Çekirdekleştirici Ajanın Enjeksiyonla Kalıplanmış İzotaktik Polipropilenin Mekanik ve Kristalizasyon Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Deneysel Olarak İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, talk (magnezyum-silikat-monohidrat/3MgO.4SiO2.H2O) çekirdekleştirici ajanın (NA) izotaktik-polipropilenin (i-PP) termal ve mekanik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi eriyik harmanlama yöntemi kullanılarak %0,5 ile %5 arasında değişen katkı oranlarına göre incelendi. Sonuçlar, NA/i-PP'nin saf i-PP'ye oranla önemli ölçüde geliştirilmiş mekanik performans sergilediğini gösterdi. Ek olarak, saf i-PP'nin erime ve kristalleşme davranışı üzerindeki NA konsantrasyonunun etkisi de DSC eğrileri aracılığıyla analiz edildi. NA konsantrasyonu arttıkça i-PP'nin gerilme ve eğilme özellikleri arttı. Ayrıca, taramalı elektron mikroskobu, NA/i-PP ve i-PP matrisi arasında kırılma yüzeyinde önemli bir fark olduğunu ortaya çıkardı. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada kullanılan NA'nın (talk) i-PP için iyi bir NA olduğu, ürünün mekanik ve termal özelliklerini iyileştirdiği, kristalleşme özelliklerini ve mikro yapıyı etkilediği ve kalıp çevrim süresini azalttığı belirlendi. Bunların yanı sıra, talk ile i-PP matrisi arasında arayüz özelliklerini iyileştirebilecek çeşitli katkı maddelerinin kullanılmasının, mekanik ve termal özellikleri çok daha yüksek olan yeni i-PP tasarımına alternatif bir yaklaşım olması beklenmektedir.

Keywords

• polipropilen
• kristalizasyon
• çekirdekleştirici ajan
• mekanik özellikler

Experimental Investigation of Effects of the Nucleating Agent on Mechanical and Crystallization Behavior of Injection-Molded Isotactic Polypropylene

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of talc (magnesium-silicate-monohydrate/3MgO.4SiO2.H2O) nucleating agent (NA) on the thermal and mechanical properties of isotactic-polypropylene (i-PP) at loadings ranging from 0.5 to 5% by weight using the melt compounding method. The results demonstrated that NA/i-PP exhibited significantly improved mechanical performance compared to neat i-PP. In addition, the influence of the concentration of the NA on the melting and crystallization behavior of neat i-PP was also analyzed through DSC curves. The tensile and flexural properties of i-PP enhanced as NA concentration increased. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed that there is a significant difference in the fracture surface between the NA/i-PP and the i-PP matrix. Consequently, it was determined that the NA (talc) used in this study was a good NA for i-PP, improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the product, affected the crystallization properties and the microstructure, and reduced the mold cycle time. Besides these, the use of various additives between talc and i-PP matrix that can improve interface features are expected to be an alternative approach to the new i-PP design with much higher mechanical and thermal properties.

Keywords

• polypropylene
• crystallization
• nucleating agent
• mechanical properties
• polypropylene, crystallization, nucleating agent, mechanical properties

References

1. Cui, L., Wang, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Wang, L., et al. Combined effect of α-nucleating agents and glass fiber reinforcement on a polypropylene composite: A balanced approach. RSC Advances. 2017;7(68):42783-91. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08322J
2. Dotson, D.L., Nygard, P., A novel nucleating agent for polyethylene. Milliken & Company; 2011.
3. Yu, Y., Zeng, F., Chen, J., Kang, J., Yang, F., Cao, Y., et al. Effects of ordered structure on non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and subsequent melting behavior of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene/graphene oxide composites. J. Therm. Anal Calorim. 2019;136(4):1667-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7776-8
4. Xu, T., Lei, H., Xie, C. The effect of nucleating agent on the crystalline morphology of polypropylene (PP). Mater. Des. 2003;24(3):227-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(02)00129-2
5. Kučerová, J. Nucleating and clarifying agents for polymers; 2008.
6. Lotz, B., Wittmann, J., Lovinger, A. Structure and morphology of poly(propylenes): a molecular analysis. Polymer 1996;37(22):4979-4992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)00370-9
7. Cao, L., Su, D.F., Su, ZQ, Chen, X.N. Morphology, crystallization behavior and tensile properties of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene fibrous membranes prepared by melt electrospinning. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2014;32(9):1167-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-014-1465-2
8. Bai, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Han, L., Li, Y., Liu, L., et al. Influence of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene with β-phase nucleating agent. Macromolecules. 2009;42(17):6647-55. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9001269

9. Bao, R.Y., Cao, J., Liu, Z.Y., Yang, W., Xie, B.H., Yang, M.B. Towards balanced strength and toughness improvement of isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites by surface functionalized graphene oxide. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2014;2(9):3190-9. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA14554A
10. Xu, J.Z., Liang, Y.Y., Huang, H.D., Zhong, G.J., Lei, J., Chen, C., et al. Isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene/graphene oxide nanosheet nanocomposites. J. Polym. Res. 2012;19(10):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-012-9975-5
11. Reyes-de Vaaben, S., Aguilar, A., Avalos, F., Ramos-de Valle, L.F. Carbon nanoparticles as effective nucleating agents for polypropylene. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2008;93(3):947-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8591-9
12. Zhang, Y.F., He, B., Hou, H.H., Guo, L.H. Isothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with a novel aromatic heterocyclic phosphate nucleating agent. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B Phys. 2021;56(11-12):811-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2017.1385360
13. Abreu, A.A., Talabi, S.I., de Almeida Lucas, A. Influence of nucleating agents on morphology and properties of injection‐molded polypropylene. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2021;32(5):2197-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5252
14. Bernland, K., Goossens, J., Smith, P., Tervoort, T.A. On clarification of haze in polypropylene. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phy. 2016;54(9):865-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23992
15. Kristiansen, M., Tervoort, T., Smith, P., Goossens, H. Mechanical properties of sorbitol-clarified isotactic polypropylene: influence of additive concentration on polymer structure and yield behavior. Macromolecules. 2005;38(25):10461-5. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0517401
16. Kristiansen, M., Werner, M., Tervoort, T., Smith, P., Blomenhofer, M., Schmidt, H.W. The binary system isotactic polypropylene/bis (3, 4-dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol: phase behavior, nucleation, and optical properties. Macromolecules. 2003;36(14):5150-6. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma030146t
17. Kristiansen, P.M., Gress, A., Smith, P., Hanft, D., Schmidt, H.W. Phase behavior, nucleation and optical properties of the binary system isotactic polypropylene/N, N′, N ″-tris-isopentyl-1, 3, 5-benzene-tricarboxamide. Polymer. 2006;47(1):249-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.053
18. De Medeiros, E., Tocchetto, R., De Carvalho, L., Santos, I., Souza, A. Nucleating effect and dynamic crystallization of a poly (propylene)/talc system. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2001;66(2):523-31. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013121102536
19. Ferrage, E., Martin, F., Boudet, A., Petit, S., Fourty, G., Jouffret, F., et al. Talc as nucleating agent of polypropylene: morphology induced by lamellar particles addition and interface mineral-matrix modelization. J. Mater. Sci. 2002;37(8):1561-73. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014929121367
20. Weidenfeller, B., Höfer, M., Schilling, F.R. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity of particle filled polypropylene. Composites Part A. 2004;35(4):423-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.11.005
21. Weidenfeller, B., Höfer, M., Schilling, F.R. Cooling behaviour of particle filled polypropylene during injection moulding process. Composites Part A.2005;36(3):345-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.07.002
22. Castillo, L.A., Barbosa, S.E. Influence of processing and particle morphology on final properties of polypropylene/talc nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 2020;41(8):3170-83. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13060906
23. Lv, Z., Wang, K., Qiao, Z., Wang, W. The influence of modified zeolites as nucleating agents on crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of polypropylene. Mater. Des. 2010;31(8):3804-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.03.028
24. Yousfi, M., Livi, S., Dumas, A., Le Roux, C., Crépin-Leblond, J., Greenhill-Hooper, M., et al. Use of new synthetic talc as reinforcing nanofillers for polypropylene and polyamide 6 systems: thermal and mechanical properties. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 2013;403:29-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.04.019
25. Kim, Y.C., Kim, C.Y., Kim, S.C. Crystallization characteristics of isotactic polypropylene with and without nucleating agents. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1991;31(14):1009-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760311403
26. Qiu, W., Mai, K., Zeng, H. Effect of silane‐grafted polypropylene on the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of talc/polypropylene composites. J. App. Polym. Sci. 2000;77(13):2974-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20000923)77:13<2974::AID-APP22>3.0.CO;2-R
27. Dong, M., Guo, Z., Su, Z., Yu, J. The effects of crystallization condition on the microstructure and thermal stability of istactic polypropylene nucleated by β‐form nucleating agent. J. App. Polym. Sci. 2011;119(3):1374-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32487
28. Abuoudah, C.K., Greish, Y.E., Abu-Jdayil, B., El-said, E.M., Iqbal, M.Z. Graphene/polypropylene nanocomposites with improved thermal and mechanical properties. J. App. Polym. Sci. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50024
29. Andrews, R., Grulke, E. Polymer handbook. John Wiley & Sons, New York; 1999.
30. Simanke, A.G., Azeredo, A.P., Lemos, G., Mauler, R.S. Influence of nucleating agent on the crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene. Polimeros. 2016;26(2):152-160. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.2053
31. Yang, C., Xing, Z., Wang, M., Zhao, Q., Wang, M., Zhang, M., Wu, G. Better scCO2 foaming of polypropylene via earlier crystallization with the addition of composite nucleating agent. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2018;57(46):15916-15923. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03866
32. Rotzinger, B. Talc-filled PP: A new concept to maintain long term heat stability. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006;91:2884-2887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.09.008
33. Menczel, J., Varga, J. Influence of nucleating agents on crystallization of polypropylene. J. Therm. Anal. 1983;28:161-174.
34. Jang, G.S., Cho, W.J., Ha, C.S. Crystallization behavior of polypropylene with or without sodium benzoate as a nucleating agent. J. Polym. Sci B: Polym. Phys. 2001;39.1001-1016. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1077
35. Libster, D., Aserin, A., Garti, N. A novel dispersion method comprising a nucleating agent solubilized in a microemulsion, in polymer matrix. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;299(1):172-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.06.060
36. Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Liu, T. Influence of nucleating agent on properties of isotactic polypropylene. Energy Procedia. 2016;17:1829-1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.02.319
37. Heeley, E.L., Hughes, D.J., Taylor, P.G., Bassindale, A.R. Crystallization and morphology development in polyethylene-octakis (n-octadecyldimethylsiloxy) octasilsesquioxane nancomposite blends. RSC Adv. 2015;5:34709-34719. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA03267A
38. Krache, R., Debbah, I. Some mechanical and thermal properties of PC/ABS blends. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2011;2:404-410. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2011.25052
39. Perego, G., Cella, G.D., Bastioli, C. Effect of molecular weight and crsytallinity on Poly(lactic acid) mechanical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996;59:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1002(SICI)1097-4628(19960103)59:1<37::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-N
40. López, D.G., Quintana, S.L., Mitre, I.G., Merino, J.C., Pastor, J.M. Study of melt compounding conditions and characterization of polyamide 6/metallocene ethylene-polypropylene-diene copolymer/maleated ethylene-polypropylene-diene copolymer blends reinforced with layered silicates. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2007;47(7):1033-1039. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20782
41. Karagöz, İ., Öksüz, M. Microstructures occuring in the joined thermoplastics with friction stir welding. J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Üniv. 2018;33(2):503-515. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.416359
42. Karagöz, İ. An effect of mold surface temperature on final product properties in the injection molding of high-density polyethylene materials. Polym. Bull. 2021;78:2627-2644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03231-2
43. Karagöz, İ., Tuna, Ö. Effect of melt temperature on product properties of injection-molded high-density polyethylene. Polym. Bull. 2021;78:6073-6091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03695-w
44. Ferreira, E.S.B., Luna, C.B.B., Araujo, E.M, Siqueira, D.D., Wellen, R.M.R. Polypropylene/wood powder composites: Evaluation of PP viscosity in thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical, and morphological characters. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705719880958.