Research Article
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Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 421 - 432, 11.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240305

Abstract

References

  • Aljohani, B., Burkholder, J., Tran, Q. K., Chen, C., Beisenova, K., & Pourmand, A. (2021). Workplace violence in the emergency department: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Public Health, 196, 186-197. DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.009
  • Arnetz, J., Hamblin, L. E., Sudan, S., & Arnetz, B. (2018). Organizational determinants of workplace violence against hospital workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(8), 693. DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001345
  • Byon, H. D., Sagherian, K., Kim, Y., Lipscomb, J., Crandall, M., & Steege, L. (2022). Nurses’ experience with type II workplace violence and underreporting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Workplace Health & Safety, 70(9), 412-420. DOI:10.1177/21650799211031233
  • CDC (2002). Violence occupational hazards in hospitals. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002–101. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/default.html. (22.09.2023).
  • Chen, F. L., Hou, W. H., Chen, J. H., Tung, T. H., & Wu, J. C. (2022, March). Organizational Factors Are Key Predictors of Physicians’ Confidence in Handling Workplace Violence. In Healthcare, 10(4),637. DOI:10.3390/healthcare10040637.
  • Copeland, D., & Henry, M. (2018). The relationship between workplace violence, perceptions of safety, and professional quality of life among emergency department staff members in a level 1 trauma centre. International Emergency Nursing, 39, 26-32. DOI:10.1016/j.ienj.2018.01.006
  • Çapri, B. (2006). Tükenmişlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 62-77.
  • d’Ettorre, G., Mazzotta, M., Pellicani, V., & Vullo, A. (2018). Preventing and managing workplace violence against healthcare workers in Emergency Departments. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 89(Suppl 4), 28.
  • De Hert, S. (2020). Burnout in healthcare workers: prevalence, impact and preventative strategies. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 202( 13); 171-183.
  • Duan, X., Ni, X., Shi, L., Zhang, L., Ye, Y., Mu, H., ... & Wang, Y. (2019). The impact of workplace violence on job satisfaction, job burnout, and turnover intention: the mediating role of social support. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17(1),1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1164-3
  • Erkol, H., Gökdoğan, M. R., Erkol, Z., & Boz, B. (2007). Aggression and violence towards health care providers–a problem in Turkey?. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 14(7), 423-428.
  • GAO (2016). Workplace Safety and Health Additional Efforts Needed to Help Protect Health Care Workers from Workplace Violence. United States Government Accountability Office. The USA. GAO-16-11.
  • George, A. S., McConville, F. E., de Vries, S., Nigenda, G., Sarfraz, S., & McIsaac, M. (2020). Violence against female health workers is tip of iceberg of gender power imbalances. BMJ, 371,1-4. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3546.
  • Gimenez Lozano, J. M., Martínez Ramón, J. P., & Morales Rodríguez, F. M. (2021). Doctors and nurses: a systematic review of the risk and protective factors in workplace violence and burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3280.
  • Hanson, G. C., Perrin, N. A., Moss, H., Laharnar, N., & Glass, N. (2015). Workplace violence against homecare workers and its relationship with workers health outcomes: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 15, 1-13. DOI:10.1186/s12889-014-1340-7.
  • Independent Türkçe. Retrieved from: https://www.indyturk.com/node/545471/haber/sa%C4%-9Fl%C4%B1k-sen-temmuzda-30-%C5%9Fiddet-olay%C4%B1-ya%C5%9Fand%C4%B1-1-doktor-hayat%C4%B1n%C4%B1-kaybetti. (27.09.2023).
  • Kobayashi, Y., Oe, M., Ishida, T., Matsuoka, M., Chiba, H., & Uchimura, N. (2020). Workplace violence and its effects on burnout and secondary traumatic stress among mental healthcare nurses in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2747. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17082747.
  • Kowalenko, T., Gates, D., Gillespie, G. L., Succop, P., & Mentzel, T. K. (2013). Prospective study of violence against ED workers. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31(1), 197-205.
  • Kumari, A., Kaur, T., Ranjan, P., Chopra, S., Sarkar, S., & Baitha, U. (2020). Workplace violence against doctors: characteristics, risk factors, and mitigation strategies. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 66(3), 149.
  • Li, Y. L., Li, R. Q., Qiu, D., & Xiao, S. Y. (2020). Prevalence of workplace physical violence against health care professionals by patients and visitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 299.
  • Mento, C., Silvestri, M. C., Bruno, A., Muscatello, M. R. A., Cedro, C., Pandolfo, G., & Zoccali, R. A. (2020). Workplace violence against healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 51, 101381. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2020.101381.
  • Özdevecioğlu, M. (2003). Organizasyonlarda saldırgan davranışlar ve bireyler üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(1), 121-150.
  • Pien, L. C., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, W. J. (2019). Psychosocial safety climate, workplace violence and self‐ rated health: A multi‐level study among hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 584- 591.
  • Rossi, M. F., Beccia, F., Cittadini, F., Amantea, C., Aulino, G., Santoro, P. E., ... & Gualano, M. R. (2023). Workplace violence against healthcare workers: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and metaanalyses. Public Health, 221, 50-59.
  • Sağlık Çalışanlarının Sağlığı. Retrieved from: https://www.saglikcalisanisagligi.org/233GAXppva373/e-s_pn542/3142-ambulansla-carpisan-otomobildevrildi-1-yarali.html. (20.04.2012).
  • Schablon, A., Wendeler, D., Kozak, A., Nienhaus, A., & Steinke, S. (2018). Prevalence and consequences of aggression and violence towards nursing and care staff in Germany—A survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1274.
  • Shaikh, S., Baig, L. A., Hashmi, I., Khan, M., Jamali, S., Khan, M. N., ... & Zaib, S. (2020). The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan. BMJ global health, 5(4), e002112. DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002112.
  • Shi, L., Li, G., Hao, J., Wang, W., Chen, W., Liu, S., ... & Han, X. (2020). Psychological depletion in physicians and nurses exposed to workplace violence: A cross-sectional study using propensity score analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 103, 103493. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103493.
  • Şengül, H., Bulut, A., & Özgüleş, B. (2019). Sağlık profesyonellerinin şiddete karşı güvenlik ve güven ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliginin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile sınanması. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi/The Journal of International Social Research.12(67); 973-979.
  • TBMM. 2013. Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Artan Şiddet Olaylarının Araştırılarak Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu. Sıra Sayısı: 454. Retrieved from: https://acikerisim.tbmm.gov.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11543/110/ss454.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (24.09.2023).
  • Tian, Y., Yue, Y., Wang, J., Luo, T., Li, Y., & Zhou, J. (2020). Workplace violence against hospital healthcare workers in China: a national WeChat-based survey. BMC Public Health, 20, 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08708-3
  • Viottini, E., Politano, G., Fornero, G., Pavanelli, P. L., Borelli, P., Bonaudo, M., & Gianino, M. M. (2020). Determinants of aggression against all health care workers in a large-sized university hospital. BMC Health Services Research, 20, (215), 1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05084-x
  • Yaman, Z. (2019). Sağlık kurumlarında memnuniyetsizlik karşısında gösterilen eylemler: şikâyet davranışının hasta bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesi. Turkish StudiesSocial Sciences, 14(5), 2669-2682.
  • Yıldız, M.S. (2019). Türkiye’de sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddet: Ankara ilinde araştırma. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22(1), 135-136.
  • Yılmaz, K. (2020). Adana ilinde sağlık çalışanlarının şiddete uğrama sıklığı ve sağlıkta şiddet konusundaki düşünceleri. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi.
  • Yosep, I., Mardhiyah, A., Hendrawati, H., & Hendrawati, S. (2023). Interventions for reducing negative impacts of workplace violence among health workers: a scoping review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 1409-1421. DOI:10.2147/JMDH.S412754.
  • Zhao, S. H., Shi, Y. U., Sun, Z. N., Xie, F. Z., Wang, J. H., Zhang, S. E., ... & Fan, L. H. (2018). Impact of workplace violence against nurses’ thriving at work, job satisfaction and turnover intention: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(13-14), 2620-2632. DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14311.

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 421 - 432, 11.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240305

Abstract

Background: This study aims to determine the relationship between violence against healthcare workers and their burnout, confidence, and safety levels.
Methods: The descriptive and cross-sectional study sample consisted of 535 healthcare workers working in a foundation hospital. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic questions, research questions about violence, "Safety and Confidence Scale of Healthcare Professionals" and "Maslach Burnout Scale." Student's t, Mann Whitney-u, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square, Pearson Correlation, and Linear Regression tests were applied. Statistical significance was accepted as 0.05.
Findings: The majority of the participants were female, between the ages of 26-35, single, and had an associate degree. The perceived safety level of those exposed to violence decreases (p<0.001), and burnout level increases (p<0.001). Injury as a result of violence significantly decreases the perceived safety level (p=0.019). The status of being subjected to violence does not vary according to the employees' demographic characteristics or working life data.
Conclusions: Violence decreases employees' perceived safety level and increases burnout. It is recommended to implement psychological support or rehabilitation programs for healthcare workers to reduce violence-related burnout and increase confidence and perception of safety.

Ethical Statement

Etik Kurul Onayı yüklenmiştir.

References

  • Aljohani, B., Burkholder, J., Tran, Q. K., Chen, C., Beisenova, K., & Pourmand, A. (2021). Workplace violence in the emergency department: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Public Health, 196, 186-197. DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.009
  • Arnetz, J., Hamblin, L. E., Sudan, S., & Arnetz, B. (2018). Organizational determinants of workplace violence against hospital workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(8), 693. DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001345
  • Byon, H. D., Sagherian, K., Kim, Y., Lipscomb, J., Crandall, M., & Steege, L. (2022). Nurses’ experience with type II workplace violence and underreporting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Workplace Health & Safety, 70(9), 412-420. DOI:10.1177/21650799211031233
  • CDC (2002). Violence occupational hazards in hospitals. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002–101. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/default.html. (22.09.2023).
  • Chen, F. L., Hou, W. H., Chen, J. H., Tung, T. H., & Wu, J. C. (2022, March). Organizational Factors Are Key Predictors of Physicians’ Confidence in Handling Workplace Violence. In Healthcare, 10(4),637. DOI:10.3390/healthcare10040637.
  • Copeland, D., & Henry, M. (2018). The relationship between workplace violence, perceptions of safety, and professional quality of life among emergency department staff members in a level 1 trauma centre. International Emergency Nursing, 39, 26-32. DOI:10.1016/j.ienj.2018.01.006
  • Çapri, B. (2006). Tükenmişlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 62-77.
  • d’Ettorre, G., Mazzotta, M., Pellicani, V., & Vullo, A. (2018). Preventing and managing workplace violence against healthcare workers in Emergency Departments. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 89(Suppl 4), 28.
  • De Hert, S. (2020). Burnout in healthcare workers: prevalence, impact and preventative strategies. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 202( 13); 171-183.
  • Duan, X., Ni, X., Shi, L., Zhang, L., Ye, Y., Mu, H., ... & Wang, Y. (2019). The impact of workplace violence on job satisfaction, job burnout, and turnover intention: the mediating role of social support. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17(1),1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1164-3
  • Erkol, H., Gökdoğan, M. R., Erkol, Z., & Boz, B. (2007). Aggression and violence towards health care providers–a problem in Turkey?. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 14(7), 423-428.
  • GAO (2016). Workplace Safety and Health Additional Efforts Needed to Help Protect Health Care Workers from Workplace Violence. United States Government Accountability Office. The USA. GAO-16-11.
  • George, A. S., McConville, F. E., de Vries, S., Nigenda, G., Sarfraz, S., & McIsaac, M. (2020). Violence against female health workers is tip of iceberg of gender power imbalances. BMJ, 371,1-4. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3546.
  • Gimenez Lozano, J. M., Martínez Ramón, J. P., & Morales Rodríguez, F. M. (2021). Doctors and nurses: a systematic review of the risk and protective factors in workplace violence and burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3280.
  • Hanson, G. C., Perrin, N. A., Moss, H., Laharnar, N., & Glass, N. (2015). Workplace violence against homecare workers and its relationship with workers health outcomes: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 15, 1-13. DOI:10.1186/s12889-014-1340-7.
  • Independent Türkçe. Retrieved from: https://www.indyturk.com/node/545471/haber/sa%C4%-9Fl%C4%B1k-sen-temmuzda-30-%C5%9Fiddet-olay%C4%B1-ya%C5%9Fand%C4%B1-1-doktor-hayat%C4%B1n%C4%B1-kaybetti. (27.09.2023).
  • Kobayashi, Y., Oe, M., Ishida, T., Matsuoka, M., Chiba, H., & Uchimura, N. (2020). Workplace violence and its effects on burnout and secondary traumatic stress among mental healthcare nurses in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2747. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17082747.
  • Kowalenko, T., Gates, D., Gillespie, G. L., Succop, P., & Mentzel, T. K. (2013). Prospective study of violence against ED workers. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31(1), 197-205.
  • Kumari, A., Kaur, T., Ranjan, P., Chopra, S., Sarkar, S., & Baitha, U. (2020). Workplace violence against doctors: characteristics, risk factors, and mitigation strategies. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 66(3), 149.
  • Li, Y. L., Li, R. Q., Qiu, D., & Xiao, S. Y. (2020). Prevalence of workplace physical violence against health care professionals by patients and visitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 299.
  • Mento, C., Silvestri, M. C., Bruno, A., Muscatello, M. R. A., Cedro, C., Pandolfo, G., & Zoccali, R. A. (2020). Workplace violence against healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 51, 101381. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2020.101381.
  • Özdevecioğlu, M. (2003). Organizasyonlarda saldırgan davranışlar ve bireyler üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(1), 121-150.
  • Pien, L. C., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, W. J. (2019). Psychosocial safety climate, workplace violence and self‐ rated health: A multi‐level study among hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 584- 591.
  • Rossi, M. F., Beccia, F., Cittadini, F., Amantea, C., Aulino, G., Santoro, P. E., ... & Gualano, M. R. (2023). Workplace violence against healthcare workers: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and metaanalyses. Public Health, 221, 50-59.
  • Sağlık Çalışanlarının Sağlığı. Retrieved from: https://www.saglikcalisanisagligi.org/233GAXppva373/e-s_pn542/3142-ambulansla-carpisan-otomobildevrildi-1-yarali.html. (20.04.2012).
  • Schablon, A., Wendeler, D., Kozak, A., Nienhaus, A., & Steinke, S. (2018). Prevalence and consequences of aggression and violence towards nursing and care staff in Germany—A survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1274.
  • Shaikh, S., Baig, L. A., Hashmi, I., Khan, M., Jamali, S., Khan, M. N., ... & Zaib, S. (2020). The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan. BMJ global health, 5(4), e002112. DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002112.
  • Shi, L., Li, G., Hao, J., Wang, W., Chen, W., Liu, S., ... & Han, X. (2020). Psychological depletion in physicians and nurses exposed to workplace violence: A cross-sectional study using propensity score analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 103, 103493. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103493.
  • Şengül, H., Bulut, A., & Özgüleş, B. (2019). Sağlık profesyonellerinin şiddete karşı güvenlik ve güven ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliginin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile sınanması. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi/The Journal of International Social Research.12(67); 973-979.
  • TBMM. 2013. Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Artan Şiddet Olaylarının Araştırılarak Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu. Sıra Sayısı: 454. Retrieved from: https://acikerisim.tbmm.gov.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11543/110/ss454.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (24.09.2023).
  • Tian, Y., Yue, Y., Wang, J., Luo, T., Li, Y., & Zhou, J. (2020). Workplace violence against hospital healthcare workers in China: a national WeChat-based survey. BMC Public Health, 20, 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08708-3
  • Viottini, E., Politano, G., Fornero, G., Pavanelli, P. L., Borelli, P., Bonaudo, M., & Gianino, M. M. (2020). Determinants of aggression against all health care workers in a large-sized university hospital. BMC Health Services Research, 20, (215), 1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05084-x
  • Yaman, Z. (2019). Sağlık kurumlarında memnuniyetsizlik karşısında gösterilen eylemler: şikâyet davranışının hasta bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesi. Turkish StudiesSocial Sciences, 14(5), 2669-2682.
  • Yıldız, M.S. (2019). Türkiye’de sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddet: Ankara ilinde araştırma. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22(1), 135-136.
  • Yılmaz, K. (2020). Adana ilinde sağlık çalışanlarının şiddete uğrama sıklığı ve sağlıkta şiddet konusundaki düşünceleri. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi.
  • Yosep, I., Mardhiyah, A., Hendrawati, H., & Hendrawati, S. (2023). Interventions for reducing negative impacts of workplace violence among health workers: a scoping review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 1409-1421. DOI:10.2147/JMDH.S412754.
  • Zhao, S. H., Shi, Y. U., Sun, Z. N., Xie, F. Z., Wang, J. H., Zhang, S. E., ... & Fan, L. H. (2018). Impact of workplace violence against nurses’ thriving at work, job satisfaction and turnover intention: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(13-14), 2620-2632. DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14311.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bahar Celbiş 0009-0002-2389-234X

Özlem Özaydın 0000-0003-0929-1302

Early Pub Date June 28, 2024
Publication Date July 11, 2024
Submission Date November 23, 2023
Acceptance Date April 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Celbiş, B., & Özaydın, Ö. (2024). EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY. Ege Academic Review, 24(3), 421-432. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240305
AMA Celbiş B, Özaydın Ö. EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY. ear. July 2024;24(3):421-432. doi:10.21121/eab.20240305
Chicago Celbiş, Bahar, and Özlem Özaydın. “EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY”. Ege Academic Review 24, no. 3 (July 2024): 421-32. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240305.
EndNote Celbiş B, Özaydın Ö (July 1, 2024) EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY. Ege Academic Review 24 3 421–432.
IEEE B. Celbiş and Ö. Özaydın, “EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY”, ear, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 421–432, 2024, doi: 10.21121/eab.20240305.
ISNAD Celbiş, Bahar - Özaydın, Özlem. “EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY”. Ege Academic Review 24/3 (July 2024), 421-432. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240305.
JAMA Celbiş B, Özaydın Ö. EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY. ear. 2024;24:421–432.
MLA Celbiş, Bahar and Özlem Özaydın. “EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 24, no. 3, 2024, pp. 421-32, doi:10.21121/eab.20240305.
Vancouver Celbiş B, Özaydın Ö. EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR LEVELS OF EXHAUSTION, CONFIDENCE AND SAFETY. ear. 2024;24(3):421-32.