Research Article

Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’

Volume: 3 Number: 1 June 26, 2026
TR EN

Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to isolate and purify ursolic acid from the peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’ using a rapid, practical, and low-cost extraction–precipitation protocol, and to confirm the identity and purity of the isolated compound through chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. Material and Method: Apple peels were shade-dried, and ground into powder. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was performed using acetone in four consecutive cycles. The combined extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure, and purification was achieved via acetone-induced precipitation followed by multiple washing steps and recrystallization in hot methanol. Purity was evaluated using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), while structural confirmation was carried out through 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy Results: A total of 5.85 g of crude extract was obtained from 40 g of dried apple peel, yielding 220 mg of purified ursolic acid. The isolated compound constituted 3.76% of the crude extract and 0.55% of the dried peel material. TLC analysis showed a single well-defined spot, indicating high purity. ^1H- and ^13C-NMR data were consistent with literature values for ursolic acid, confirming the successful isolation of a highly pure triterpenoid. Conclusion: Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’ peel represents a rich and accessible natural source of ursolic acid. The developed extraction–precipitation procedure provides a simple, efficient, and economical method for obtaining high-purity of ursolic acid without the need for chromatographic columns. This approach may support future phytochemical research focused on ursolic acid purification.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The study was conducted using the authors' own resources

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this study does not involve human participants, animals, or sensitive personal data. The plant material (Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’) used in this research was obtained from local commercial sources and did not require specific ethical permits for collection or experimental use. The study was conducted in accordance with institutional and international ethical guidelines for plant-based research

Thanks

The authors express their sincere appreciation to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil İbrahim Öztürk for the botanical identification of the ‘Ak sakı’ cultivar.

References

  1. Arulnangai, R., Asia Thabassoom, H., Vajiha Banu, H., Thirugnanasambandham, K., & Ganesamoorthy, R. (2025). Recent developments on ursolic acid and its potential biological applications. Toxicology reports, 14, 101900. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101900
  2. Aydın, T., Sağlamtaş, R., Gümüştaş, M., Geni̇şel, M., Kazaz, C., & Çakır, A. (2023). Lavandula stoechas L. Subsp. stoechas, a New Herbal Source for Ursolic Acid: Quantitative Analysis, Purification and Bioactivity Studies. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(8), e202300414. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202300414
  3. Bakry, S. M., El-Shiekh, R. A., Hatem, S., Mandour, A. A., El-Dessouki, A. M., Bishr, A., Elosaily, H., Mohamed, A. F., & Elhusseiny, S. M. (2025). Therapeutic applications of ursolic acid: a comprehensive review and utilization of predictive tools. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 48.
  4. Batiha, G. E.-S., Teibo, J. O., Wasef, L., Shaheen, H. M., Akomolafe, A. P., Teibo, T. K. A., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Garbeeb, A. I., Alexiou, A., & Papadakis, M. (2023). A review of the bioactive components and pharmacological properties of Lavandula species. Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 396(5), 877-900.
  5. Cedillo-Portillo, J. J., Villastrigo-López, W. Y., Castañeda-Facio, A. O., Esparza-González, S. C., Múzquiz-Ramos, E. M., & Sáenz-Galindo, A. (2024). Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. Main applications and ultrasonic extraction of secondary metabolites: a general review. Revista mexicana de ingeniería biomédica, 45(2), 35-61.
  6. Chahal, P., & Singh, K. (2021). Testing and Evaluation of Peeling Tools. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, 36(1), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap273
  7. Chen, P., Li, Z., Zhang, D., Shen, W., Xie, Y., Zhang, J., Jiang, L., Li, X., Shen, X., Geng, D., Wang, L., Niu, C., Bao, C., Ming-jia, Y., Li, H., Li, C., Yan, Y., Zou, Y., Micheletti, D.,…Guan, Q. (2021). Insights Into the Effect of Human Civilization on Malus Evolution and Domestication. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 19(11), 2206-2220. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13648
  8. Cornille, A., Gladieux, P., Smulders, M. J. M., Roldán-Ruíz, I., Laurens, F., Cam, B. L., Nersesyan, A., Clavel, J., Olonova, M. V., Feugey, L., Gabrielyan, I., Zhang, X.-G., Tenaillon, M. I., & Giraud, T. (2012). New Insight Into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties. PLoS Genetics, 8(5), e1002703. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Food Properties

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 26, 2026

Submission Date

April 14, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 3, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 3 Number: 1

APA
Akşit, H., & Kaygusuz, S. M. (2026). Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(1), 85-95. https://izlik.org/JA24MT74UU
AMA
1.Akşit H, Kaygusuz SM. Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’. Journal of Health Sciences Institute. 2026;3(1):85-95. https://izlik.org/JA24MT74UU
Chicago
Akşit, Hüseyin, and Sıla Merve Kaygusuz. 2026. “Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus Domestica ‘Ak Sakı’”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 3 (1): 85-95. https://izlik.org/JA24MT74UU.
EndNote
Akşit H, Kaygusuz SM (June 1, 2026) Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 3 1 85–95.
IEEE
[1]H. Akşit and S. M. Kaygusuz, “Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’”, Journal of Health Sciences Institute, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 85–95, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA24MT74UU
ISNAD
Akşit, Hüseyin - Kaygusuz, Sıla Merve. “Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus Domestica ‘Ak Sakı’”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 3/1 (June 1, 2026): 85-95. https://izlik.org/JA24MT74UU.
JAMA
1.Akşit H, Kaygusuz SM. Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’. Journal of Health Sciences Institute. 2026;3:85–95.
MLA
Akşit, Hüseyin, and Sıla Merve Kaygusuz. “Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus Domestica ‘Ak Sakı’”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 85-95, https://izlik.org/JA24MT74UU.
Vancouver
1.Hüseyin Akşit, Sıla Merve Kaygusuz. Purification of Ursolic Acid from the Peel of Malus domestica ‘Ak Sakı’. Journal of Health Sciences Institute [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;3(1):85-9. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA24MT74UU