Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2023, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 279 - 296, 10.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1166627

Abstract

References

  • Akram, M., Nasar, A., and Safdar, M. R. (2021). Holy cow in India: A political discourse and social media analysis for restorative justice. TRAMES Journal of Social Sciences, 25(75/70), 2, 219–237. DOI: 10.3176/tr.2021.2.04.
  • Andersson, L. (2018). What’s left of the radical left online? Absence of communication, political vision, and community in autonomist web milieus in Sweden. New Media & Society, 20(1), 384-398.
  • Araque, O., & Iglesias, C. A. (2020). An approach for radicalization detection based on emotion signals and semantic similarity. IEEE Access, 8, 17877-17891.
  • Aziz, S. F., & Beydoun, K. A. (2020). Fear of a Black and Brown Internet: Policing Online Activism. BUL Rev., 100, 1151.
  • Bastug, M. F., Douai, A., & Akca, D. (2020). Exploring the “demand side” of online radicalization: Evidence from the Canadian context. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), 616-637.
  • Baugut, P., & Neumann, K. (2020a). Describing Perceptions of Media Influence among Radicalized Individuals: The Case of Jihadists and Non-Violent Islamists. Political Communication, 37(1), 65-87.
  • Baugut, P., & Neumann, K. (2020b). Online news media and propaganda influence on radicalized individuals: Findings from interviews with Islamist prisoners and former Islamists. New Media & Society, 22(8), 1437-1461.
  • Baumann, F., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Sokolov, I. M., & Starnini, M. (2020). Modeling echo chambers and polarization dynamics in social networks. Physical Review Letters, 124(4), 048301.
  • Bhui, K., & Ibrahim, Y. (2013). Marketing the “radical”: Symbolic communication and persuasive technologies in jihadist websites. Transcultural psychiatry, 50(2), 216-234.
  • Bloom, M., Tiflati, H., & Horgan, J. (2019). Navigating ISIS’s preferred platform: Telegram1. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(6), 1242-1254.
  • Baas, J., Schotten, M., Plume, A., Côté, G., & Karimi, R. (2020). Scopus as a curated, high-quality bibliometric data source for academic research in quantitative science studies. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(1), 377-386.
  • Bondes, M., & Schucher, G. (2014). Derailed emotions: The transformation of claims and targets during the Wenzhou online incident. Information, Communication & Society, 17(1), 45-65.
  • Bouko, C., Naderer, B., Rieger, D., Van Ostaeyen, P., & Voué, P. (2021). Discourse patterns used by extremist Salafists on Facebook: identifying potential triggers to cognitive biases in radicalized content. Critical Discourse Studies, 1-22.
  • Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into violent extremism II: A review of conceptual models and empirical research. Journal of strategic security, 4(4), 37-62.
  • Borges‐Tiago, T., Tiago, F., Silva, O., Guaita Martínez, J. M., and Botella‐Carrubi, D. (2020). Online users' attitudes toward fake news: Implications for brand management. Psychology & Marketing, 37(9), 1171-1184.
  • Brady, H. E., Schlozman, K. L., & Verba, S. (1999). Prospecting for participants: Rational expectations and the recruitment of political activists. American Political Science Review, 93(1), 153-168.
  • Ceron, A., Curini, L., & Iacus, S. M. (2019). ISIS at its Apogee: The Arabic discourse on Twitter and what we can learn from that about ISIS support and foreign fighters. Sage Open, 9(1), 2158244018789229.
  • Cherblanc, J., & Tremblay, S. (2019). Face aux radicalismes religieux et laïc, quelle place et quel rôle pour la spiritualité dans les écoles publiques du Québec? Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses, 48(4), 612-633.
  • Clark, V. L. P. and Creswell, J. W. (2015). Understanding Research: A Consumer’s Guide. Second Edition, Pearson Publisher.
  • Cohen, J. D. (2016). The next generation of government CVE strategies at home: Expanding opportunities for intervention. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 118-128.
  • Conway, M. (2017). Determining the role of the internet in violent extremism and terrorism: Six suggestions for progressing research. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(1), 77-98.
  • Costello, M., Barrett-Fox, R., Bernatzky, C., Hawdon, J., & Mendes, K. (2020). Predictors of viewing online extremism among America’s youth. Youth & Society, 52(5), 710-727.
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2008). Studying violent radicalization in Europe I: The potential contribution of social movement theory (No. 2008: 2). DIIS Working Paper.
  • Davies, L. (2014). Interrupting extremism by creating educative turbulence. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(4), 450-468.
  • Derbas, N., Dusserre, E., Padró, M., & Segond, F. (2020). Eventfully safapp: hybrid approach to event detection for social media mining. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11(1), 87-95.
  • DeWall, C. N., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). The general aggression model: Theoretical extensions to violence. Psychology of Violence, 1, 245-258. doi: 10.1037/a0023842
  • Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A.W, et al. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008.
  • Ferrara, E. (2017). Contagion dynamics of extremist propaganda in social networks. Information Sciences, 418, 1-12.
  • Gagnon, A. (2019). The sick France and its stories" Islamization" of society and" radicalization" of the individual in five contemporary French novels (2012-2016). ETUDES FRANCAISES, 55(1), 137-+.
  • Gaikwad, M., Ahirrao, S., Phansalkar, S. P., & Kotecha, K. (2020). A Bibliometric Analysis of Online Extremism Detection. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-16.
  • Gallacher, J. D., Heerdink, M. W., & Hewstone, M. (2021). Online Engagement Between Opposing Political Protest Groups via Social Media is Linked to Physical Violence of Offline Encounters. Social Media+ Society, 7(1), 2056305120984445.
  • Ganesh, B., & Bright, J. (2020). Countering extremists on social media: challenges for strategic communication and content moderation.
  • Githens-Mazer, J., & Lambert, R. (2010). Why conventional wisdom on radicalization fails: the persistence of a failed discourse. International Affairs, 86(4), 889-901.
  • Grady, C., Iannantuoni, A., & Winters, M. S. (2021). Influencing the means but not the ends: The role of entertainment-education interventions in development. World Development, 138, 105200.
  • Greenberg, K. J. (2016). Counter-radicalization via the internet. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 165-179.
  • Grosholz, J. M., & Pieri, Z. P. (2020). “A Skinhead at Heart with a Hate-Filled Mind”: Understanding the Themes Present in the White Power Music Scene. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-17.
  • Gualtieri, A. (2021). The Brazilian case: The effect of social media on a democratic regime of today. Democracy and Globalization. Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship, 10, 149-169. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69154-7_7.
  • Gunning, J. (2009). Social movement theory and the study of terrorism. In Critical terrorism studies (pp. 170-191). Routledge.
  • Hopp, F. R., Fisher, J. T., Cornell, D., Huskey, R., & Weber, R. (2021). The extended Moral Foundations Dictionary (eMFD): Development and applications of a crowd-sourced approach to extracting moral intuitions from text. Behavior Research Methods, 53(1), 232-246.
  • Hüttermann, J. (2018). Neighbourhood Effects on Jihadist Radicalisation in Germany? Some Case-Based Remarks. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 12, a649-a649.
  • Jackson, L. B. (2019). Framing British ‘Jihadi Brides’: Metaphor and the Social Construction of IS Women. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1-19.
  • Jensen, M., LaFree, G., James, P. A., Atwell-Seate, A., Pisoiu, D., Stevenson, J., & Picarelli, J. (2016). Final Report: Empirical assessment of domestic radicalization (EADR). Report to the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrived from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250481.pdf
  • Jones, E. (2017). The reception of broadcast terrorism: recruitment and radicalisation. International Review of Psychiatry, 29(4), 320-326.
  • Klein, A. (2019). From Twitter to Charlottesville: Analyzing the fighting words between the alt-right and Antifa. International Journal of Communication, 13, 22.
  • Kruglova, A. (2020). “I Will Tell You a Story about Jihad”: ISIS’s Propaganda and Narrative Advertising. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-23.
  • Kumar, P. (2017). Radicalizing community development: the changing face of the queer movement in Hyderabad City. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 470-487.
  • Lee, F. L., Chan, M., & Chen, H. T. (2020). Social Media and Protest Attitudes During Movement Abeyance: A Study of Hong Kong University Students. International Journal of Communication, 14, 20.
  • Lee, P.-C. and Su, H.-N., (2010). Investigating the structure of regional innovation system research through keyword co-occurrence and social network analysis. Innovation 12(1), 26–40.
  • Li, K., Rollins, J., & Yan, E. (2018). Web of Science use in published research and review papers 1997–2017: A selective, dynamic, cross-domain, content-based analysis. Scientometrics, 115(1), 1-20.
  • Marcks, H., & Pawelz, J. (2020). From Myths of Victimhood to Fantasies of Violence: How Far-Right Narratives of Imperilment Work. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1-18.
  • Mastors, E., & Siers, R. (2014). Omar al‐Hammami: A case study in radicalization. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 32(3), 377-388. McCauley, C. and Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415-433. DOI: 10.1080/09546550802073367.
  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American journal of sociology, 82(6), 1212-1241.
  • Meloy, J. R., & Genzman, J. (2016). The clinical threat assessment of the lone-actor terrorist. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 39(4), 649-662.
  • Monaci, S. (2017). Explaining the Islamic state’s online media strategy: A transmedia approach. International Journal of Communication, 11, 19.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J et al. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine 151(4): 264–269.
  • Morselli, D., Passini, S., & McGarty, C. (2020). Sos Venezuela: an analysis of the anti-Maduro protest movements using Twitter. Social Movement Studies, 1-22.
  • Munger, K., & Phillips, J. (2020). Right-Wing YouTube: A Supply and Demand Perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 1940161220964767.
  • Mythen, G., Walklate, S., & Peatfield, E. J. (2017). Assembling and deconstructing radicalisation in PREVENT: A case of policy-based evidence making? Critical Social Policy, 37(2), 180-201.
  • Naeem, S. B., Bhatti, R., & Khan, A. (2020). An exploration of how fake news is taking over social media and putting public health at risk. Health Information & Libraries Journal.
  • Neumann, P. R. (2013). The trouble with radicalization. International Affairs, 89(4), 873-893. https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/57585046/Appendix.pdf
  • Niemi, P. M., Benjamin, S., Kuusisto, A., & Gearon, L. (2018). How and why education counters ideological extremism in Finland. Religions, 9(12), 420.
  • Nienierza, A., Reinemann, C., Fawzi, N., Riesmeyer, C., & Neumann, K. (2019). Too dark to see? Explaining adolescents’ contact with online extremism and their ability to recognize it. Information, Communication & Society, 1-18.
  • Nuraniyah, N. (2018). Not just brainwashed: understanding the radicalization of Indonesian female supporters of the Islamic State. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 890-910.
  • Pedersen, W., Vestel, V., & Bakken, A. (2018). At risk for radicalization and jihadism? A population-based study of Norwegian adolescents. Cooperation and Conflict, 53(1), 61-83.
  • Petticrew, M. and Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic reviews in the social sciences. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences, Blackwell Publishing.
  • Porta, D. D. and LaFree, G. (2012). Processes of Radicalization and De-Radicalization. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(1), 4-10.
  • Porter, L. E., & Kebbell, M. R. (2011). Radicalization in Australia: Examining Australia's convicted terrorists. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18(2), 212-231.
  • Post, J. M. (2010). “When hatred is bred in the bone:” the social psychology of terrorism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1208(1), 15-23.
  • Pranckutė, R. (2021). Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World. Publications, 9(1), 12.
  • Ul Rehman, Z. U., Abbas, S., Khan, M. A., Mustafa, G., Fayyaz, H., Hanif, M., & Saeed, M. A. (2021). Understanding the Language of ISIS: An Empirical Approach to Detect Radical Content on Twitter Using Machine Learning. CMC-COMPUTERS MATERIALS & CONTINUA, 66(2), 1075-1090.
  • Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M. (2020). Exploring a pathway to radicalization: The effects of social exclusion and rejection sensitivity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(8), 1204-1229.
  • Reynolds, S. C., & Hafez, M. M. (2019). Social network analysis of German foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(4), 661-686.
  • Robinson, N., & Whittaker, J. (2020). Playing for Hate? Extremism, Terrorism, and Videogames. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-36.
  • Rudner, M. (2017). “Electronic Jihad”: The Internet as Al Qaeda's Catalyst for Global Terror. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(1), 10-23.
  • Schmidt, L. (2021). Aesthetics of authority:‘Islam Nusantara’and Islamic ‘radicalism’in Indonesian film and social media. Religion, 1-22.
  • Schmuck, D., & Tribastone, M. (2020). Muslims take action. How exposure to anti-islamic populist political messages affects young Muslims’ support for collective action: A longitudinal experiment. Political Communication, 37(5), 635-655.
  • Sharif, W., Mumtaz, S., Shafiq, Z., Riaz, O., Ali, T., Husnain, M., & Choi, G. S. (2019). An empirical approach for extreme behavior identification through tweets using machine learning. Applied Sciences, 9(18), 3723.
  • Smith, L. G., Wakeford, L., Cribbin, T. F., Barnett, J., & Hou, W. K. (2020). Detecting psychological change through mobilizing interactions and changes in extremist linguistic style. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106298.
  • Stevenson, A. (2018). Facebook admits it was used to incite violence in Myanmar. The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2021, from www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/technology/myanmar-facebook.html
  • Tang, G., Hung, E. P., Au-Yeung, H. K. C., & Yuen, S. (2020). Politically Motivated Internet Addiction: Relationships among Online Information Exposure, Internet Addiction, FOMO, Psychological Well-being, and Radicalism in Massive Political Turbulence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 633.
  • Thompson, R. (2011). Radicalization and the use of social media. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 167-190. DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.8.
  • US Department of Justice. (2018). Awareness Brief? Online Radicalization to Violent Extremism. Accessed online: https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/RadicalizationtoViolentExtremismAwarenessBrief.pdf
  • Valentini, D., Lorusso, A. M., & Stephan, A. (2020). Onlife Extremism: Dynamic Integration of Digital and Physical Spaces in Radicalization. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
  • Van Eck, N.J. and Waltman, L., 2010. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84 (2), 523–538.
  • Wadhwa, P., & Bhatia, M. P. S. (2015). An approach for dynamic identification of online radicalization in social networks. Cybernetics and Systems, 46(8), 641-665.
  • Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., and Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112552.
  • Windsor, L. (2020). The language of radicalization: Female Internet recruitment to participation in ISIS activities. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(3), 506-538.
  • Winter, C., Neumann, P., Meleagrou-Hitchens, A., Ranstorp, M., Vidino, L., & Fürst, J. (2020). Online extremism: research trends in internet activism, radicalization, and counter-strategies. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 14(2), 1-20.
  • Wright, R.W., Brand, R.A., Dunn, W. and Spindler, K.P. (2007). How to write a systematic review. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 455, 23-29.
  • Wikstrom, P.-O., Oberwittler, D., Treiber, K., & Hardie, B. (2012). Breaking rules: The social and situational dynamics of young people‘s urban crime. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Zeitzoff, T. (2017). How social media is changing conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(9), 1970-1991.

Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media

Year 2023, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 279 - 296, 10.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1166627

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to synthesize the literature relating to radicalization on social media, a space with enhanced concerns about nurturing propaganda and conspiracies for violent extremism. Through the systematic review of 82 peer-reviewed studies related to radicalization through social media published in scholarly journals, this paper evidence the growth of robust studies on the usage of social media for radicalization. Nonetheless, the current work hardly discusses the radicalization issues through social media and reveals an increasing trend of publication from 2017 with a major contribution from the USA, Germany, and England. The thematic analysis indicated determinants of radicalization and the mitigation measures for the deradicalization of content on social media. However, the knowledge gap persists to understand the effects of radicalization in the different regional settings and further framing of content specific to target populations. Individuals must have the critical social media literacy to counteract the rising radicalization through social media. Individual users’ political interests are key factors in their radicalization such as citizens losing faith in the government and political parties. Active rather than passive searchers of violent radical material are more likely to engage in political violence. The results indicate that further research using experimental design, grounded theory, and pilot interventions may be relevant to suggest a solution to mitigate radicalization on social media.

References

  • Akram, M., Nasar, A., and Safdar, M. R. (2021). Holy cow in India: A political discourse and social media analysis for restorative justice. TRAMES Journal of Social Sciences, 25(75/70), 2, 219–237. DOI: 10.3176/tr.2021.2.04.
  • Andersson, L. (2018). What’s left of the radical left online? Absence of communication, political vision, and community in autonomist web milieus in Sweden. New Media & Society, 20(1), 384-398.
  • Araque, O., & Iglesias, C. A. (2020). An approach for radicalization detection based on emotion signals and semantic similarity. IEEE Access, 8, 17877-17891.
  • Aziz, S. F., & Beydoun, K. A. (2020). Fear of a Black and Brown Internet: Policing Online Activism. BUL Rev., 100, 1151.
  • Bastug, M. F., Douai, A., & Akca, D. (2020). Exploring the “demand side” of online radicalization: Evidence from the Canadian context. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), 616-637.
  • Baugut, P., & Neumann, K. (2020a). Describing Perceptions of Media Influence among Radicalized Individuals: The Case of Jihadists and Non-Violent Islamists. Political Communication, 37(1), 65-87.
  • Baugut, P., & Neumann, K. (2020b). Online news media and propaganda influence on radicalized individuals: Findings from interviews with Islamist prisoners and former Islamists. New Media & Society, 22(8), 1437-1461.
  • Baumann, F., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Sokolov, I. M., & Starnini, M. (2020). Modeling echo chambers and polarization dynamics in social networks. Physical Review Letters, 124(4), 048301.
  • Bhui, K., & Ibrahim, Y. (2013). Marketing the “radical”: Symbolic communication and persuasive technologies in jihadist websites. Transcultural psychiatry, 50(2), 216-234.
  • Bloom, M., Tiflati, H., & Horgan, J. (2019). Navigating ISIS’s preferred platform: Telegram1. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(6), 1242-1254.
  • Baas, J., Schotten, M., Plume, A., Côté, G., & Karimi, R. (2020). Scopus as a curated, high-quality bibliometric data source for academic research in quantitative science studies. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(1), 377-386.
  • Bondes, M., & Schucher, G. (2014). Derailed emotions: The transformation of claims and targets during the Wenzhou online incident. Information, Communication & Society, 17(1), 45-65.
  • Bouko, C., Naderer, B., Rieger, D., Van Ostaeyen, P., & Voué, P. (2021). Discourse patterns used by extremist Salafists on Facebook: identifying potential triggers to cognitive biases in radicalized content. Critical Discourse Studies, 1-22.
  • Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into violent extremism II: A review of conceptual models and empirical research. Journal of strategic security, 4(4), 37-62.
  • Borges‐Tiago, T., Tiago, F., Silva, O., Guaita Martínez, J. M., and Botella‐Carrubi, D. (2020). Online users' attitudes toward fake news: Implications for brand management. Psychology & Marketing, 37(9), 1171-1184.
  • Brady, H. E., Schlozman, K. L., & Verba, S. (1999). Prospecting for participants: Rational expectations and the recruitment of political activists. American Political Science Review, 93(1), 153-168.
  • Ceron, A., Curini, L., & Iacus, S. M. (2019). ISIS at its Apogee: The Arabic discourse on Twitter and what we can learn from that about ISIS support and foreign fighters. Sage Open, 9(1), 2158244018789229.
  • Cherblanc, J., & Tremblay, S. (2019). Face aux radicalismes religieux et laïc, quelle place et quel rôle pour la spiritualité dans les écoles publiques du Québec? Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses, 48(4), 612-633.
  • Clark, V. L. P. and Creswell, J. W. (2015). Understanding Research: A Consumer’s Guide. Second Edition, Pearson Publisher.
  • Cohen, J. D. (2016). The next generation of government CVE strategies at home: Expanding opportunities for intervention. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 118-128.
  • Conway, M. (2017). Determining the role of the internet in violent extremism and terrorism: Six suggestions for progressing research. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(1), 77-98.
  • Costello, M., Barrett-Fox, R., Bernatzky, C., Hawdon, J., & Mendes, K. (2020). Predictors of viewing online extremism among America’s youth. Youth & Society, 52(5), 710-727.
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2008). Studying violent radicalization in Europe I: The potential contribution of social movement theory (No. 2008: 2). DIIS Working Paper.
  • Davies, L. (2014). Interrupting extremism by creating educative turbulence. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(4), 450-468.
  • Derbas, N., Dusserre, E., Padró, M., & Segond, F. (2020). Eventfully safapp: hybrid approach to event detection for social media mining. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11(1), 87-95.
  • DeWall, C. N., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). The general aggression model: Theoretical extensions to violence. Psychology of Violence, 1, 245-258. doi: 10.1037/a0023842
  • Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A.W, et al. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008.
  • Ferrara, E. (2017). Contagion dynamics of extremist propaganda in social networks. Information Sciences, 418, 1-12.
  • Gagnon, A. (2019). The sick France and its stories" Islamization" of society and" radicalization" of the individual in five contemporary French novels (2012-2016). ETUDES FRANCAISES, 55(1), 137-+.
  • Gaikwad, M., Ahirrao, S., Phansalkar, S. P., & Kotecha, K. (2020). A Bibliometric Analysis of Online Extremism Detection. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-16.
  • Gallacher, J. D., Heerdink, M. W., & Hewstone, M. (2021). Online Engagement Between Opposing Political Protest Groups via Social Media is Linked to Physical Violence of Offline Encounters. Social Media+ Society, 7(1), 2056305120984445.
  • Ganesh, B., & Bright, J. (2020). Countering extremists on social media: challenges for strategic communication and content moderation.
  • Githens-Mazer, J., & Lambert, R. (2010). Why conventional wisdom on radicalization fails: the persistence of a failed discourse. International Affairs, 86(4), 889-901.
  • Grady, C., Iannantuoni, A., & Winters, M. S. (2021). Influencing the means but not the ends: The role of entertainment-education interventions in development. World Development, 138, 105200.
  • Greenberg, K. J. (2016). Counter-radicalization via the internet. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 165-179.
  • Grosholz, J. M., & Pieri, Z. P. (2020). “A Skinhead at Heart with a Hate-Filled Mind”: Understanding the Themes Present in the White Power Music Scene. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-17.
  • Gualtieri, A. (2021). The Brazilian case: The effect of social media on a democratic regime of today. Democracy and Globalization. Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship, 10, 149-169. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69154-7_7.
  • Gunning, J. (2009). Social movement theory and the study of terrorism. In Critical terrorism studies (pp. 170-191). Routledge.
  • Hopp, F. R., Fisher, J. T., Cornell, D., Huskey, R., & Weber, R. (2021). The extended Moral Foundations Dictionary (eMFD): Development and applications of a crowd-sourced approach to extracting moral intuitions from text. Behavior Research Methods, 53(1), 232-246.
  • Hüttermann, J. (2018). Neighbourhood Effects on Jihadist Radicalisation in Germany? Some Case-Based Remarks. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 12, a649-a649.
  • Jackson, L. B. (2019). Framing British ‘Jihadi Brides’: Metaphor and the Social Construction of IS Women. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1-19.
  • Jensen, M., LaFree, G., James, P. A., Atwell-Seate, A., Pisoiu, D., Stevenson, J., & Picarelli, J. (2016). Final Report: Empirical assessment of domestic radicalization (EADR). Report to the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrived from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250481.pdf
  • Jones, E. (2017). The reception of broadcast terrorism: recruitment and radicalisation. International Review of Psychiatry, 29(4), 320-326.
  • Klein, A. (2019). From Twitter to Charlottesville: Analyzing the fighting words between the alt-right and Antifa. International Journal of Communication, 13, 22.
  • Kruglova, A. (2020). “I Will Tell You a Story about Jihad”: ISIS’s Propaganda and Narrative Advertising. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-23.
  • Kumar, P. (2017). Radicalizing community development: the changing face of the queer movement in Hyderabad City. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 470-487.
  • Lee, F. L., Chan, M., & Chen, H. T. (2020). Social Media and Protest Attitudes During Movement Abeyance: A Study of Hong Kong University Students. International Journal of Communication, 14, 20.
  • Lee, P.-C. and Su, H.-N., (2010). Investigating the structure of regional innovation system research through keyword co-occurrence and social network analysis. Innovation 12(1), 26–40.
  • Li, K., Rollins, J., & Yan, E. (2018). Web of Science use in published research and review papers 1997–2017: A selective, dynamic, cross-domain, content-based analysis. Scientometrics, 115(1), 1-20.
  • Marcks, H., & Pawelz, J. (2020). From Myths of Victimhood to Fantasies of Violence: How Far-Right Narratives of Imperilment Work. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1-18.
  • Mastors, E., & Siers, R. (2014). Omar al‐Hammami: A case study in radicalization. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 32(3), 377-388. McCauley, C. and Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415-433. DOI: 10.1080/09546550802073367.
  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American journal of sociology, 82(6), 1212-1241.
  • Meloy, J. R., & Genzman, J. (2016). The clinical threat assessment of the lone-actor terrorist. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 39(4), 649-662.
  • Monaci, S. (2017). Explaining the Islamic state’s online media strategy: A transmedia approach. International Journal of Communication, 11, 19.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J et al. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine 151(4): 264–269.
  • Morselli, D., Passini, S., & McGarty, C. (2020). Sos Venezuela: an analysis of the anti-Maduro protest movements using Twitter. Social Movement Studies, 1-22.
  • Munger, K., & Phillips, J. (2020). Right-Wing YouTube: A Supply and Demand Perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 1940161220964767.
  • Mythen, G., Walklate, S., & Peatfield, E. J. (2017). Assembling and deconstructing radicalisation in PREVENT: A case of policy-based evidence making? Critical Social Policy, 37(2), 180-201.
  • Naeem, S. B., Bhatti, R., & Khan, A. (2020). An exploration of how fake news is taking over social media and putting public health at risk. Health Information & Libraries Journal.
  • Neumann, P. R. (2013). The trouble with radicalization. International Affairs, 89(4), 873-893. https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/57585046/Appendix.pdf
  • Niemi, P. M., Benjamin, S., Kuusisto, A., & Gearon, L. (2018). How and why education counters ideological extremism in Finland. Religions, 9(12), 420.
  • Nienierza, A., Reinemann, C., Fawzi, N., Riesmeyer, C., & Neumann, K. (2019). Too dark to see? Explaining adolescents’ contact with online extremism and their ability to recognize it. Information, Communication & Society, 1-18.
  • Nuraniyah, N. (2018). Not just brainwashed: understanding the radicalization of Indonesian female supporters of the Islamic State. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 890-910.
  • Pedersen, W., Vestel, V., & Bakken, A. (2018). At risk for radicalization and jihadism? A population-based study of Norwegian adolescents. Cooperation and Conflict, 53(1), 61-83.
  • Petticrew, M. and Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic reviews in the social sciences. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences, Blackwell Publishing.
  • Porta, D. D. and LaFree, G. (2012). Processes of Radicalization and De-Radicalization. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(1), 4-10.
  • Porter, L. E., & Kebbell, M. R. (2011). Radicalization in Australia: Examining Australia's convicted terrorists. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18(2), 212-231.
  • Post, J. M. (2010). “When hatred is bred in the bone:” the social psychology of terrorism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1208(1), 15-23.
  • Pranckutė, R. (2021). Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World. Publications, 9(1), 12.
  • Ul Rehman, Z. U., Abbas, S., Khan, M. A., Mustafa, G., Fayyaz, H., Hanif, M., & Saeed, M. A. (2021). Understanding the Language of ISIS: An Empirical Approach to Detect Radical Content on Twitter Using Machine Learning. CMC-COMPUTERS MATERIALS & CONTINUA, 66(2), 1075-1090.
  • Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M. (2020). Exploring a pathway to radicalization: The effects of social exclusion and rejection sensitivity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(8), 1204-1229.
  • Reynolds, S. C., & Hafez, M. M. (2019). Social network analysis of German foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(4), 661-686.
  • Robinson, N., & Whittaker, J. (2020). Playing for Hate? Extremism, Terrorism, and Videogames. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-36.
  • Rudner, M. (2017). “Electronic Jihad”: The Internet as Al Qaeda's Catalyst for Global Terror. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(1), 10-23.
  • Schmidt, L. (2021). Aesthetics of authority:‘Islam Nusantara’and Islamic ‘radicalism’in Indonesian film and social media. Religion, 1-22.
  • Schmuck, D., & Tribastone, M. (2020). Muslims take action. How exposure to anti-islamic populist political messages affects young Muslims’ support for collective action: A longitudinal experiment. Political Communication, 37(5), 635-655.
  • Sharif, W., Mumtaz, S., Shafiq, Z., Riaz, O., Ali, T., Husnain, M., & Choi, G. S. (2019). An empirical approach for extreme behavior identification through tweets using machine learning. Applied Sciences, 9(18), 3723.
  • Smith, L. G., Wakeford, L., Cribbin, T. F., Barnett, J., & Hou, W. K. (2020). Detecting psychological change through mobilizing interactions and changes in extremist linguistic style. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106298.
  • Stevenson, A. (2018). Facebook admits it was used to incite violence in Myanmar. The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2021, from www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/technology/myanmar-facebook.html
  • Tang, G., Hung, E. P., Au-Yeung, H. K. C., & Yuen, S. (2020). Politically Motivated Internet Addiction: Relationships among Online Information Exposure, Internet Addiction, FOMO, Psychological Well-being, and Radicalism in Massive Political Turbulence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 633.
  • Thompson, R. (2011). Radicalization and the use of social media. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 167-190. DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.8.
  • US Department of Justice. (2018). Awareness Brief? Online Radicalization to Violent Extremism. Accessed online: https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/RadicalizationtoViolentExtremismAwarenessBrief.pdf
  • Valentini, D., Lorusso, A. M., & Stephan, A. (2020). Onlife Extremism: Dynamic Integration of Digital and Physical Spaces in Radicalization. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
  • Van Eck, N.J. and Waltman, L., 2010. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84 (2), 523–538.
  • Wadhwa, P., & Bhatia, M. P. S. (2015). An approach for dynamic identification of online radicalization in social networks. Cybernetics and Systems, 46(8), 641-665.
  • Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., and Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112552.
  • Windsor, L. (2020). The language of radicalization: Female Internet recruitment to participation in ISIS activities. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(3), 506-538.
  • Winter, C., Neumann, P., Meleagrou-Hitchens, A., Ranstorp, M., Vidino, L., & Fürst, J. (2020). Online extremism: research trends in internet activism, radicalization, and counter-strategies. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 14(2), 1-20.
  • Wright, R.W., Brand, R.A., Dunn, W. and Spindler, K.P. (2007). How to write a systematic review. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 455, 23-29.
  • Wikstrom, P.-O., Oberwittler, D., Treiber, K., & Hardie, B. (2012). Breaking rules: The social and situational dynamics of young people‘s urban crime. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Zeitzoff, T. (2017). How social media is changing conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(9), 1970-1991.
There are 91 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammad Akram 0000-0002-0379-7030

Asim Nasar 0000-0003-0053-2595

Early Pub Date May 4, 2023
Publication Date May 10, 2023
Acceptance Date March 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 23 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akram, M., & Nasar, A. (2023). Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media. Ege Academic Review, 23(2), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1166627
AMA Akram M, Nasar A. Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media. ear. May 2023;23(2):279-296. doi:10.21121/eab.1166627
Chicago Akram, Muhammad, and Asim Nasar. “Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media”. Ege Academic Review 23, no. 2 (May 2023): 279-96. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1166627.
EndNote Akram M, Nasar A (May 1, 2023) Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media. Ege Academic Review 23 2 279–296.
IEEE M. Akram and A. Nasar, “Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media”, ear, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 279–296, 2023, doi: 10.21121/eab.1166627.
ISNAD Akram, Muhammad - Nasar, Asim. “Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media”. Ege Academic Review 23/2 (May 2023), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1166627.
JAMA Akram M, Nasar A. Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media. ear. 2023;23:279–296.
MLA Akram, Muhammad and Asim Nasar. “Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 23, no. 2, 2023, pp. 279-96, doi:10.21121/eab.1166627.
Vancouver Akram M, Nasar A. Systematic Review of Radicalization through Social Media. ear. 2023;23(2):279-96.