Research Article

Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame

Volume: 13 Number: 3 September 7, 2026
  • Ammar Tawashi *
  • Mohammad Nour Al-Omar
  • Muneeb Al-Allaf
  • Issam Melhem
EN TR

Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams incorporating recycled concrete aggregate RCA subjected to direct fire flame. Evaluating the suitability of used in fire-prone structural environments. The experimental program was conducted using reinforced concrete specimens with standardized dimensions and reinforcement detailing. A constant concrete cover of 25 mm was maintained across all specimens to ensure uniform thermal exposure to the steel reinforced bars. The beams were divided into five primary groups based on two key parameters: the percentage of RCA and whether the beam was exposed to fire. Reference Group B0: Three beams made entirely with natural concrete aggregate NCA not exposed to fire, serving as the baseline for structural performance under ambient conditions. Group B1: Two beams with the same reference mix exposed to fire, intended to isolate the thermal effect from material substitution. Groups B2, B3, B4: Each group includes two fire-exposed beams with increasing recycled aggregate content—50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively designed to investigate the interaction between sustainability and thermal degradation, and to quantify the impact of aggregate replacement on fire resistance. The results revealed a marked reduction in peak load capacity and a significant increase in deflection due to fire exposure, even in beams made with ordinary concrete. As the recycled aggregate content increased, structural performance continued to decline, with peak load dropping from 41.375 kN at 0% RCA to 33.34 kN at 100%, indicating a progressive loss in flexural resistance under thermal stress. Maximum deflection values also varied, generally increasing with higher recycled content, suggesting a shift in failure mode and flexural behavior.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Acknowledgments This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ Contributions 1a, 1bMade the methodology and substantial contribution to the design of the article. The acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and investigation of data. Managed and funded the work. Originally drafted the article, revised it, and edited it critically for important intellectual content. 1c, 1dConceived and designed the analysis. Support in the contributed data and analysis tools. Approved the version to be published. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Data and materials availability All data are available in the main text or the supplementary materials.

References

  1. 1. Quadri, A.I., Fadugba, O.G. Risk Assessment and Safety Precautions for Construction Site Scaffolding. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering. 2022. 10(4). Pp. 1–13. DOI:10.22075/jrce.2021.22451.1480. URL: https://civiljournal.semnan.ac.ir/article_5963.html.
  2. 2. Hassanean, Y.A., Rashwan, M.M., Assaf, K.A., el Samee, K. IMPROVEMENT OF CONCRETE PROPERTIES MADE FROM RECYCLEDCONCRETE AGGREGATE USING NON-TRADITIONAL ADMIXTURE. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences. 2014. 42(No 2). Pp. 303–316. DOI:10.21608/jesaun.2014.114715. URL: https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114715.html.
  3. 3. Oliveira, A.M.C.P. de, Lanzinha, J.C.G., Kern, A.P. Building Rehabilitation: A Sustainable Strategy for the Preservation of the Built Environment. Sustainability. 2024. 16(2). DOI:10.3390/su16020553. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/2/553.
  4. 4. Khan, S.W., Nagarajan, K., Narwade, R. Risk Assessment and Challenges faced in Repairs and Rehabilitation of Dilapidated buildings. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering. 2022. 10(2). Pp. 93–112. DOI:10.22075/jrce.2021.23343.1508. URL: https://civiljournal.semnan.ac.ir/article_5489.html.
  5. 5. Tawashi, A., Alamoudi, S., Akkash, M. Environmental risks and the impact of rehabilitation on the sustainability of affected buildings in urban communities. Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. 2025. 10(1). Pp. 22–38. DOI:10.47481/jscmt.1667452. URL: https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1667452.
  6. 6. Purvis, B., Mao, Y., Robinson, D. Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science. 2019. 14(3). Pp. 681–695. DOI:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5.
  7. 7. Paul, S. MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR AND DURABILITY PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE CONTAINING RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE2011.
  8. 8. Li, X. Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China: Part II. Structural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete and engineering applications. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2009. 53. Pp. 107–112. DOI:10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.11.005.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Engineering Practice, Engineering Practice and Education (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 7, 2026

Submission Date

January 5, 2026

Acceptance Date

April 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 3

APA
Tawashi, A., Al-Omar, M. N., Al-Allaf, M., & Melhem, I. (2026). Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame. El-Cezeri, 13(3), 357-368. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1855524
AMA
1.Tawashi A, Al-Omar MN, Al-Allaf M, Melhem I. Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026;13(3):357-368. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1855524
Chicago
Tawashi, Ammar, Mohammad Nour Al-Omar, Muneeb Al-Allaf, and Issam Melhem. 2026. “Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame”. El-Cezeri 13 (3): 357-68. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1855524.
EndNote
Tawashi A, Al-Omar MN, Al-Allaf M, Melhem I (September 1, 2026) Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame. El-Cezeri 13 3 357–368.
IEEE
[1]A. Tawashi, M. N. Al-Omar, M. Al-Allaf, and I. Melhem, “Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame”, El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 357–368, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.31202/ecjse.1855524.
ISNAD
Tawashi, Ammar - Al-Omar, Mohammad Nour - Al-Allaf, Muneeb - Melhem, Issam. “Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame”. El-Cezeri 13/3 (September 1, 2026): 357-368. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1855524.
JAMA
1.Tawashi A, Al-Omar MN, Al-Allaf M, Melhem I. Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026;13:357–368.
MLA
Tawashi, Ammar, et al. “Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame”. El-Cezeri, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 357-68, doi:10.31202/ecjse.1855524.
Vancouver
1.Ammar Tawashi, Mohammad Nour Al-Omar, Muneeb Al-Allaf, Issam Melhem. Experimental Study on the Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Concrete Aggregate Beams under Direct Fire Flame. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026 Sep. 1;13(3):357-68. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1855524
Creative Commons License El-Cezeri is licensed to the public under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
88x31.png