Cam Elyaf Takviyeli Polyester (CTP) Kompozit Malzemelerde Kullanılan Doğal Elyaflar ve Dolgu Maddeleri

Abstract

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte saf haldeki malzemelerin yetersiz kalmasından dolayı kompozit malzemeler geliştirilmiş ve zamanla kullanım alanları çoğalmıştır. Cam elyaf takviyeli polyester (CTP) kompozit malzemeler, iyi mekanik dayanım, elastiklik, yüksek korozyon dayanımı ve ekonomiklik gibi özelliklere sahip olmalarından dolayı dünyada yaygın kullanıma sahiptirler. Bu nedenle günümüzde CTP kompozitlere farklı takviye ve dolgu malzemeleri eklenilerek malzeme özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma sisal, jüt, kenaf vb. farklı doğal elyaf takviyesi ve cam kürecik, grafit, alümina vb. farklı dolgu maddesi kullanımının CTP kompozit malzemelerin özelliklerine etkisinin incelendiği çalışmaları ele almaktır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde genel olarak doğal elyaf takviyeli polimer kompozitler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise CTP kompozit malzemelerde kullanılan doğal elyaf takviyesinin ve dolgu maddelerinin malzeme özelliklerine etkisinin incelendiği çalışmalar sunulmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalarda doğal elyafların ve dolgu maddelerinin farklı üretim yöntemleriyle CTP kompozit malzemelere başarıyla dahil edilebildikleri, malzeme özelliklerini iyileştirici etki yapabildikleri ve maliyeti düşürebildikleri görülmektedir.

Keywords

• Cam elyaf takviyeli polyester; doğal elyaf; dolgu maddesi.

Natural Fibers and Filler Materials Used in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) Composite Materials

Abstract

With the development of technology, composite materials have been developed due to the inadequacy of the pure materials and the usage areas have increased with time. Glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) composite materials have widespread use in the world due to their properties such as good mechanical strength, elasticity, high corrosion resistance and economy. For this reason, it is aimed to improve material properties by adding different reinforced and filler materials to GFRP composites. In this study, the effects of using different materials such as sisal, jute, kenaf etc. different natural fiber reinforcement and glass beads, graphite, alumina etc. different filler material on the properties of GFRP composite materials were investigated. In the first part of the work, the information was given on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in general. In the second part of the study, studies were given to investigate the effect of natural fiber reinforcement and filler materials used in GFRP composite materials on material properties. In these studies, natural fibers and fillers can be successfully incorporated into GRFP composite materials by different production methods, they can improve the material properties and reduce the cost.

Keywords

• Glass fiber reinforced polyester; natural fiber; filler material.

References

1. Irving E.P., Soutis C., ‘’ Polymer Composites in the Aerospace Industry’’, 1st Edition, Woodhead Publishing, ISBN 978-0-85709-523-7, UK, (2014).
2. Baker A., Dutton S., Kelly D., ‘’Composite Materials for Aircraft Structures’’, 2nd Edition, AIAA Education Series, ISBN 1-56347-540-5, USA, (2004).
3. Engineering Design Handbook-Discontinuous Fiberglass Reinforced Thermoplastics:(DARCOM-P 706-314), U.S. Army Materiel Command, (1981).
4. Sathishkumar T.P., Naveen J., ‘’Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites-A review’’, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2014, 33(13): 1258-1275.
5. Faruk O, Sain M, ‘’ Biofiber Reinforcement in Composite Materials’’, 1st Edition, Woodhead Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78242-122-1, UK, (2014).
6. Rohit K., Dixit S., ‘’ A Review-Future Aspect of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite’’, Polymers from Renewable Resources, 2016, 7(2): 43-60.
7. Ahmed S K., Vijayarangan S., Naidu B C A., ‘’Elastic properties, notched strength and fracture criterion in untreated woven jute–glass fabric reinforced polyester hybrid composites’’, Materials & Design, 2007, 28(8): 2287-2294.
8. Bindal A., Singh S., Batra K.N., Khanna R., ‘’ Development of Glass/Jute Fibers Reinforced Polyester Composite’’, Indian Journal of Materials Science, DOI: 10.1155/2013/675264.

9. Beg H.D.M., Pickering L K., ‘’ Study on the Mechanical Properties of Jute/Glass Fiber-reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Hybrid Composites: Effect of Surface Modification by Ultraviolet Radiation’’, Journal of Reinforced Platics AND Composites, 2006, 25(6): 575-588.
10. Ahmed S.K., Vijayarangan S., Rajput C., ‘’ Mechanical Behavior of Isothalic Polyester-based Untreated Woven Jute and Glass Fabric Hybrid Composites’’,Journal of Reinforced Platics AND Composites, 2006, 25(15): 1549-1569.
11. Sanjay M.R., Arpitha G.R., Yogesha B., ‘’Investigation on Mechanical Property Evaluation of Jute-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester’’, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2014, 11(4): 50-57.
12. Li Y., Mai W.Y., Ye L., ‘’ Sisal fibre and its composites: a review of recent developments’’, Composites Science and Technology, 2000, 60, 2037-2055.
13. Ramesh M., Palanikumar K., Reddy H.K., ‘’ Mechanical property evaluation of sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced polyester composites’’, Composites: Part B, 2013, 48, 1-9.
14. Akil M.H., Omar F.M., Mazuki A.A.A., Safiee S., Ishak M.A.Z., Bakar A., ‘’ Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: A review’’, Materials and Design, 2017, 32, 4107-4121.
15. Ramesh P., Prasad D.B., Narayana KL., ‘’Characterization of kenaf fiber and its composites: A review’’, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2018, 37(11): 731-737.
16. Ishak M.R., Sahari J., Sanyang M.L., Sapuan S.M., ‘’ Kenaf Fibers and Composites’’, 1st Edition, CRC Press, ISBN-13: 978-1-4987-5342-5, USA, (2018).
17. Ghani A.A.M., Salleh Z., Hyie M.K., Berhan N.M., Taib D.M.Y., Bakri I A M.,’’ Mechanical Properties of Kenaf/Fiberglass Polyester Hybrid Composite’’, Procedia Engineering, 2012, 41, 1654-1659.
18. Yuhazri M.Y., Amirhafizan M.H., Abdullah A., Sihombing H., Nirmal U., Saarah A.B., Fadzol O. M., ‘’ The Effect of Lamina Intraply Hybrid Composites on the Tensile Properties of Various Weave Designs’’, Materials Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/160/1/012022.
19. Zhafer F.S., Rozyanty R.A., Shahnaz S.B.S., Musa L., Zuliahani A., ‘’ Kenaf-glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites: Tensile properties’’, AIP Confeerence Proceedings, DOI:10.1063/1.4958770.
20. Naidu P.N.V., Reddy R.G., Kumar A.M., ‘’Thermal conductivity of Sisal/Glass Fibre Reinforced Hybrid Composites’’, International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, 2011, 1(1): 28-30.
21. John K., Naidu V.S., ‘’ Sisal Fiber/Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites: The Impact and Compressive Properties’’, Journal of Reinforced Platics and Composites, 2004, 23(12): 1253-1258.
22. John K., Naidu V.S., ‘’ Effect of Fiber Content and Fiber Treatment on Flexural Properties of Sisal Fiber/Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites’’,Journal of Reinforced Platics and Composites, 2004, 23(15): 1601-1605.
23. John K., Naidu V.S., ‘’ Tensile Properties of Unsaturated Polyester-Based Sisal Fiber–Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites’’,Journal of Reinforced Platics and Composites, 2004, 23(17): 1815-1819.
24. Sanjay R. M., Arpitha R. G., Vasundhara G. M., Yogesha B., ‘’ Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Unidirectional Sisal/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites’’, International Journal of Science and Research, 2014, 3, 585-588.
25. Wakelyn J.P., Bertoniere R.N., French D.A., Thibodeaux P.D., ‘’ Cotton Fiber Chemistry and Technology’’, 1st Edition, Wakelyv J.P., CRC Press, ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-4587-1, USA, (2006).
26. Kozłowski M.R., ‘’ Handbook of natural fibres’’, 1st Edition, Woodhead Publishing Limited, ISBN 978-1-84569-697-9, UK, (2012).
27. Portella H E., Romanzini D., Angrizani C C., Amico C S., Zattera J A., ‘’ Influence of Stacking Sequence on the Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Cotton/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites’’, Materials Research, 2016, 19(3): 542-547.
28. Bakri B., Chandrabakty S., Soe R., ‘’ Mechanical Properties of Coir Rope-Glass Fibers Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites’’, International Journal on Smart Material and Mechatronics, 2015, 2(2): 132-135.
29. Hamouda T., Hassanin H.A., Kılıç A., Candan Z., Bodur S.M., ‘’ Hybrid Composites From Coir Fibers Reinforced With Woven Glass Fabrics: Physical and Mechanical Evaluation’’, Polymer Composites, DOI: 10.1002.
30. Bhatnagar R., Gupta G., Yadav S., ‘’ A Review on Composition and Properties of Banana Fibers’’, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2015, 6(5):49-52.
31. Jagadeesh D., Venkatachala R., Nallakumarasamy G., ‘’ Characterisation of Banana Fiber- A Review’’, J. Environ. Nanotechnol, 2015, 4(2):23-26.
32. Dagwa M.I., Ohaeri O.J., ‘’ Property Evaluation of Hybrid OPEBF/Banana/Glass Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites’’, American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, 2(4): 45-53.
33. Agarwal R., Saxena S.N., Sharma B.K., Thomas S., Pothan A.L., ‘’ Thermal conduction and diffusion through glass-banana fiber polyester composites’’, Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, 2003, 41, 448-452.
34. Pothan A.L., George N.C., John J.M., Thomas S., ‘’ Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Behavior of Banana–Glass Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites’’,Journal of Reinforced Platics and Composites, 2010, 29(8): 1131-1145.
35. Sanjay R.M., Arpitha R.G., Naik L.L., Gopalakrishna K., Yogesha B., ‘’ Studies on Mechanical Properties of Banana/E-Glass Fabrics Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites’’, Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 2016, 7(9): 3179-3192.
36. Shahzad A., ‘’ Hemp fiber and its composites – a review’’, Journal of Composite Materials, 2011, 46(8): 973-986.
37. Sanjay R.M., Arpitha R.G., Naik L.L., Gopalakrishna K., Yogesha B., ‘’ Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Hemp/E-Glass Fabric Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites’’, Journalof Materials and Engineering Structures, 2016, 3(3): 117-128.
38. Nam S., Netravali N.A., ‘’ Physical Properties of Ramie Fibers for Environment-friendly Green Composites’’, Fibers and Polymers, 2006, 7(4): 372-379.
39. Sen T., Reddy J. N. H., ‘’ Various Industrial Applications of Hemp, Kinaf, Flax and Ramie Natural Fibres’’, International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 2011, 2(3): 192-198.
40. Romanzini D., Junior O. L. H., Amico C. S., Zattera J. A., ‘’ Preparation and Characterization of Ramie-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites’’, Materials Research, 2012, 15(3): 415-420.
41. Chowdary S. M., Kumar N., ‘’ Effect of Nanoclay on the Mechanical properties of Polyester and S-Glass Fiber (Al)’’, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 2015, 74: 35-42.
42. Tolinski M., ‘’ Additives for Polyolefins’’, 1st Edition, Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-81-552051-1, USA, (2009).
43. Kutz M., ‘’ APPLIED PLASTICS ENGINEERING HANDBOOK: Processing, Materials, and Application’’, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-323-39040-8, USA, (2017).
44. Advani G. S., Hsiao T. K., ‘’ Manufacturing techniques for polymer matrix composites (PMCs)’’, 1st Edition, Woodhead Publishing, ISBN 978-0-85709-067-6, USA, (2012).
45. Rothon N. R., ‘’ Particulate Fillers for Polymers’’, 12th edition, Rapra Technology, ISBN: 1-85957-310-X, (2001).
46. Chowdary S. M., Kumar N., ‘’ Effect of Nanoclay on the Mechanical properties of Polyester and S-Glass Fiber (Al)’’, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 2015, 74: 35-42.
47. James M., Manoj G.K., Mathew C., George E.K., Mathew R., ‘’ Modification of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic by Nanofillers’’, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, 2013, 3(4): 234-240.
48. Hasan F. M., ‘’Fracture Behaviourof Carbon Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete with and without Silica Fume’’, M.Sc. Thesis, Universityof Gaziantep Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, (2015).
49. Sequeira D., Mascarenhas J., Picardo D., Dias R., Sutari O., ‘’ Mechanical Behaviour of Fumed Silica/Glass Reinforced Polyester Nanocomposites’’, American Journal of Materials Science, 2015, 5(3C): 92-95.
50. Panjehpour M., Ali A.A.A., Demirboga R., ‘’ A Review for Characterization of Silica Fume and Its Effects on Concrete Properties’’, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology, 2011, 2(2): 1-7.
51. Balasubramanian M., ‘’Composite Materials and Processing’’, 1st edition, CRC Press, ISBN 9781138076877, USA, (2013).
52. Wypych G., ‘’Handbook of fillers’’, 2nd edition, ChemTec Publishing, ISBN 1-895198-19-4, Canada, (1999).
53. Ersoy S., Taşdemir M., ‘’ Zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium hydroxide [Mg (OH)2] and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) filled HDPE polymer composites: Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties’’, Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2012, 24(4): 93-104.
54. Naga R B., Ramji K., Prasad V.S.R.K., ‘’ Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester ZnO NanoComposites’’, 4th International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization, India, 2817-2825, 2015.
55. Gull N., Khan M.S., Munawar A.M., Shafiq M., Anjum F., Butt Z.T., Jamil T., ‘’ Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide (ZnO) filled glass fiber reinforced polyester composites’’, Materials and Design, 2015, 67, 313-317.
56. Singh K. A., SIDDHARTHA V., DEEPAK., ‘’ Assessment of mechanical and three-body abrasive wear peculiarity of TiO2- and ZnO-filled bi-directional E glass fibre-based polyester composites’’, Bulletin of Materials Science, 2016, 39(4): 971-988.
57. Thakur K.V., Thakur K.M., Gupta K.R., ‘’ Hybrid polymer Composite Materials Structure and Chemistry’’, 1st Edition, Woodhead Publishing Series ın Composite Science and Engineering, ISBN: 978-0-08-100791-4, India, (2017).
58. Güler G., Güler E., İpekoğlu Ü., Mordoğan H., ‘’ Uçucu Küllerin Özellikleri ve Kullanım Alanları’’, Türkiye 19. Uluslararası Madencilik Kongresi ve Fuarı, IMCET2Q05, İzmir, 419-423, 2005.
59. Akın E., ‘’ Mermer tozları ve Uçucu Kül ile Polimer Esaslı Kompozit Malzeme Üretimi’’, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (2007).
60. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27165/9/09_chapter4.pdf (Ziyaret tarihi : 20.08.2018).
61. Lavoine N., Desloges I., Dufresne A., Bras J., ‘’ Microfibrillated cellulose – Its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: A review’’, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 90, 735-764.
62. Vu M.C., Nguyen D.D., Sinh H.L., Choi J.H., Pham D.T., ‘’ Micro-Fibril Cellulose as a Filler for Glass Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites: Fabrication and Mechanical Characteristics’’, Macromolecular Research, 2017, DOI 10.1007/s13233-018-6006-3.
63. Shibata K., Yamaguchi T., Hokkirigawa K., ‘’Tribological behavior of polyamide 66/rice bran ceramics and polyamide 66/glass bead composites’’, Wear, 2014, 317, 1-7.
64. Kumar A.K., Mateen A.M., Rajneesh S.N., ‘’ A Study on Effect of Filler on Mechanical Properties of GFRP Composites’’, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2015, 4(11): 10669-10674.
65. Feyzullahoğlu E., ‘’ The Investigation of Effects of Polyester Resins and Tensile Additives on Abrasive Wear of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites’’, International Science and Technology Conference (ISTEC-2018), Paris, 603-608, (2018).
66. Feyzullahoğlu E., ‘’ Abrasive wear properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites’’, International Conference on Technology Engineering and Science (ICONTES), Antalya, 679-683, (2017).
67. Feyzullahoğlu E., ‘’ Effect of Different Fillers on Adhesive Wear Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites’’, Tribology in Industry, 2017, 39(4): 482-486.
68. İlhan R., Feyzullahoğlu E., ‘’ The Wear of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composite Materials at Different Loads and Speeds’’, El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, 2018, 5(1): 259-266.
69. Park S. J., Seo M. K., ‘’Interface Science and Composites’’, 1st Edition, Academic Press, ISBN: 978-0-12-375049-5, USA, (2011).
70. Davis K., ‘’Material Review: Alumina (Al2O3)’’, School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal, 2010, 2, 109-114.
71. Sahu H., Rout A., Kumar A., ‘’ Development and Characterization of Particulate Filled Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites’’, International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2012, 2(3): 89-93.
72. Patnaik A., Satapathy A., Mahapatra S.S., ‘’ A Comparative Study on Different Ceramic Fillers Affecting Mechanical Properties of Glass–Polyester Composites’’, Journal of Reinforced Plastics, 2008, 28(11): 1305-1318.
73. Srinivasan, V., Mohammad, M., Karthikeyan, R., ‘’ Charecterisitcs of Al2O3 Nano-Particled Filled GFRP Composites Using Wear Maps’’, Journal of Reinforced and Composites, 2010, 29, 3006-3015.
74. Patnaik A., Satapathy A., Mahapatra S., Dash R. R., ‘’ Parametric Optimization Erosion Wear of Polyester-GF-Alumina Hybrid Composites using the Taguchi Method’’, Journal of Reinforced Plastics, 2008, 27(10): 1039-1058.
75. Awang M., Mohd W.R., ‘’ Comparative studies of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide as a Potential filler in Polypropylene reinforced rice husk composite’’, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 342, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/342/1/012046.
76. Khataee A., Mansoori A.G., ‘’ Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Materils Properties, Preparation and Applications’’, 1st Edition, World Scientific Publishing, ISBN-13 978-981-4374-72-9, USA, (2012).
77. Rahimi N., Pax A.R., Gray M.E., ‘’ Review of functional titanium oxides. I: TiO2 and its modifications’’, Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 2016, 44, 86-105.
78. Srinivasa S.M., Manonmani K., ‘’ Preparation and Characterization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite with TiO2 Particulate’’, Sen’ı Gakkaishi, 2013, 69(8): 42-46.
79. Moorthy S.S., Manonmani K., ‘’ Fabrication and Characterization of TiO2 Particulate Filled Glass fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite’’, Materials Physics and Mechanics, 2013, 18, 28-34.
80. Sohor M.H., Mustapha M., Kurnia C.J., ‘’ silicon carbide-from synthesis to application: a review’’, MATEC Web of Conferences, DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201713104003.
81. Izhevskyi A.V., Genova A.L., Bressiani C.J., Bressiani A.H.A., ‘’ Review article: Silicon Carbide. Structure, Properties and Processing’’, Ceramica, 2000, DOI: 10.1590/S0366-69132000000100002.
82. Kaundal R., Patnaik A., Satapathy A., ‘’ Effect of SiC Particulate on Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composite in Erosive Wear Environment’’, Walailak J Sci & Tech, 2012, 9(1): 49-64.
83. Kumar V., Lakshminarayanan N., Dubey P.C., ‘’ A comprehensive study on impact and dynamic mechanical properties of silicon carbide (SiC) filled glass fabric reinforced polyester (G-P) nanocomposites’’, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015, 9, 299-305.
84. Nayak Y.S., Shenoy S., Sharma P., Aman I., Dey S., ‘’ Use of Egg Shell Particulate as Fillers in E-Glass/Epoxy Composites’’, Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Automation, Dubai, 21-25, (2015).
85. Zaman T., Mostari S.M., Mahmood A.A., Rahman S.M., ‘’ Evolution and characterization of eggshell as apotential candidate of raw material’’, Cerâmica, 2018, 64, 236-241.
86. Senthil J., Madan R.P., ‘’ Preparation and Characterization of Reinforced Egg Shell Polymer Composites’’, International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, 2015, 3(3): 7-17.
87. Mičicová Z., Pajtášová M., Domčeková S., Ondrušová D., Raník L., Liptáková T., ‘’ Inorganic materials and their use in polymeric materials’’, Procedia Engineering, 2016, 136, 239-244.
88. Hassan B.S., Aigbodion S.V., Patrick N.S., ‘’ Development of Polyester/Eggshell Particulate Composites’’, Tribology in Industry, 2012, 34(4): 217-225.
89. Hiremath P., Shettar M., Gowrishankar C.M., ‘’ Investigation on Mechanical and Physical Properties of GFRP-Egg Shell Powder Hybrid Composites’’, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i32/97024.
90. Zhao H., Guo Y., ‘’Composites’’, Bachelor’s thesis, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Textile and Chemical Engineering, Finland, (2014).
91. Tegethoff W., Rohleder J., Kroker E., ‘’Calcium Carbonate’’, 1st Edition, Birkhäuser Basel, ISBN:978-3-7643-6425-0, Switzerland, (2001).
92. Hongzhen C., Keyan Y., Weiming Y., ‘’Effects of calcium carbonate on preparation and mechanical properties of wood/plastic composite’’, International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2017, 10(1):184-190.
93. Yilmaz G. M., Unal H., Mimaroğlu A., ‘Study of the strength and erosive behavior of CaCO3/glass fiber reinforced polyester composite’’, eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 2008, 2(12): 890-895.
94. Dheyaa M.B., Jassim H.W., Hameed A.N., ‘’ Evaluation of the Epoxy/Antimony Trioxide Nanocomposites as Flame Retardant’’, IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 2018, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1003/1/012078.
95. Albdiry T.M., Almosawı I.A., Yousif F.B., ‘’ The Synergistic Effectof Hybrid Flame Retardantson Pyrolysis Behaviourof Hybrid Composite Materials’’, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2012, 7(3): 351-359.
96. Albdiry T.M., Alshafaie H.S., ‘’ Improvementof Temperture Resistanceof Al-Mg/Al2O3P Compositeby Coatingwith Antimony Trioxide Film’’, Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences, 2008, 1(2): 172-179.
97. Banu D.R., Vasanthakumari R., ‘’Optimization studies in flame retardant fibre reinforced plastic composites for roofing application’’, Int. J. Chem. Res, 2012, 2(1): 26-33.
98. Montazerian H., Crawford B., Derbowka D., Milani S.A., ‘’Mechanical Behavior of Fiberglass/Unsaturated Polyester Composites, with Biochar Filler for Carbon Sequestration, Under Three-Point Bending’’, Composites Research Network-Okanagan Node, DOI: CRNO-23032017-1.
99. Khalf I.A., Ward A.A., ‘’ Use of rice husks as potential filler in styrene butadiene rubber/linear low density polyethylene blends in the presence of maleic anhydride’’, Materials and Design, 2010, 31, 2414-2421.
100. Kenechi O.N., Linus C., Kayode A., ‘’ Utilization of Rice Husk as Reinforcement in Plastic Composites Fabrication- A Review’’, American Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 2016, 1(3): 32-36.
101. Bledzki K.A., Mamun A.A., Volk J., ‘’ Physical, chemical and surface properties of wheat husk, rye husk and soft wood and their polypropylene composites’’, Composites: Part A, 2010, 41, 480-488.
102. Upadhyaya P., Garg M., Mathur S., Kumar V., Nema K.A., ‘’ Polypropylene/Wood Flour and Wheat Husk Hybrid Composites’’, Applied Polymer Composites, 2014, 2(3): 141-150.
103. Dhawan V., Singh S., Singh I., ‘’ Effect of Natural Fillers on Mechanical Properties of GFRP Composites’’, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Composites, DOI: 10.1155/2013/792620.
104. Gupta G., Gupta A., Dhanola A., Raturi A., ‘’ Mechanical behavior of glass fiber polyester hybrid composite filled with natural fillers’’, Materials Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/149/1/012091.
105. Çuhadaroğlu D.A., Kara E., ‘’ Grafit: Bir Genel Değerlendirme’’, SDU Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 2018, 8(1): 15-33.
106. Bhagat S., Verma K.P., ‘’ Effect of Graphite Filler on Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy Composites’’, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2013, 3(2): 427-430.
107. Király A., Ronkay F., ‘’ Effect of Graphite and Carbon Black Fillers on the Processability, Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene based Bipolar Plates’’, Polymers & Polymer Composites, 2013, 21(2): 93-100.
108. Rai P., Tiwari S., Yadav G., ‘’ Friction and Sliding Wear behaviour of Graphite Filled E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites’’, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 2017, 5(5): 1077-1080.
109. Eric B., Joel F., Grace O., ‘’ Oil Well Cement Additives: A Review of the Common Types’’, Oil and Gas Research, 2016, 2(1): 1-7.
110. Ahmad W.R., Mamat H.M., Zoolfakar S.A., Khusaimi Z., Rusop M., ‘’ Review on Hematite α-Fe2O3 Focusing on Nanostructures, Synthesis Methods and Applications’’, IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Malaysia, 2016, doi.org/10.1109/SCORED.2016.7810090.
111. Chavan R.V., Dinesh R.K., Veeresh K., Algur V., Jagadish P.S., Mohan M.C., ‘’ Evaluating the Influence of Fiber Orientation and Filler Content on Tensile, Hardness, and Impact Strength of Hybrid Laminated Composites’’, International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 3(1): 25-31.
112. Dulebová L., Moravskyi V., ‘’ Evaluationof Properties Injected Polymer Composite Filled with Talc Mineral Filler’’, Transfer inovácií, 2015, 32, 19-23.
113. Nasrin R., Bhuiyan H.A., Gafur A.M., ‘’ Influence of Talc Filler Content on the Mechanical and DC Electrical Behavior of Compression Molded Isotactic Polypropylene Composites’’, International Journal of Composite Materials, 2015, 5(6): 155-161.
114. Marzbani P., Resalati H., Ghasemian A., Shakeri A., ‘’ Talc, a multi-purpose filler: A review of talc’s features and improvement methods of its efficiency’’, Annals of Biological Research, 2013, 4(6): 159-162.
115. http://www.kompozit.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Bitirme-Tezi.pdf (Ziyaret tarihi: 20.08.2018)
116. Karabeyoğlu S.S., Öntürk N., ‘’ An investigation on physical properties of polyethylene composite with bentonite, kaolin and calcium carbonate additives’’, Usak University Journal of Material Sciences, 2014, 1, 55-59.
117. Hancıoğlu Ç., ‘’ Kaolin ve Bentonit Türü Killerde Bulunan Silikaların Belirlenmesi’’, Yüksek Lisans, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015.
118. Valenzuela S.M., Matos C.M., Shah A.L., Carvalho S.F., Sayeg J.I., Valenzuela-Dia R.F.,‘’ Engineering Properties of Kaolinitic Clay with Potencial Use in Drugs and Cosmetics’’, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 2013, 3(1): 163-165.
119. Ariffin S.K., Rahman A.H., Hussssin H., Abdul Hadi A.K., ‘’ The genesis and characteristics of primary kaolinitic clay occurrence at Bukit Lampas, Simpang Pulai, Ipoh’’, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 2008, 54, 9-16.
120. Velde V.K., Kiekens P., ‘’ Chemical resistance of E-glass reinforced polyester composites made by pultrusion’’, Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 1998, 19, 575-583.
121. Mittal G., Dhand V., Rhee Y.K., Park J.S., Lee R.W., ‘’ A review on carbon nanotubes and graphene as fillers in reinforced polymer nanocomposites’’, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2015, 21, 11-25.
122. Choi W., Lee J., ‘’ Graphene Synthesis and Applications’’, 1 st Edition, CRC Press, ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-6188-2, USA, 2012.
123. Mohan B.V., Lau T.K., Hui D., Bhattacharyya D., ‘’ Graphene-based materials and their composites: A review on production, applications and product limitations’’, Composites Part B, 2018, 142, 200-220.
124. Baby M., Hiremath M., Swamy S., Manjunatha L.H., ‘’Study Of Mechanical And Morphological Properties On Glass Fiber Reinforcement Polyester Composite With Graphene’’, International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 2017, 3(5): 82-87.
125. Venkateswarlu G., Sharada R., Bhagvanth R.M., ‘’ Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based composites’’, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(10): 508-517.
126. Parab V.P., Firke L.V., ‘’ Friction and Wear Performance of PTFE and its Composites: A review’’, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2016, 5(9): 327-329.
127. Mahore K., Chaugaonkar S., Tiwari S., Yadav G., Modi M., ‘’Abrasive Wear Behaviour of PTFE Filled E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites’’, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2017, 4(8): 1036-1039.