Iran and the Law of the Sea: Current Debates

Year 2013, Volume: XVII Issue: 3-4, 155 - 182, 01.12.2013

Saeed Bagherı

Abstract

Iran is located on the shores of the Persian Gulf and this issue has made the strategic position of Iran important. But despite being a coastal state, Iran is not a party of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. This is an important and critical issue on the agenda of Iran as one of the discussion topics constitutes.
One of the other Persian Gulf coast states is United Arab Emirates. The issue of the sovereignty on the three major islands located between Iran and UAE has led to ongoing disputes for many years.
The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons for disapproval of 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea by Iran as a coastal state and more specifically the island disputes between Iran and the UAE in order to address the issue.

Keywords

Law of the Sea, international law, 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Iran, International Court of Justic, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

İRAN VE DENİZ HUKUKU: GÜNCEL TARTIŞMALAR

Abstract

İran’ın Basra Körfezi’nin kıyısında yer alması açısından stratejik olarak İran’ın konumunu önemli hale getirmiştir. Fakat bir kıyı devleti olmasına rağmen, İran deniz hukukuna ilişkin 1982 BM Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi’ne taraf değildir. Bu da İran’ın gündemindeki önemli ve kritik konulardan biri olarak tartışma konusu oluşturmaktadır.
Basra Körfezi’ne kıyısı olan bir diğer devlet ise Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’dir (BAE). Kıyıları karşı karşıya olan İran ve BAE’nin ülkeleri arasında yer alan üç önemli ada üzerindeki egemenlik konusu iki taraf arasında yıllardır devam eden anlaşmazlıklara neden olmuştur.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir kıyı devleti olan İran’ın 1982 BM Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi’ni onaylamamasının nedenleri incelemek ve daha spesifik olarak İran ve BAE arasındaki ada anlaşmazlığı konusunu ele almaktır.

Keywords

Deniz hukuku, uluslararası hukuk, Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, İran, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (BAE).

References

• A. EL-HAKIM, Ali, The Middle Eastern States and the Law of the Sea, Manchester: Manchester University press, 1978.
• ABDULLA, Abdul Khaleq, “The Gulf Cooperation Council: Nature, Origin, and Process” in Middle East Dilemma: The Politics and Economics of Arab Integration, ed. Michael C. Hudson, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
• BAYKAL, F. Hakan, Deniz Hukuku Çalışmaları, İstanbul: Alfa Basın Yayım Dağıtım, 1998.
• BEY, F. Heard, From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates, 2nd edition, Longman, 1984.
• CHURCHILL, Robin & LOWE, Alan Vaughan, The Law of the Sea, Second ed, Manchester: Manchester Universiy Press, 1988.
• DOLATYAR, Mostafa, Statute of the International Straits, Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran) Press, 1994.
• G. MACDONALD, Charlers, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Law of the Sea: Political Interaction and Legal Development in the Persian Gulf, London: Greenwood Press, 1980.
• LIAN KOH, Kheng, Straits in International Navigation: Contemporary Issues, London: Oceana Publications, 1982.
• NAJAFI, Morteza, Statute of the Strait of Hormoz in the Framework of International law, Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (Iran) Press, 1991.
• ÖZMAN, Aydoğan (çeviren), Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, İstanbul: İstanbul Deniz Ticaret Odası Yayınları,1984.
• ÖZMAN, Aydoğan, Deniz Hukuku, 1. Kitap, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2006.
• PAZARCI, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2011.
• PAZARCI, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 2. Kitap, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2005.
• PAZARCI, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 3. Kitap, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2005.
• PURNURI, Mansur & HABIBI, Mohammad, International Law os the Sea-Convention on the Law os the Sea, Tehran: Mahde Hukuk Press, 2004.
• RAMAZANI, Rohani, The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record and Analysis, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1988.
• SCHOFIELD, R. & TOYE, P., The lower Gulf island: Abumusa and the Tunbs, Arabian Geopolitics 2, Vol. 6, England: Slough, 1993.
• TOLUNER, Sevin, Milletlerarası Hukuk Dersleri, Devletin Yetkisi, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 1996.
• WILSON, A. T., The Persian Gulf, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928.
• ZAHLAN, R. S., The Origins of the United Arab Emirates, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978.
• AMIN, S. H., “The Regime of International Straits: Legal Implications for the Strait of Hormuz”, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1981, ss. 387-405.
• DENK, Erdem, “Egemenliği Tartışmalı Adalar: (Kardak, Spratly, Senkaku/Diaouyu, Hawar, Abu Musa ve Tunb Örnekleri)”, Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt. XXIV, Sayı: 224, 1996, ss. 137-160.
• FANTINA, Robert , “An Ominous Non-Event: The Gulf of Tonkin and the Strait of Hormuz”, Global Research, 09 January 2008, erişim için bkz. http://www.globalresearch.ca/an-ominous-non-event-the-gulf-of-tonkin-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/7760. [13/09/2013].
• H. CORDESMAN, Anthony, “Iran, Oil, and the Strait of Hormuz”, Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, 2007, ss. 2-7.
• HAKAPAA, K. & MOLENAAR, E.J., “Innocent Passage - Past and Present”, Marine Policy, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1999, ss. 131-145.
• JALINUSI, Ahmad & BARARI ARAYEE, Vahid, “The three Islands: (Abu Musa, the Greater & Lesser Tunb Islands) Integral parts of Iran”, Iranian Review of International Affairs, Vol. XIX, No. 4, 2007, ss. 1-23.
• LUKE, T. LEE.,“The Law of the Sea Convention Third States”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 77, No. 3, 1093, ss. 541-568.
• KESKİN, Funda, “1982 BM Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nden Doğan Sorun-ların Çözülmesinde Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku Mahkemesı”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 53 Sayı: 1, 1998, ss. 186-205.
• N. MOORE, John, “United States Adherence to the Law of the Sea Conven-tion a Compelling National Interest”, Prepared Testimony Before the House Committee on International Relations, May 12, 2004, erişim için bkz. <http://www.virginia.edu/colp/pdf/house-testimony.pdf.>. [13.09. 2013].
• NUR ECE, Jale, “Kanal İstanbul ve Montrö Sözleşmesi”, Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 29, 2011, ss. 48-64.
• REISMAN, W. Michael, “The Regime of Straits and National Security: An Appraisal of International Law-Making”, American Journal of Interna-tional Law, Vol. 74, No. 1, 1982, ss. 48-76.
• SOTOUDEH, Mohammad, “Iran’s Foreign Policy and the Structure of International System”, Iranian Journal of Political Science, No. 16, 2002, ss. 161-180.
• WAINWRIGHT, Ronnie Ann, “Navigation Through Three Straits in the Middle East: Effects on the United States of Being a Nonparty to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, Issue: 3, 1986, ss. 361-414.
• WOLFRUM, Rudiger, “Reflagging and Escort Operation in the Persian Gulf: An International Law Perspective”, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 29, Issue: 2, 1989, ss. 387-399.
• Case Concerning the Corfu Channel (United Kingdom / Albania), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports, 9 April, 1949.
• Case Concerning the North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports, 20 February 1969. Case Concerning Delimitation of The Maritime Boundary in The Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America), Judgemenet, I.C.J. Reports, 12 October, 1984.
• Case Concerning the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jarnahiriya/Malta), , I.C.J. Reports, 3 June 1985.
• Case Concerning the Minquiers and Ecrehos (France / United Kingdom), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports, 17 November 1953.
• Convention on the High Seas 1958, Done at Geneva on 29 April 1958. Ente-red into force on 30 September 1962, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 450, ss. 11, 82.
• Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone 1958, Done at Geneva on 29 April 1958. Entered into force on 10 September 1964, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 516, s. 205.
• Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958, Done at Geneva on 29 April 1958. Entered into force on 10 June 1964, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 499, s. 311.
• Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas 1958, Done at Geneva on 29 April 1958. Entered into force on 20 March 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 559, s. 285.
• Declaration of Understanding of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Reprinted in Law of the Sea Bulletin No. 5, at 13 (July 1985), U.N. Doc. C.N. 348. (1983).
• Foreign Office Confidential Records and Correspondence, London, 416/17, Government of India to Mr. Brodrick, enclosure in telegram, April 1909.
• Meeting of December 10, 1982, UN Doc. A/CONF. 62/PV. 193, at 23-25 (1983). UN Doc. A/CONF. 62/PV. 191 at 32 (1983); Bkz. United Nations, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for the Law of the Sea, Law of the Sea Bulletin, No. 1, December 1983.
• United Nations Legislative Series (UNLS), National Legislation and Trea-ties Relating to the Law of the Sea (ST/LEG/SER. B/L6), 1974.
• Saeed BAGHERI 182 EÜHFD, C. XVII, S. 3–4 (2013)
• Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties Done at Vienna on 23 August 1978, Done at Vienna on 23 August 1978, Entered into force on 6 November 1996, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1946, s. 3.