Research Article
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TÜRKİYE'DE ALIŞVERİŞ TURİZMİNİN GELİŞİMİNE YÖNELİK NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2026, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 83 - 104

Cemali Buzlukçu , Samet Can Curkan , Nilgün Avcı

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260105

Abstract

Alışveriş, doğrudan tüketicilerin turizm faaliyetlerini etkileyen bir faktördür. İnsanlar, turizm faaliyetlerine gezi amacıyla katılmakta ve yaşadıkları bölgeden daha ucuz olan destinasyonlardan ürünler satın almaktadırlar. Bu çalışma, alışveriş potansiyeli bulunan destinasyonlarda turizmin geliştirilmesine yönelik nitel bir yaklaşımı incelemiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 34 kişi ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler doğrultusunda, 4 tema, 7 kategori ve 77 kod belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, alışveriş turizmi bağlamında Türkiye'nin yeri ile ilgili en çok vurgulanan kod, erişilebilirlik olmuştur. Sonuç bölümünde akademik ve sektörel öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Alışveriş turizmi Türkiye’de alışveriş turizmi alışveriş turizmi destinasyonları nitel araştırma

Project Number

No: 2022/006.

References

  • Baker, J., & Wakefield, K. L. (2012). How consumer shopping orientation influences perceived crowding, excitement, and stress at the mall. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 791-806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0284-z
  • Burt, S. (2007). Shopping Tourism, Retailing and Leisure. Timothy, D. Channnel View, Clevedon (2005) (222pp., pbk, ISBN: 1873150598). Tourism Management, 28 (2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.09.003
  • Byun, S. E., & Mann, M. (2011). The influence of others: The impact of perceived human crowding on perceived competition, emotions, and hedonic shopping value. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 29(4), 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X11422820
  • Choi, M. J., Heo, C. Y., & Law, R. (2015). Progress in shopping tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.969393
  • Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of tourism research, 8(2), 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7
  • Erşahin, E., & Demirkol, Ş. (2020). Exploring e-complaints of visitors to the Grand Bazaar: A shopping tourism perspective. TURAR Tourism and Research Journal, 9(1), 4-25.
  • Eroğlu, S. A., Machleit, K., & Barr, T. F. (2005). Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction: The role of shopping values. Journal of Business Research, 58(8), 1146-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2004.01.005
  • Henderson, J. C., Chee, L., Mun, C. N., & Lee, C. (2011). Shopping, tourism and retailing in Singapore. Managing Leisure, 16(1), 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2011.532599
  • Heung, V. C., & Cheng, E. (2000). Assessing tourists’ satisfaction with shopping in the Hong Kong special administrative region of China. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800408
  • Hsieh, A. T., & Chang, J. (2006). Shopping and tourist night markets in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27(1), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.06.017
  • Izmir MCT. (2022). Izmir tourism statistics. Izmir Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://izmir.ktb.gov.tr/TR-309402/2022-yili-istatistikleri.html
  • Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1991). Leisure shopping: a magic concept for the tourism industry?. Tourism Management, 12(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(91)90024-N
  • Jones, M. Y., Vilches‐Montero, S., Spence, M. T., Eroglu, S. A., & Machleit, K. A. (2010). Do Australian and American consumers differ in their perceived shopping experiences? A bi‐cultural analysis. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 38(8), 578-596. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590551011057417
  • Kent, W. E., Shock, P. J., & Snow, R. E. (1983). Shopping: Tourism's unsung hero(ine). Journal of Travel Research, 21(4), 2-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758302100401
  • Kim, S. S., Lee, C.-K. & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00059-6
  • Kikuchi, A., & Ryan, C. (2007). Street markets as tourist attractions—Victoria Market, Auckland, New Zealand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 297-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.606
  • Kuckartz, U., & Rädiker, S. (2019). Analyzing qualitative data with MAXQDA. Springer International Publishing. Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063
  • Lee, J. S., & Choi, M. (2020). Examining the asymmetric effect of multi-shopping tourism attributes on overall shopping destination satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519832373
  • MCT. (2020, January 31). Tourism statistics general evaluation 2020. Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/81939,3103turizmistatistikleri2020-4pdf.pdf
  • MCT. (2024, January 31). 2023 was a record year in tourism. Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-365098/2023-turizmde-rekor-yili-oldu.html#:~:text=Bakan%20Ersoy%2C%20turizm%20gelirlerinin%202023,y%C4%B1l%20oldu%20diyebiliriz.%22%20dedi
  • Otoo, F. E., & Kim, S. (2018). Analysis of studies on the travel motivations of senior tourists from 1980 to 2017: progress and future directions. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(4), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1540560
  • Papatheodorou, A. (2001). Why people travel to different places. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 164-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00014-1
  • Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2012). Shopping tourism or tourists shopping? A case study of South Africa's African tourism market. Tourism Economics, 18(6), 1313-1329. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0169
  • Swanson, K. K., & Horridge, P. E. (2006). Travel motivations as souvenir purchase indicators. Tourism Management, 27(4), 671-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.03.001
  • Swinyard, W. R. (1993). The effects of mood, involvement, and quality of store experience on shopping intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1086/209348
  • Timothy, D. J. (2005). Shopping tourism, retailing and leisure. Channel View Publications.
  • Timothy, D. J., & Butler, R. W. (1995). Cross-boder shopping: A North American perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)00052-T
  • Tosun, C., Temizkan, S. P., Timothy, D. J., & Fyall, A. (2007). Tourist shopping experiences and satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(2), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.595
  • Turley, L. W., & Milliman, R. E. (2000). Atmospheric effects on shopping behavior: A review of the experimental evidence. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00010-7
  • Turnbull, D. R. & Uysal, M. (1995). An exploratory study of German visitors to the Caribbean: push and pull motivations. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 4(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v04n02_07 Turner, L. W., & Reisinger, Y. (2001). Shopping satisfaction for domestic tourists. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 8(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(00)00005-9
  • TURKSTAT. (2020, January 31). Tourism statistics, quarter IV: october - december, 2019. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2024, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turizm-Istatistikleri-IV.Ceyrek:-Ekim-Aralik-ve-Yillik,-2019-33669
  • TURKSTAT, (2023, January 31). Departing Visitors by Purpose of Visit, 2012 – 2023, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=1 TURKSTAT. (2024, January 31). Tourism statistics, quarter IV: october - december, 2023. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2024, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turizm-Istatistikleri-IV.-Ceyrek:-Ekim---Aralik,-2023-53661
  • UNWTO. (2021, January). International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition, UNWTO, Madrid, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422456. Retrieved May 1, 2024, from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284422456
  • Wong, I. A., & Wan, Y. K. P. (2013). A systematic approach to scale development in tourist shopping satisfaction: Linking destination attributes and shopping experience. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728751245726
  • Wu, D. C., Li, G., & Song, H. (2012). Economic analysis of tourism consumption dynamics: A time-varying parameter demand system approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.09.003
  • Yu, H., & Littrell, M. A. (2005). Tourists' shopping orientations for handcrafts: what are key influences?. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 18(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v18n04_01
  • Yuan, S. & McDonald, C. (1990). Motivational determinates of international pleasure time. Journal of Travel Research. 29(1), 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759002900109
  • Yüksel, A. (2004). Shopping experience evaluation: A case of domestic and international visitors. Tourism Management, 25(6), 751-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.012
  • Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2007). Shopping risk perceptions: Effects on tourists’ emotions, satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions. Tourism Management, 28(3), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.025

A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE

Year 2026, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 83 - 104

Cemali Buzlukçu , Samet Can Curkan , Nilgün Avcı

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260105

Abstract

Shopping directly affects consumers' tourism activity. People participate in tourism activities for sightseeing purposes and buy products from cheaper destinations than the region they live in. This study examined qualitative approaches to developing tourism in destinations with shopping potential. 34 people were interviewed within the scope of the study. In line with the analysis, 4 themes, 7 categories, and 77 codes were determined. According to the study results, the most emphasized code in the category of Türkiye's place in shopping tourism was affordability. Academic and sectoral recommendations were presented in the conclusion part.

Keywords

shopping tourism shopping tourism in Türkiye shopping destinations Qualitative Research

Ethical Statement

This research was evaluated and approved by the Balıkesir University Social and Human Sciences Research Ethics Committee with the decision dated 11.10.2022 and numbered 2022/05.

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by Balikesir University Scientific Research Projects Unit, No: 2022/006.

Project Number

No: 2022/006.

References

  • Baker, J., & Wakefield, K. L. (2012). How consumer shopping orientation influences perceived crowding, excitement, and stress at the mall. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 791-806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0284-z
  • Burt, S. (2007). Shopping Tourism, Retailing and Leisure. Timothy, D. Channnel View, Clevedon (2005) (222pp., pbk, ISBN: 1873150598). Tourism Management, 28 (2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.09.003
  • Byun, S. E., & Mann, M. (2011). The influence of others: The impact of perceived human crowding on perceived competition, emotions, and hedonic shopping value. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 29(4), 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X11422820
  • Choi, M. J., Heo, C. Y., & Law, R. (2015). Progress in shopping tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.969393
  • Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of tourism research, 8(2), 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7
  • Erşahin, E., & Demirkol, Ş. (2020). Exploring e-complaints of visitors to the Grand Bazaar: A shopping tourism perspective. TURAR Tourism and Research Journal, 9(1), 4-25.
  • Eroğlu, S. A., Machleit, K., & Barr, T. F. (2005). Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction: The role of shopping values. Journal of Business Research, 58(8), 1146-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2004.01.005
  • Henderson, J. C., Chee, L., Mun, C. N., & Lee, C. (2011). Shopping, tourism and retailing in Singapore. Managing Leisure, 16(1), 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2011.532599
  • Heung, V. C., & Cheng, E. (2000). Assessing tourists’ satisfaction with shopping in the Hong Kong special administrative region of China. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800408
  • Hsieh, A. T., & Chang, J. (2006). Shopping and tourist night markets in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27(1), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.06.017
  • Izmir MCT. (2022). Izmir tourism statistics. Izmir Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://izmir.ktb.gov.tr/TR-309402/2022-yili-istatistikleri.html
  • Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1991). Leisure shopping: a magic concept for the tourism industry?. Tourism Management, 12(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(91)90024-N
  • Jones, M. Y., Vilches‐Montero, S., Spence, M. T., Eroglu, S. A., & Machleit, K. A. (2010). Do Australian and American consumers differ in their perceived shopping experiences? A bi‐cultural analysis. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 38(8), 578-596. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590551011057417
  • Kent, W. E., Shock, P. J., & Snow, R. E. (1983). Shopping: Tourism's unsung hero(ine). Journal of Travel Research, 21(4), 2-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758302100401
  • Kim, S. S., Lee, C.-K. & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00059-6
  • Kikuchi, A., & Ryan, C. (2007). Street markets as tourist attractions—Victoria Market, Auckland, New Zealand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 297-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.606
  • Kuckartz, U., & Rädiker, S. (2019). Analyzing qualitative data with MAXQDA. Springer International Publishing. Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063
  • Lee, J. S., & Choi, M. (2020). Examining the asymmetric effect of multi-shopping tourism attributes on overall shopping destination satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519832373
  • MCT. (2020, January 31). Tourism statistics general evaluation 2020. Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/81939,3103turizmistatistikleri2020-4pdf.pdf
  • MCT. (2024, January 31). 2023 was a record year in tourism. Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-365098/2023-turizmde-rekor-yili-oldu.html#:~:text=Bakan%20Ersoy%2C%20turizm%20gelirlerinin%202023,y%C4%B1l%20oldu%20diyebiliriz.%22%20dedi
  • Otoo, F. E., & Kim, S. (2018). Analysis of studies on the travel motivations of senior tourists from 1980 to 2017: progress and future directions. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(4), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1540560
  • Papatheodorou, A. (2001). Why people travel to different places. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 164-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00014-1
  • Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2012). Shopping tourism or tourists shopping? A case study of South Africa's African tourism market. Tourism Economics, 18(6), 1313-1329. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0169
  • Swanson, K. K., & Horridge, P. E. (2006). Travel motivations as souvenir purchase indicators. Tourism Management, 27(4), 671-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.03.001
  • Swinyard, W. R. (1993). The effects of mood, involvement, and quality of store experience on shopping intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1086/209348
  • Timothy, D. J. (2005). Shopping tourism, retailing and leisure. Channel View Publications.
  • Timothy, D. J., & Butler, R. W. (1995). Cross-boder shopping: A North American perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)00052-T
  • Tosun, C., Temizkan, S. P., Timothy, D. J., & Fyall, A. (2007). Tourist shopping experiences and satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(2), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.595
  • Turley, L. W., & Milliman, R. E. (2000). Atmospheric effects on shopping behavior: A review of the experimental evidence. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00010-7
  • Turnbull, D. R. & Uysal, M. (1995). An exploratory study of German visitors to the Caribbean: push and pull motivations. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 4(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v04n02_07 Turner, L. W., & Reisinger, Y. (2001). Shopping satisfaction for domestic tourists. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 8(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(00)00005-9
  • TURKSTAT. (2020, January 31). Tourism statistics, quarter IV: october - december, 2019. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2024, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turizm-Istatistikleri-IV.Ceyrek:-Ekim-Aralik-ve-Yillik,-2019-33669
  • TURKSTAT, (2023, January 31). Departing Visitors by Purpose of Visit, 2012 – 2023, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=1 TURKSTAT. (2024, January 31). Tourism statistics, quarter IV: october - december, 2023. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2024, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turizm-Istatistikleri-IV.-Ceyrek:-Ekim---Aralik,-2023-53661
  • UNWTO. (2021, January). International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition, UNWTO, Madrid, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422456. Retrieved May 1, 2024, from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284422456
  • Wong, I. A., & Wan, Y. K. P. (2013). A systematic approach to scale development in tourist shopping satisfaction: Linking destination attributes and shopping experience. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728751245726
  • Wu, D. C., Li, G., & Song, H. (2012). Economic analysis of tourism consumption dynamics: A time-varying parameter demand system approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.09.003
  • Yu, H., & Littrell, M. A. (2005). Tourists' shopping orientations for handcrafts: what are key influences?. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 18(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v18n04_01
  • Yuan, S. & McDonald, C. (1990). Motivational determinates of international pleasure time. Journal of Travel Research. 29(1), 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759002900109
  • Yüksel, A. (2004). Shopping experience evaluation: A case of domestic and international visitors. Tourism Management, 25(6), 751-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.012
  • Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2007). Shopping risk perceptions: Effects on tourists’ emotions, satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions. Tourism Management, 28(3), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.025
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cemali Buzlukçu 0000-0001-6207-5735

Samet Can Curkan 0000-0002-7245-4103

Nilgün Avcı 0000-0003-4746-8762

Project Number No: 2022/006.
Early Pub Date November 21, 2025
Publication Date December 3, 2025
Submission Date March 20, 2025
Acceptance Date October 5, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 26 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Buzlukçu, C., Curkan, S. C., & Avcı, N. (2025). A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE. Ege Academic Review, 26(1), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260105
AMA Buzlukçu C, Curkan SC, Avcı N. A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE. ear. November 2025;26(1):83-104. doi:10.21121/eab.20260105
Chicago Buzlukçu, Cemali, Samet Can Curkan, and Nilgün Avcı. “A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE”. Ege Academic Review 26, no. 1 (November 2025): 83-104. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260105.
EndNote Buzlukçu C, Curkan SC, Avcı N (November 1, 2025) A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE. Ege Academic Review 26 1 83–104.
IEEE C. Buzlukçu, S. C. Curkan, and N. Avcı, “A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE”, ear, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 83–104, 2025, doi: 10.21121/eab.20260105.
ISNAD Buzlukçu, Cemali et al. “A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE”. Ege Academic Review 26/1 (November2025), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20260105.
JAMA Buzlukçu C, Curkan SC, Avcı N. A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE. ear. 2025;26:83–104.
MLA Buzlukçu, Cemali et al. “A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 26, no. 1, 2025, pp. 83-104, doi:10.21121/eab.20260105.
Vancouver Buzlukçu C, Curkan SC, Avcı N. A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOPPING TOURISM IN TÜRİYE. ear. 2025;26(1):83-104.
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