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COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 15 - 31, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732

Öz

Drug trafficking is an issue that needs to be addressed in both human, social, and security contexts and depends on many different variables. The study analyzed the issue of drug trafficking in the European context, focusing only on heroin and cocaine, rather than all substances in general. By describing the morphology of drug trafficking in general, the study analyses the volume of cocaine and heroin trafficking in Europe by examining the functions and situations of these elements in the European context. In the course of the research, rather than the normative perspective of Europe to prevent drug trafficking, the European position and its impact on the cocaine and heroin trade, the reasons for the differences in the prices of these drugs, and both the social and individual consequences of drug use were emphasized.

Kaynakça

  • Araújo, M. S. da S., & Silva, I. L. R. da. (2024). CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FEMALE INCARCERATION FOR THE CRIME OF DRUG TRAFFICKING. ARACÊ, 6(1), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.56238/arev6n1-012
  • Aronowitz, A. A. (2009). Human Trafficking, Human Misery The Global Trade in Human Beings. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing.
  • Arum, C., Fraser, H., Artenie, A. A., Bivegete, S., Trickey, A., Alary, M., … Strathdee, S. A. (2021). Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 6(5), e309-e323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00013-X
  • Astorga, L., & David, S. (2010). Drug Trafficking Organizations and Counter-Drug Strategies in the U.S.-Mexican Context (Sy USMEX WP 10-01). UC San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies. Geliş tarihi gönderen UC San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies website: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j647429#author
  • Berlusconi, G., Aziani, A., & Giommoni, L. (2017). The determinants of heroin flows in Europe: A latent space approach. Social Networks, 51, 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.03.012
  • Bucur, S. C., & Radulescu, I. G. (2015). Trends And Insights In The Eu Heroin Market. 37(1), 85-94.
  • Casal, B., Storti, C. C., & Morgan, D. (2020). Expenditure on the treatment of drug and alcohol disorders in hospitals: How much and what explains it? International Journal of Drug Policy, 79, 102750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102750
  • Cervero, R. (1981). Flat versus differentiated transit pricing: What’s a fair fare? Transportation, 10(3), 211-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00148459
  • Chandra, S., & Joba, J. (2015). Transnational cocaine and heroin flow networks in western Europe: A comparison. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 772-780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.04.016
  • Clements, K. W. (2006). Pricing and Packaging: The Case of Marijuana. The Journal of Business, 79(4), 2019-2044. https://doi.org/10.1086/503655
  • Costa Storti, C. (2019, Ekim 23). Drug and alcohol treatment: How much does it cost in Europe? Program adı: Lisbon Addictions 2019. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.lisbonaddictions.eu/lisbon-addictions-2019/presentations/drug-and-alcohol-treatment-how-much-does-it-cost-europe
  • Council of Europe. (2005). Organized crime situation report 2005: Focus on the threat of economic crime. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Danziger, R., Martens, J., & Guajardo, M. (2009). Human Trafficking and Migration Management. İçinde C. Friesendorf (Ed.), Trategies Against Human Trafficking: The Role of the Security Sector (ss. 261-298). Vienna: National Defence Academy and Austrian Ministry of Defence and Sport.
  • DEA. (2021). 2020 NATIONAL DRUG THREAT ASSESSMENT (Sy DEA-DCT-DIR-008-21). U.S. Department of Justice. Geliş tarihi gönderen U.S. Department of Justice website: https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf
  • Dolliver, D. S. (2015). Socio-Cultural Impacts on Drug Trafficking Trends in Europe. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 23(4), 383-406. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-23032079
  • EMCDDA. (2015). Opioid trafficking routes from Asia to Europe. Geliş tarihi 19 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/pods/opioid-trafficking-routes_en
  • EMCDDA. (2016). Cocaine Trafficking to Europe [European Union Drug Agency]. Geliş tarihi 20 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25583/1/Cocaine%20trafficking_POD2016.pdf
  • EMCDDA. (2017). Drug treatment expenditure: A methodological overview. LU: Publications Office. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2810/052028
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  • EUDA. (2024d). Heroin and other opioids – the current situation in Europe. Geliş tarihi 24 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2024/heroin-and-other-opioids_en
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  • Giommoni, L., Aziani, A., & Berlusconi, G. (2017). How Do Illicit Drugs Move Across Countries? A Network Analysis of the Heroin Supply to Europe. Journal of Drug Issues, 47(2), 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042616682426
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AVRUPA’YA KOKAİN VE EROİN KAÇAKÇILIĞI: SEBEPLER VE SONUÇLAR

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 15 - 31, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732

Öz

Uyuşturucu ticareti, hem insani hem toplumsal hem de güvenlik bağlamlarında ele alınması gereken ve birçok farklı değişkene bağlı olan bir konudur. Çalışma, uyuşturucu ticareti konusunu, tüm maddeler genelinden çıkararak sadece eroin ve kokain özelinde ve Avrupa bağlamında incelemiştir. Çalışma, genel olarak uyuşturucu ticaretinin morfolojisini anlatarak, bu unsurların Avrupa bağlamındaki işlevleri ve durumları incelerek, Avrupa’ya olan kokain ve eroin ticaretinin hacmini incelemiştir. Araştırma sürecinde Avrupa’nın uyuşturucu ticaretini engellemeye yönelik normatif perspektifinden ziyade, Avrupa’nın konumu ve bu konumun kokain ve eroin ticaretine etkisi, bahsi geçen uyuşturucu maddelerin fiyatlarındaki farklılıkların nedenleri ve uyuşturucu kullanımının hem toplumsal hem de bireysel sonuçları üzerinde durulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Araújo, M. S. da S., & Silva, I. L. R. da. (2024). CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FEMALE INCARCERATION FOR THE CRIME OF DRUG TRAFFICKING. ARACÊ, 6(1), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.56238/arev6n1-012
  • Aronowitz, A. A. (2009). Human Trafficking, Human Misery The Global Trade in Human Beings. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing.
  • Arum, C., Fraser, H., Artenie, A. A., Bivegete, S., Trickey, A., Alary, M., … Strathdee, S. A. (2021). Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 6(5), e309-e323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00013-X
  • Astorga, L., & David, S. (2010). Drug Trafficking Organizations and Counter-Drug Strategies in the U.S.-Mexican Context (Sy USMEX WP 10-01). UC San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies. Geliş tarihi gönderen UC San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies website: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j647429#author
  • Berlusconi, G., Aziani, A., & Giommoni, L. (2017). The determinants of heroin flows in Europe: A latent space approach. Social Networks, 51, 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.03.012
  • Bucur, S. C., & Radulescu, I. G. (2015). Trends And Insights In The Eu Heroin Market. 37(1), 85-94.
  • Casal, B., Storti, C. C., & Morgan, D. (2020). Expenditure on the treatment of drug and alcohol disorders in hospitals: How much and what explains it? International Journal of Drug Policy, 79, 102750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102750
  • Cervero, R. (1981). Flat versus differentiated transit pricing: What’s a fair fare? Transportation, 10(3), 211-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00148459
  • Chandra, S., & Joba, J. (2015). Transnational cocaine and heroin flow networks in western Europe: A comparison. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 772-780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.04.016
  • Clements, K. W. (2006). Pricing and Packaging: The Case of Marijuana. The Journal of Business, 79(4), 2019-2044. https://doi.org/10.1086/503655
  • Costa Storti, C. (2019, Ekim 23). Drug and alcohol treatment: How much does it cost in Europe? Program adı: Lisbon Addictions 2019. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.lisbonaddictions.eu/lisbon-addictions-2019/presentations/drug-and-alcohol-treatment-how-much-does-it-cost-europe
  • Council of Europe. (2005). Organized crime situation report 2005: Focus on the threat of economic crime. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Danziger, R., Martens, J., & Guajardo, M. (2009). Human Trafficking and Migration Management. İçinde C. Friesendorf (Ed.), Trategies Against Human Trafficking: The Role of the Security Sector (ss. 261-298). Vienna: National Defence Academy and Austrian Ministry of Defence and Sport.
  • DEA. (2021). 2020 NATIONAL DRUG THREAT ASSESSMENT (Sy DEA-DCT-DIR-008-21). U.S. Department of Justice. Geliş tarihi gönderen U.S. Department of Justice website: https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf
  • Dolliver, D. S. (2015). Socio-Cultural Impacts on Drug Trafficking Trends in Europe. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 23(4), 383-406. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-23032079
  • EMCDDA. (2015). Opioid trafficking routes from Asia to Europe. Geliş tarihi 19 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/pods/opioid-trafficking-routes_en
  • EMCDDA. (2016). Cocaine Trafficking to Europe [European Union Drug Agency]. Geliş tarihi 20 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25583/1/Cocaine%20trafficking_POD2016.pdf
  • EMCDDA. (2017). Drug treatment expenditure: A methodological overview. LU: Publications Office. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2810/052028
  • EU Drug Agency. (2024). Understanding Europe’s drug situation in 2024. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2024/drug-situation-in-europe-up-to-2024_en
  • EUDA. (2024a). Cocaine – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2024). Geliş tarihi 24 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2024/cocaine_en#edr24-cocaine-figure-3.1
  • EUDA. (2024b). Drug-induced deaths – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2024). Geliş tarihi 31 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2024/drug-induced-deaths_en#edr24-drd-figure-11.2
  • EUDA. (2024c). Drug-related responses: The costs of actions. Geliş tarihi 08 Ocak 2025, gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2017/html/harms-responses/drug-related-responses_en
  • EUDA. (2024d). Heroin and other opioids – the current situation in Europe. Geliş tarihi 24 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2024/heroin-and-other-opioids_en
  • EUDA. (2024e). Statistical Bulletin 2024—Prevalence of drug use. Geliş tarihi 24 Aralık 2024, gönderen European Union Drugs Agency website: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2024/gps_en
  • EUROJUST. (2024). 2022 in figures | Eurojust | European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation. Geliş tarihi 08 Ocak 2025, gönderen https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/annual-report-2022/2022-figures
  • European Commission. (2024). Commission launches the European Ports Alliance Public Private Partnership to fight organised crime and drug trafficking. Geliş tarihi 10 Ocak 2025, gönderen https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/hu/ip_24_344
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Ed.). (2024). EU drug markets analysis 2024: Key insights for policy and practice. Luxembourg: Publications Office. https://doi.org/10.2810/34465
  • Europol. (2022). Drug Trafficking. Geliş tarihi 10 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas/drug-trafficking
  • Eurostat. (2024). Healthcare expenditure statistics—Overview—Statistics Explained. Geliş tarihi 13 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Healthcare_expenditure_statistics_-_overview
  • Farrell, G., Mansur, K., & Tullis, M. (1996). COCAINE AND HEROIN IN EUROPE 1983-93: A Cross-national Comparison of Trafficking and Prices. British Journal of Criminology, 36(2), 255-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014085
  • Giommoni, L., Aziani, A., & Berlusconi, G. (2017). How Do Illicit Drugs Move Across Countries? A Network Analysis of the Heroin Supply to Europe. Journal of Drug Issues, 47(2), 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042616682426
  • Hernandez-Roy, C., & Bledsoe, R. (2023). Tracking Transatlantic Drug Flows: Cocaine’s Path from South America Across the Caribbean to Europe. Geliş tarihi 25 Aralık 2024, gönderen CSIS website: https://features.csis.org/tracking-transatlantic-drug-flows-cocaines-path-from-south-america-across-the-caribbean-to-europe/index.html
  • Hofmarcher, T., Leppänen, A., Månsdotter, A., Strandberg, J., & Håkansson, A. (2024). Societal costs of illegal drug use in Sweden. International Journal of Drug Policy, 123, 104259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104259
  • INTERPOL. (2011). Drug trafficking. Geliş tarihi 10 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Drug-trafficking Jara-Díaz, S., Gschwender, A., Castro, J. C., & Lepe, M. (2024). Distance traveled, transit design and optimal pricing. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 179, 103928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103928
  • Jarlais, D. C. D., Sypsa, V., Feelemyer, J., Abagiu, A. O., Arendt, V., Broz, D., … Wiessing, L. (2020). HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in Europe, North America, and Israel. The lancet. HIV, 7(6), e434-e442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30082-5
  • Jørgensen, F., & Preston, J. (2007). The Relationship between Fare and Travel Distance. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 41(3), 451-468. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.jstor.org/stable/20054030
  • Kan, P. R. (2016). DrugTraffickingand International Security. Plymouth, UK: Rowman&Littlefield.
  • Kelly, A., Paz, A. L. G., Swan, L., Symons, H., Data, W. by A. K., Paz, visuals by A. L. G., & Cousins, R. (2024, Haziran 11). How big is Europe’s cocaine problem – and what is the human cost? The Guardian. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/jun/11/how-big-is-europes-cocaine-problem-and-what-is-the-human-cost
  • Lievens, D., Vander Laenen, F., & Christiaens, J. (2014). Public spending for illegal drug and alcohol treatment in hospitals: An EU cross-country comparison. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-9-26
  • Macro Trends. (2024). European Union Healthcare Spending 2000-2024. Geliş tarihi 13 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/EUU/european-union/healthcare-spending
  • McCoy, A. W. (1993). Heroin as a Global Commodity: A History of Southeast Asia’s Opium Trade. İçinde War On Drugs. Routledge.
  • McDermott, J., Bargent, J., Held, D. den, & Ramirez, M. F. (2021). The Cocaine Pipeline To Europe [Research Report]. Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. Geliş tarihi gönderen Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime website: https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/The-cocaine-pipeline-to-Europe-GI-TOCInsightCrime.pdf
  • Miron, J. A. (2003). The Effect of Drug Prohibition on Drug Prices: Evidence from the Markets for Cocaine and Heroin. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(3), 522-530. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.jstor.org/stable/3211694
  • Moeller, K. (2018). Drug Market Criminology: Combining Economic and Criminological Research on Illicit Drug Markets. International Criminal Justice Review, 28(3), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567717746215
  • Nikolaevich Lada, A., Viktorovich Sazonov, V., & Olegovich Skobelev, P. (2016). Method for Transportation Cost Calculation on the Basis of Full Cycle (Round Trip). Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(20). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i20/94478
  • Öner, İ., Çavuş, H., Güler, Ö., & Esen, M. E. (2022). TURKEY’S GROWING ROLE IN GLOBAL COCAINE TRAFFICKING. Brüksel: instituDE.
  • Paoli, L. (2001). Drug Trafficking in Russia: A Form of Organized Crime? Journal of Drug Issues, 31(4), 1007-1037. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260103100411
  • Payne, J., Manning, M., Fleming, C., & Pham, H.-T. (2020). The price elasticity of demand for illicit drugs: A systematic review. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice [Electronic Resource], (606), 1-19. (informit.448197509271195). Geliş tarihi gönderen https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.448197509271195
  • Singer, M. (2008). Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(6), 467-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.007
  • Strang, J., Griffiths, P., & Gossop, M. (1997). Heroin smoking by “chasing the dragon”: Origins and history. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 92(6), 673-683; discussion 685-695. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1997.9266734.x
  • The Organized Crime Index. (2023). Criminality in Russia. Geliş tarihi 20 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://ocindex.net/
  • Turkish National Police. (2022). 2022 Türkiye Drug Report (Sy 2022/9). Turkish National Police. Geliş tarihi gönderen Turkish National Police website: https://www.narkotik.pol.tr/2022-turkiye-national-drug-report-yayinlanmistir
  • UN. (2024). World Drug Report 2024. UN. Geliş tarihi gönderen UN website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2024.html
  • UN Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. (2024). Regional groups of Member States. Geliş tarihi 16 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/regional-groups
  • UNODC. (2010). Drug trafficking. Geliş tarihi 09 Aralık 2024, gönderen United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime website: //www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/index.html
  • UNODC. (2015). Drug Money: The illicit proceeds of opiates trafficked on the Balkan route. Viyana: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs. Geliş tarihi gönderen Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs website: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/IFF_report_2015_final_web.pdf
  • UNODC. (2022). People who inject drugs – regional estimates. Geliş tarihi 31 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://dataunodc.un.org/dp-drug-use-characteristics-regional
  • UNODC. (2023). Drug Trafficking & Cultivation. Geliş tarihi 25 Aralık 2024, gönderen https://dataunodc.un.org/dp-drug-prices
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (1994). Drug Trafficking From Southwest Asia (Drug Intelligence Report Sy DEA-94014). Drug Enforcement Administration. Geliş tarihi gönderen Drug Enforcement Administration website: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/151459NCJRS.pdf
  • Vella, V., Ibáñez, N., Segura, L., Colom, J., & García-Altés, A. (2022). An estimation of the social cost of illicit drug consumption in Catalonia. Adicciones, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1421
  • Watson, M. (2018). Guns, Drugs, and Thugs: Smuggling in the Golden Crescent. Winter. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.iar-gwu.org/print-archive/rd6yeppccpud0opgkamoq1uzjz5izy
  • Wiessing, L., Laar, M. J. van de, Donoghoe, M. C., Guarita, B., Klempová, D., & Griffiths, P. (2008). HIV among injecting drug users in Europe: Increasing trends in the East. Eurosurveillance, 13(50), 19067. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.50.19067-en
  • Wiessing, L., Likatavicius, G., Hedrich, D., Guarita, B., van de Laar, M. J., & Vicente, J. (2011). Trends in HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among injecting drug users in Europe, 2005 to 2010. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin, 16(48), 20031.
  • Yıldız, F. (2020). RASYONEL SEÇİM TEORİSİ İLE ORGANİZE SUÇLARI ANLAMAK. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 7(14), 147-171. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akademik-hassasiyetler/issue/58511/790710
  • Zafar, T., & ul Hasan, S. (2002). A sociodemographic and behavioral profile of heroin users and the risk environment in Quetta, Pakistan. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(2), 121-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00011-7
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Furkan Yıldız 0000-0003-1533-222X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, F. (2025). COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732
AMA Yıldız F. COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. ebyuiibfdergisi. Haziran 2025;7(1):15-31. doi:10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732
Chicago Yıldız, Furkan. “COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 7, sy. 1 (Haziran 2025): 15-31. https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732.
EndNote Yıldız F (01 Haziran 2025) COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 7 1 15–31.
IEEE F. Yıldız, “COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES”, ebyuiibfdergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 15–31, 2025, doi: 10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732.
ISNAD Yıldız, Furkan. “COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 7/1 (Haziran 2025), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732.
JAMA Yıldız F. COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. ebyuiibfdergisi. 2025;7:15–31.
MLA Yıldız, Furkan. “COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 15-31, doi:10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1620732.
Vancouver Yıldız F. COCAINE AND HEROIN TRAFFICKING TO EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. ebyuiibfdergisi. 2025;7(1):15-31.