Biofuels: Exploring the Future of Green & Clean Energy

Year 2026, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 71 - 88, 31.01.2026

Mussarat Jabeen , Shahida Parveen , Noreen Aslam , Ansa Zafar , Samina Aslam , Noureddine Elboughdiri

Abstract

Biofuels; a potential and renewable solution to climate change, fossil fuel depletion, and energy security. 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels are the main types of biofuels widely used worldwide, have different feedstock, production methods, and environmental impacts. 1st generation biofuels including ethanol and biodiesel, produced from food crops like sugar-cane, corn, and vegetable oil, are extensively used but have prompted concerns about land use and food availability. 2nd generation biofuels including cellulosic ethanol and bio-oils that mainly produced from fuel crops, agricultural wastes and forest byproducts by using enzymatic hydrolysis and thermochemical processes; are not only more ecofriendly but mitigate food-fuel conflict. On the other hand, 3rd generation biofuels derived from algae have advantage due to easy availability and high oil-content. Biofuels are renewable with carbon neutrality, reduce environmental pollution, minimize green-house gas emission, enhance energy security, stimulate economic growth, creating job opportunities, promoting rural development, minimizing water pollution as well as deforestation and beneficial for eco-systems. Except these benefits biofuels have some obstacles that hinder their efficiency like land degradation, underprivileged government policies, lack of people awareness, low energy return on investment, high production costs, unsafe production methods, limited feedstock and land utilization. Besides these challenges, biofuels are still a sustainable energy source that mitigate climate change and satisfy global energy demand.

Keywords

Biofuel , Green energy , Biodiesel , Sustainable future , EROI.

Biyoyakıtlar: Yeşil ve Temiz Enerjinin Geleceğini Keşfetmek

Abstract

Biyoyakıtlar; iklim değişikliği, fosil yakıt tükenmesi ve enerji güvenliği için potansiyel ve yenilenebilir bir çözümdür. 1., 2. ve 3. nesil biyoyakıtlar dünya çapında yaygın olarak kullanılan ana biyoyakıt türleridir, farklı hammaddelere, üretim yöntemlerine ve çevresel etkilere sahiptir. Şeker kamışı, mısır ve bitkisel yağ gibi gıda ürünlerinden üretilen etanol ve biyodizel dahil 1. nesil biyoyakıtlar yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır ancak arazi kullanımı ve gıda bulunabilirliği konusunda endişelere yol açmıştır. Enzimatik hidroliz ve termokimyasal işlemler kullanılarak yakıt ürünlerinden, tarımsal atıklardan ve orman yan ürünlerinden üretilen selülozik etanol ve biyo-yağlar dahil 2. nesil biyoyakıtlar; yalnızca daha çevre dostu olmakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda gıda-yakıt çatışmasını da azaltır. Öte yandan, alglerden elde edilen 3. nesil biyoyakıtlar kolay bulunabilirliği ve yüksek yağ içeriği nedeniyle avantajlıdır. Biyoyakıtlar karbon nötrlüğü ile yenilenebilir, çevre kirliliğini azaltır, sera gazı emisyonunu en aza indirir, enerji güvenliğini artırır, ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik eder, iş fırsatları yaratır, kırsal kalkınmayı teşvik eder, su kirliliğini ve ormansızlaşmayı en aza indirir ve ekosistemler için faydalıdır. Bu faydaların dışında biyoyakıtların verimliliğini engelleyen bazı engeller vardır; arazi bozulması, ayrıcalıksız hükümet politikaları, insanların farkındalık eksikliği, düşük enerji yatırım getirisi, yüksek üretim maliyetleri, güvenli olmayan üretim yöntemleri, sınırlı hammadde ve arazi kullanımı. Bu zorlukların yanı sıra biyoyakıtlar hala iklim değişikliğini azaltan ve küresel enerji talebini karşılayan sürdürülebilir bir enerji kaynağıdır.

Keywords

Biyoyakıt , Yeşil enerji , Biyodizel , Sürdürülebilir gelecek , EROI.

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