDL”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 22, no. 4, 2022, pp. 487-02, doi:10.21121/eab.952967.
Vancouver Kartal G. Are the effects of energy security on economic growth symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? An application of non-linear ARDL. ear. 2022;22(4):487-502.