EN
TR
Optimizing Referee Assignments with Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence
Abstract
Referee assignment is a recurring challenge in a wide range of settings—from assigning officials to sports matches to allocating reviewers for academic conferences. These scenarios often involve complex constraints, such as assigning multiple referees to a single activity or allowing referees to evaluate multiple tasks. In this study, we address a generalized version of the referee assignment problem, focusing on the case where each activity is matched with exactly one referee. To evaluate the suitability of assignments, we leverage rating scores across multiple dimensions for both referees and activities. These scores are incorporated into fuzzy membership functions that quantify assignment quality. We propose a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm that uses these fuzzy-based evaluations to guide the search for optimal assignments. Synthetic datasets with varying levels of data dispersion—generated from uniform distributions with equal means but different variances—are used to test the algorithm. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed PSO approach is not only computationally efficient but also robust across different variance scenarios. This method offers a flexible and adaptable solution for a broad class of referee-assignment problems.
Keywords
References
- [1] G. Kendall, S. Knust, C. C. Ribeiro, and S. Urrutia, “Scheduling in sports: An annotated bibliography,” Comput. Oper. Res., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2009.05.013.
- [2] C. C. Ribeiro, “Sports scheduling: Problems and applications,” International Transactions in Operational Research, vol. 19, no. 1–2, pp. 201– 226, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3995.2011.00819.x.
- [3] B. R. Pope and N. G. Pope, “Own-nationality bias: Evidence from UEFA Champions League football referees,” Econ. Inq., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 1292–1304, 2015, doi: 10.1111/ecin.12180.
- [4] A. C. Ribeiro, A. Sizo, and L. P. Reis, “Investigating the reviewer assignment problem: A systematic literature review,” J. Inf. Sci., 2023, doi: 10.1177/01655515231176668.
- [5] A. Lamghari and J. A. Ferland, “Assigning judges to competitions of several rounds using Tabu search,” Eur. J. Oper. Res., vol. 210, no. 3, pp. 694–705, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.10.034.
- [6] S. Mancini and A. Isabello, “Fair referee assignment for the Italian soccer Serie A,” J. Quant. Anal. Sports, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 153–160, 2014, doi: 10.1515/jqas-2013-0108.
- [7] M. Yavuz, U. H. Inan, and A. Fiǧlali, “Fair referee assignments for professional football leagues,” Comput. Oper. Res., vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 2937–2951, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2007.01.004.
- [8] G. Durán, M. Guajardo, and F. Gutiérrez, “Efficient referee assignment in Argentinean professional basketball leagues using operations research methods,” Ann. Oper. Res., vol. 316, no. 2, pp. 1121–1139, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10479-020-03897-x.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Engineering Practice, Systems Engineering
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
September 7, 2026
Submission Date
August 30, 2025
Acceptance Date
July 9, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 3
APA
Botsalı, A. R. (2026). Optimizing Referee Assignments with Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence. El-Cezeri, 13(3), 429-437. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1774037
AMA
1.Botsalı AR. Optimizing Referee Assignments with Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026;13(3):429-437. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1774037
Chicago
Botsalı, Ahmet Reha. 2026. “Optimizing Referee Assignments With Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence”. El-Cezeri 13 (3): 429-37. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1774037.
EndNote
Botsalı AR (September 1, 2026) Optimizing Referee Assignments with Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence. El-Cezeri 13 3 429–437.
IEEE
[1]A. R. Botsalı, “Optimizing Referee Assignments with Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence”, El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 429–437, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.31202/ecjse.1774037.
ISNAD
Botsalı, Ahmet Reha. “Optimizing Referee Assignments With Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence”. El-Cezeri 13/3 (September 1, 2026): 429-437. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1774037.
JAMA
1.Botsalı AR. Optimizing Referee Assignments with Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026;13:429–437.
MLA
Botsalı, Ahmet Reha. “Optimizing Referee Assignments With Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence”. El-Cezeri, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 429-37, doi:10.31202/ecjse.1774037.
Vancouver
1.Ahmet Reha Botsalı. Optimizing Referee Assignments with Fuzzy Evaluation and Particle Swarm Intelligence. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026 Sep. 1;13(3):429-37. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1774037
