Some Azo Compounds Containing Black Tea Processing Waste Catechins As Antioxidant and Urease Enzyme Inhibitory

Abstract

Although various azo compounds containing some natural origin catechins had been synthesized and determined their dyeing properties for various textile products, azo compounds containing black tea waste catechins and their antioxidant capacity and urease enzyme inhibition were not investigated until this study. The urease enzyme is the most important enzyme that allows the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, which is considered the main factor of stomach cancer, to live in the stomach. Inhibition of this enzyme is very important for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. It has been known that catechin extracts of natural origin inhibit the urease enzyme of Helicobacter pylori from literature. Black tea processing waste is a residue that is separated from the sieves during tea processing and has no economic value. The transformation of this residue into products that produce added value is very important because it contains many chemicals contained in the tea plant. In this study, some azo compounds containing black tea processing waste catechins were synthesized and investigated their antioxidant capacity, urease enzyme inhibition properties.

Keywords

• Tea catechins
• Azo dyes
• Antioxidant
• Urease enzyme inhibition

Antioksidan ve Üreaz Enzim İnhibitörü Olarak Siyah Çay İşleme Atığındaki Kateşinleri İçeren Bazı Azo Bileşikleri

Abstract

Bu çalışmaya kadar bazı doğal kaynaklı kateşinleri içeren çeşitli azo bileşikleri sentezlenmiş ve çeşitli tekstil ürünleri için boyama özellikleri incelenmiş olmasına rağmen, siyah çay atığı kateşinlerini içeren azo bileşikleri ile bunların antioksidan kapasiteleri ve üreaz enzim inhibisyon etkileri araştırılmamıştır. Üreaz enzimi, mide kanserinin ana faktörü olarak kabul edilen Helicobacter pylori adlı bakterinin midede yaşamasını sağlayan en önemli enzimdir. Bu enzimin inhibisyonu Helicobacter pylori enfeksiyonu tedavisi için çok önemlidir. Doğal kaynaklı kateşin ekstraktlarının Helicobacter pylori üreazını inhibe ettiği literatürden bilinmektedir. Siyah çay işleme atığı, çayın işlenmesi sırasında eleklerden ayrılan ve ekonomik değeri olmayan bir kalıntıdır. Çay bitkisinin içerdiği birçok kimyasalı içeren bu tortunun katma değer üreten ürünlere dönüştürülmesi çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, siyah çay işleme atığındaki kateşinleri içeren bazı azo bileşikleri sentezlenmiş antioksidan kapasiteleri ve üreaz enzim inhibisyon etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Keywords

• Çay kateşinleri
• Azo boyaları
• Antioksidan
• Üreaz enzim inhibisyonu.

References

1. [1]. Alasalvar C., E. Pelvan, K.S. Ozdemir, T. Kocadagli, B.A. Mogol, A.A. Pasli, N. Ozcan, B. Ozcelik & V. Gokmen "Compositional, Nutritional, and Functional Characteristics of Instant Teas Produced from Low- and High-Quality Black Teas". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013. 61(31): 7529-7536.
2. [2]. Zhu Y.X., H. Huang & Y.Y. Tu "A review of recent studies in China on the possible beneficial health effects of tea". International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2006. 41(4): 333-340.
3. [3]. Ustundag O.G., S. Ersan, E. Ozcan, G. Ozan, N. Kayra & F.Y. Ekinci "Black tea processing waste as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds". European Food Research and Technology, 2016. 242(9): 1523-1532.
4. [4]. Kacar B., Çay: çay bitkisi, biyokimyası, gübrelenmesi ve işleme teknolojisi. 2010: Nobel Yayınları.
5. [5]. Serdar G., E. Demir & M. Sökmen "Recycling of tea waste: Simple and effective separation of caffeine and catechins by microwave assisted extraction (MAE)". International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 2017. 4(2): 78-89.
6. [6]. Chin F.-S., K.-P. Chong, A. Markus & N.K. Wong "Tea polyphenols and alkaloids content using soxhlet and direct extraction methods". World J Agric Sci, 2013. 9(3): 266-270.
7. [7]. Akaranta O. & D.E. Efanga "Dyeability of textile fibres with azo compounds prepared by coupling red onion skin extract with diazonium salts". Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 2012. 25.
8. [8]. Pawar A.B., S.P. More & R.V. Adivarekar "Dyeing of Polyester and Nylon with Semi-synthetic Azo Dye by Chemical Modification of Natural Source Areca Nut". Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 2018. 8(1): 23-29.

9. [9]. Rabbi M., M. Mahasin, P. Roy, M. Rahman & A. Akhter "Preparation of Azo Dye from Acacia catechu and its Application on Silk Fabrics". 2018. 6.
10. [10]. Warren J.R. "Unidentified Curved Bacilli on Gastric Epithelium in Active Chronic Gastritis". Lancet, 1983. 1(8336): 1273-1273.
11. [11]. Marshall B.J. "Helicobacter-Pylori". American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1994. 89(8): S116-S128.
12. [12]. Amieva M.R. & E.M. El-Omar "Host-bacterial interactions in Helicobacter pylori infection". Gastroenterology, 2008. 134(1): 306-323.
13. [13]. Watson D.A. "Comments on the review of a book entitled Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach". Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2003. 36(1): 127-127.
14. [14]. Shikov A.N., O.N. Pozharitskaya, V.G. Makarov & A.S. Kvetnaya "Antibacterial activity of Chamomilla recutita oil extract against Helicobacter pylori". Phytotherapy Research, 2008. 22(2): 252-253.
15. [15]. Hassani A.R.S., N. Ordouzadeh, A. Ghaemi, N. Amirmozafari, K. Hamdi & R. Nazari "In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori urease with non and semi fermented Camellia sinensis". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2009. 27(1): 30-34.
16. [16]. Karipcin F., B. Dede, S. Percin-Ozkorucuklu & E. Kabalcilar "Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol: Syntheses, characterization, catalase-like activity, thermal and electrochemical behaviour". Dyes and Pigments, 2010. 84(1): 14-18.
17. [17]. Moanta A. & S. Radu "Spectroscopic Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some 4-Phenylazo-Phenoxyacetic Acids". Revue Roumaine De Chimie, 2009. 54(2): 151-156.
18. [18]. Moanta A. & S. Radu "New phenoxyacetic acid analogues with antimicrobial activity". Revista De Chimie, 2008. 59(6): 708-711.
19. [19]. Kantar C., N. Baltas, S.A. Karaoglu & S. Sasmaz "Some Azo Dyes Containing Eugenol and Guaiacol, Synthesis, Antioxidant Capacity, Urease Inhibitory Properties and Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity". Revue Roumaine De Chimie, 2018. 63(3): 189-197.
20. [20]. Kantar C., N. Baltas, S.A. Karaoglu & S. Sasmaz "New Potential Monotherapeutic Candidates for Helicobacter pylori: Some Pyridinazo Compounds Having Both Urease Enzyme Inhibition and Anti-Helicobacter pylori Effectiveness". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 2021.
21. [21]. Wainwright M. & J.E. Kristiansen "On the 75th anniversary of Prontosil". Dyes and Pigments, 2011. 88(3): 231-234.
22. [22]. Wainwright M. "Dyes in the development of drugs and pharmaceuticals". Dyes and Pigments, 2008. 76(3): 582-589.
23. [23]. Lee W.A. & G.D. Macewen "The Effects of Contrast Dye on Bacterial-Growth - an Invitro Model". Orthopedics, 1990. 13(3): 341-343.
24. [24]. Wainwright M. "The use of dyes in modern biomedicine". Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 2003. 78(3-4): 147-155.
25. [25]. Apak R., K. Guclu, M. Ozyurek & S.E. Karademir "Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004. 52(26): 7970-7981.
26. [26]. Mentese E., F. Yilmaz, N. Baltas, O. Bekircan & B. Kahveci "Synthesis and antioxidant activities of some new triheterocyclic compounds containing benzimidazole, thiophene, and 1,2,4-triazole rings". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2015. 30(3): 435-441.
27. [27]. Yilmaz F., E. Mentese & N. Baltas "Synthesis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Some Novel Benzimidazole Derivatives Containing a Triazole Nucleus". Letters in Drug Design & Discovery, 2017. 14(2): 201-208.
28. [28]. Blois M.S. "Antioxidant determinations by use of a stable free radical". Nature, 1958. 181(4617): 1199-1200.
29. [29]. Re R., N. Pellegrini, A. Proteggente, A. Pannala, M. Yang & C. Rice-Evans "Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay". Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1999. 26(9-10): 1231-1237.
30. [30]. Baltas N., S.A. Karaoglu, C. Tarakci & S. Kolayli "Effect of propolis in gastric disorders: inhibition studies on the growth of Helicobacter pylori and production of its urease". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2016. 31: 46-50.
31. [31]. Weatherburn M. "Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia". Analytical chemistry, 1967. 39(8): 971-974.
32. [32]. Akyuz G., E. Mentese, M. Emirik & N. Baltas "Synthesis and molecular docking study of some novel 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives as potent inhibitors of urease". Bioorganic Chemistry, 2018. 80: 121-128.
33. [33]. Lineweaver H. "Citation Classic - the Determination of Enzyme Dissociation-Constants". Current Contents/Life Sciences, 1985(11): 19-19.
34. [34]. Pawar A.B., K.C. Patankar, P. Madiwale & R. Adivarekar "Application of chemically modified waste Allium cepa skin for one bath dyeing of polyester/wool blend fabric". Pigment & Resin Technology, 2019. 48(6): 493-501.
35. [35]. Liu J., J.F. Lu, J. Kan, X.Y. Wen & C.H. Jin "Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anti-diabetic activity of catechin grafted inulin". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2014. 64: 76-83.
36. [36]. Kyei S.K., O. Akaranta & G. Darko "Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of peanut skin extract-azo-compounds". Scientific African, 2020. 8.